E-Illustrations - Springer978-1-137-50784-6/1.pdf · DOI: 10.1057/9781137507846.0010...

DOI: 10.1057/9781137507846.0010

E-Illustrations

Unfortunately, in this ultramodern age of post-post-post […] post-modernism of seemingly infinite technological possibilities – if I may be forgiven for playing with concepts and language a bit – it is difficult, on several accounts, to include illustrations in a book. Facing this difficulty and disadvantage, below I enclose a list of illustrations with URL addresses leading to them online. Hopefully, they will stay on the web for some time, so that any interested reader could consult them.

All the websites cited below were active in October and November 2014.

Maps

Germanic-speakers between 100 BCE and 300 CE, http://treks.org/Pre_Migration_Age_Germanic.png

Roman Empire divided, http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/colbeck/roman_empire_4_century.jpg

Greek and Latin in the Roman Empire, http://peterkirby.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/latingreek.gif

Spread of Christianity, 325–600, http://threeships.timerime.com/users/18093/media/Verbreiding_christendom.jpg

Spread of Christianity, sixth to 14th centuries, http://www.movements.net/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/expansion-of-christianity.jpg

Central Europe in 526, http://giusseppe.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/EU19_126.jpg

DOI: 10.1057/9781137507846.0010

E-Illustrations

Avar Khaganate and the Turkic world around 600, http://s155239215.onlinehome.us/turkic/btn_GeographyMaps/AD_600_Altyn_Oba.jpg

Samo’s Realm in about 631, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samo#mediaviewer/File:SC3A1mova_C599C3ADC5A1e.png

Central Europe in the mid-seventh century, http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protobulgaren#mediaviewer/File:Pontic_steppe_region_around_650_AD.png

Avar and Bulgarian khaganates in about 700, http://mtdata.ru/u24/photoAFB5/20259615418-0/original.jpg

Great Carantania in the eighth century, http://i128.photobucket.com/albums/p169/masterkuk/velika_vojvodina_karantanija2.jpg

Central Europe in the Carolingian Empire, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Moravia#mediaviewer/File:Central_Europe_in_Carolingian_times.jpg

Greater Moravia in the late ninth century, http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC3A4hrerreich#mediaviewer/File:Karte_MC3A4hrerreich_Svatopluk_I.png

Greater Moravia: The question of territory, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Great_Moravia_Svatopluk.jpg

Possible internal organization of Greater Moravia, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Great_Moravia-eng.png

Ethnolinguistic map of Europe in about 900, http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd/europe_peoples_900.jpg

‘Outer Slavia’ or Civitas Schinesghe in about 990: Before Poland obtained its name, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Polska_960_-_992.png

Bulgarian Empire at the turn of the 10th century, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Empire#mediaviewer/File:Bulgaria_Simeon_I_28893-92729.svg

Norsemen, Magyars (Hungarians) and Arabs in Europe in 9th and 10th centuries, http://ballandalus.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/viking_magyar_and_saracen_invasions_in_9th_and_10th_century_europe.jpg

Rus’ in the 11th and 12th centuries, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rus27#mediaviewer/File:Principalities_of_Kievan_Rus27_281054-113229.jpg

Holy Roman Empire in about 1000, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire#mediaviewer/File:Holy_Roman_Empire_1000_map-en.svg

DOI: 10.1057/9781137507846.0010

E-Illustrations

Central Europe and the Holy Roman Empire in the early 13th century, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire#mediaviewer/File:HRE-at-its-peak.jpg

Lands of the Czech Crown in the 13th century, http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/LC3A4nder_der_BC3B6hmischen_Krone#mediaviewer/File:Karte_BC3B6hmen_unter_Ottokar_II.png

Lands of the Czech Crown in the 14th century, http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/LC3A4nder_der_BC3B6hmischen_Krone#mediaviewer/File:Karte_BC3B6hmen_unter_Karl_IV.png

Kalamar Union, 1397-1523, http://www.lasalle.edu/~mcinneshin/356/wk05/images/charlesVglobalemp.png

Hanseatic League in about 1400: Between Scandinavia and Central Europe, http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanse#mediaviewer/File:Extent_of_the_Hansa-optimiert.jpg

Central Europe at the turn of the 15th century: The ascendancy of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania#mediaviewer/File:Polska_1386_-_1434.png

Reconquista in Iberia, 722-1492, http://fc07.deviantart.net/fs70/i/2013/121/d/b/the_reconquista__ad_722___1492__by_undevicesimus-d630pf7.jpg

Crown of Aragon in 1385, http://articulos.altoaragon.org/soberanos.jpg Venice and its seaborne empire, c 1200-1797, https://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice#mediaviewer/File:Venezianische_Kolonien.png

Genoa and its seaborne empire, 13th–18th centuries, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa#mediaviewer/File:Repubblica_di_Genova.png

Serbian ascendancy in the mid-14th century, http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/se_europe_1354-1358.jpg

Hungary and Poland under a single monarch in 1370, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Lands_under_Louis_the_Great_in_the_middle_of_the_14th_century.jpg

Possessions of Poland-Lithuania’s House of Jagiellon at the turn of the 16th century, http://media.web.britannica.com/eb-media/11/64911-004-78AFFA51.gif

Hungarian ascendancy in 1490, http://www.emersonkent.com/images/hungary_16_century.jpg

DOI: 10.1057/9781137507846.0010

E-Illustrations

Holy Roman Empire in the early 16th century, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire#mediaviewer/File:Imperial_Circles_1512_en.png

Habsburg possessions in 1547, http://www.pasapues.es/mapas/antiguos/habsburgo1547.jpg

Global Habsburg empire in the mid-16th century, http://www.lasalle.edu/~mcinneshin/356/wk05/images/charlesVglobalemp.png

Genocidal Thirty Years’ War: Population loss, http://slantchev.ucsd.edu/courses/ps143a/maps/164820Thirty20Years20War20-20Population20Losses20in20Germany.jpg

Scandinavia and Central Europe in 1721: Strong connections, http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/Poland/schwed_pol.jpg

Swedish military campaigns in Central Europe in the early 18th century, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Great_Northern_War_Part1.png

Brief Walachian (Romanian) ascendancy in the late 16th century, http://www.celendo.ro/UserFiles/PhotoGallery/Turism-Intern/Romania-pe-Scurt/Scurta-Istorie-a-Romanilor/tarileromaneintimpulluimihaiviteazul281593-160129l.jpg

Ottoman Empire in 1683: Central Europe and the Middle East, http://pages.uoregon.edu/dluebke/301ModernEurope/The-decline-of-the-Ottoman-Empire-1683-1924.jpg

Partitions of Poland-Lithuania (1772, 1793, 1795), https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Rzeczpospolita_Rozbiory_3.png

Central Europe in 1789, http://www.emersonkent.com/images/central_europe_1789.jpg

Holy Roman Empire in 1789, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire#mediaviewer/File:HRR_1789_EN.png

Expansion of Muscovy and the Russian Empire till 1796, http://www.emersonkent.com/images/russia_1300_1796.jpg

Expansion of the Russian Empire in the long 19th century, http://guweb2.gonzaga.edu/faculty/brunell/russian20empire202.gif

Russia’s territorial gains (at the expense of the Ottomans) along the northern Black Sea littoral, http://www.antiquaprintgallery.com/ekmps/shops/richben90/images/ottoman-empire-1683-1913-sw-crimea-1854-plan-sevastopol-1855-1956-map-66856-p.jpg

DOI: 10.1057/9781137507846.0010

E-Illustrations

Displacement of Muslims and Christians around the Black Sea, 1770–1923, http://turkbilimi.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/osmanlC4B1-gC3B6C3A7leri.jpg

Europe, the Mediterranean and the Middle East in 1800, http://www.openunionism.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/map-europe-1800.jpg

Central Europe under Napoleon in 1810, http://www.philippedufeu.co.uk/frame/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Europe-1810.jpg

Central Europe in 1815, http://suadademirovic.com/sites/default/files/projects/gallery_image/1815efterNapo.jpg

Europe in 1815, http://education.randmcnally.com/images/edpub/Europe_1815.jpg

German Confederation, 1815–1866, http://www.emersonkent.com/images/central_europe_1815_1866.jpg

Ethnolinguistico-confessional map of the Balkans in 1877, http://oi53.tinypic.com/2helijn.jpg

Balkan nation-states in 1878, http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/balkans_1912.jpg

Balkan nation-states in 1913, http://www.writework.com/uploads/14/145266/english-balkans-1913.jpg

Expulsion of the Ottoman Empire from the Balkans, 1815–1915, http://www.cee-portal.at/Bilderordner/Maps/Balkan-1815–1915.jpg

National territorial aspirations in the Balkans in 1912, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Territorial_aspirations_of_the_Balkan_states,_1912.jpg

Albanian territorial aspirations, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Principality_of_Albania.svg/2000px-Principality_of_Albania.svg.png ; http://www.midafternoonmap.com/2013/06/greater-albania.html

Megali Idea: The dream of a Greater Greece, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Greece_in_the_Treaty_of_SC3A8vres.jpg

Greater Greece in 1919, http://www.midafternoonmap.com/2013/05/greater-greece.html

Armenian Genocide, 1915–1923, http://www.genocide-museum.am/eng/mapping_armenian_genocide3.php

Assyrian Genocide in 1915, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Assyrian_genocide_o2p.svg/2000px-Assyrian_genocide_o2p.svg.png

DOI: 10.1057/9781137507846.0010

E-Illustrations

Treaty of Sèvres: A failed partition of the rump Ottoman Empire (Turkey), http://15minutehistory.org/files/2013/05/second_greco-turkish_war_partitioning_of_anatolia.jpg

Greece in Turkey, 1919–1922, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Greco_Turkish_War_1919-1922.svg/2000px-Greco_Turkish_War_1919–1922.svg.png

Expulsions in the Balkans after the Great War, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/images/map-megali-katastrofi-01.jpg

Central Europe in 1910, http://www.molidorf.com/images/East-Central-Europe-1910sm.jpg

Russia and Central Europe in 1910, http://czernowitz.ehpes.com/czernowitz3/shawmaps/europe_1910.jpg

Ethnolinguistic map of Central Europe in 1910, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Central_Europe_28ethnic29.JPG

Religions in Central Europe in 1901, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Mitteleuropa-Konfessionen_1901.JPG

Scripts of Central Europe in 1900, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraktur#mediaviewer/File:Scripts_in_Europe_28190129.jpg

Ethnolinguistic map of Austria-Hungary in 1914: The core of Central Europe?, http://etc.usf.edu/maps/pages/800/868/868.jpg

Jews in Central Europe in 1881, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Juden_1881.JPG

Jewish Pale of Settlement in Russia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_showing_the_percentage_of_Jews_in_the_Pale_of_Settlement_and_Congress_Poland,_The_Jewish_Encyclopedia_28190529.jpg

Roma in Central Europe in 1939, http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-c1JroIv4sk4/Tf4PVLVKmKI/AAAAAAAAAZU/6DMmNOnhcpU/s1600/Tsiganes.gif

Roma in contemporary Central Europe, http://www.columbia.edu/itc/sipa/nelson/newmediadev/files/ECAmap.jpg

Roma in today’s Europe, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Roma_people_in_the_world_ethnic_map.PNG

Mitteleuropa of the Central Powers in 1918, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Austria-Hungary.jpg

Interwar Central Europe of ethnolinguistic nation-states, http://www.cee-portal.at/Bilderordner/Maps/Europe-between-the-World-Wa.jpg

DOI: 10.1057/9781137507846.0010

E-Illustrations

Central Europe’s Bloodlands: Hitler’s and Stalin’s genocides, http://www.haaretz.com/polopoly_fs/1.507939.1362728233!/image/3085445630.jpg

Soviet Genocide: Holodomor in Ukraine, http://www.holodomorct.org/photos/political-geography-ukraine-holodomor-map.jpg

Wartime deportations from Central Europe to the Soviet Union, http://i.imgur.com/P38kJMc.jpg

Jewish Holocaust: Life loss, http://pages.uoregon.edu/mccole/HIST303Spring2012/maps/HolocaustMap.jpg

Roma Porajmos, http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porajmos#mediaviewer/File:Persecution_of_Roma.gif

Expulsions in Central Europe, 1939-1944, http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/deut/deport39_44.jpg

Expulsions in Central Europe, 1944–1952, http://www.blz.bayern.de/blz/eup/04_10/images/karte2_large.png

Soviet Gulag in 1951, http://kresy-siberia.org/hom/files/9/GULAG_Slavery_Inc_map_001.jpg

Central Europe in the Soviet Bloc, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/EasternBlocAfter.svg/2000px-EasternBlocAfter.svg.png

Iron Curtain cutting through Central Europe, http://img256.imageshack.us/img256/1432/cweuropezu9.jpg

Breakup of the Soviet Union, http://mapcollection.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/rsz_ussrnations.jpg

Russian Federation, http://bestcitiez.com/data_images/countries/russian-federation/russian-federation-08.jpg

Commonwealth of Independent States, 2013, http://saripedia.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/peta-negara-anggota-cis.jpg

Eurasian Economic Union, 2014, http://www.ingoldwetrust.ch/wp-content/uploads/Schermafbeelding-2014-04-24-om-21.35.26.png

Breakup of Yugoslavia, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Former_Yugoslavia_2008.PNG

Breakup of Czechoslovakia, http://cfile8.uf.tistory.com/image/1406C933500010802C65E1

CEFTA (Central European Free Trade Area) in 2003: A Central European Economic Bloc?, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/CEFTA_2003.PNG

Enlargement of NATO, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/History_of_NATO_enlargement.svg/2000px-History_of_NATO_enlargement.svg.png

DOI: 10.1057/9781137507846.0010

E-Illustrations

Enlargement of the European Union (EU): From Central Europe to Western Europe?, http://www.learneurope.eu/files/8913/7508/4281/Enlargements_of_the_EU_1958_2013_en.jpg

Schengen Area, http://www.gibney.com/uploads/Schengen-Map-4.png Eurozone, 2014, http://www.stratfor.com/sites/default/files/

styles/stratfor_full/public/main/images/eu_eurozone2_0.jpg?itok=jFIwyioH

Council of Europe area, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/ a/a5/Map_of_the_47_Member_States_of_the_Council_of_Europe.jpg

Numerous dimensions of European integration, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Supranational_European_Bodies-en.svg/2000px-Supranational_European_Bodies-en.svg.png

Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) and Russia’s protectorates around the Black Sea, http://www.russianlife.com/default/cache/file/115A68FA-0ED6-486E-AB7FFB4B5540F072.jpg

Russian attack on eastern Ukraine, 2014, http://f-origin.hypotheses.org/wp-content/blogs.dir/981/files/2014/08/Carte-comabts1.jpg

Russian propaganda view on the territory of Ukraine (2014), http://www.sott.net/image/s8/172073/full/ukraine_map.jpg

Russian-speakers outside today’s Russia, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Russians_ethnic_94.jpg

Changes in the Balkan dialect continua during the last two millennia, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/BalkLang-evolution.jpg

Dialect continua and minority languages in today’s Europe, http://cdn-images.9cloud.us/500/languages_and_dialects_of_europe_21_670481648.png

Official and recognized languages in today’s Europe, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Languages_of_Europe_map.png

Two Slavic dialect continua nowadays, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Slavic_languages.png

Finno-Ugric dialect continua, http://www.helsinki.fi/~sugl_smi/kuvat/Kartat/Kielet/Fenno-Ugrian_languages.jpg

Turkic dialect continua, http://www.geocurrents.info/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Turkic-Language-Map.jpg

Greek dialect continuum in 1910, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Greek#mediaviewer/

DOI: 10.1057/9781137507846.0010

E-Illustrations

File:Distribution_of_Greek_dialects_in_late_Byzantine_Empire_en.png

Albanian dialect continuum, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/AlbaniansOutsideAlbania.png

Images

Development of the Greek alphabet in antiquity, http://www.webtopos.gr/archives/languages/greek/alphabet/chart_gre_anc_alphabets_cities_1369x1301_tr.gif

Gothic Bible, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_alphabet#mediaviewer/File:Wulfila_bibel.jpg

Early printed book in Greek, http://library.dts.edu/Images/Sc/cambridge.gnt.1632.L.jpg

Greek keyboard, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/KB_Greek.svg/2000px-KB_Greek.svg.png

First printed European book, Gutenberg Bible, in the Gothic (Black Letter) type, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutenberg_Bible#mediaviewer/File:Gutenberg_bible_Old_Testament_Epistle_of_St_Jerome.jpg

Early printed Latin book in Antiqua (1475), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiqua_28typeface_class29#mediaviewer/File:Jenson_1475_venice_laertius.png

Sample book in Fraktur (1786), http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=q9kAAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=geschichte+preussens&hl=en&sa=X&ei=a6JKVL_qCOSV7Aamy4C4CA&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=geschichte20preussens&f=false

Church Slavonic Gospel in Glagolitic, http://croatia.org/crown/content_images/2012/france/reims_ev.jpg

Catholic Church Slavonic Missal in Glagolitic, http://www.nenad.bplaced.net/lib/exe/fetch.php/glagolica_primjer_teksta.jpg?w=400&tok=db9224

Glagolitic keyboard, http://www.imega.cz/glagolitic/download/uslayout.png

Old (Church Slavonic) Cyrillic, http://www.pc-freak.net/images/OldSlavonic.gif

Early printed Church Slavonic liturgical book in Old Cyrillic, http://www.en.nkp.cz/images/slov/leiturgiarion_sluzebnik.jpg

DOI: 10.1057/9781137507846.0010

E-Illustrations

Old (Church) Slavonic keyboard, http://www.ponomar.net/wiki/lib/exe/fetch.php?w=600&tok=310276&media=layoutcu_base.png

Peter the Great’s hand in the transformation of Church Cyrillic into Grazhdanka (or modern Cyrillic), http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Russian_alphabet_28marks_by_Peter_I29,_page_5.gif

The first book in Grazhdanka published in 1708, https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/D093D180D0B0D0B6D0B4D0B0D0BDD181D0BAD0B8D0B9_D188D180D0B8D184D182#mediaviewer/File:Geometria_Slavenski_Zemlemerie.jpg

Russian Cyrillic (Grazhdanka) keyboard, http://www.russianeditor.com/border/Cyrillic-keyboard-French.gif

Bulgarian Cyrillic keyboard, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Keyboard_Layout_Bulgarian_BDS2.png

Printed book in the Walachian (Romanian) Cyrillic (1845), http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetul_chirilic_romC3A2n#mediaviewer/File:Anton_Pann_-_Bazul_teoretic,_title_page.png

Title page of a school grammar of the Bosnian language (1890), http://bosnjaci.net/foto/bosanska_gramatika_big.jpg

Armenian-Kipchak (Turkic) dictionary, 16th–17th century, http://expositions.nlr.ru/eng/armen_manus/images/05.jpg

Slavic written in Arabic letters, http://proleksis.lzmk.hr/slike/x_a0424.JPG

First printed Muslim book (1729), an Arabic-Osmanlıca, http://www.loc.gov/rr/amed/guide/images/nes_p59s.jpg

Turkish book in Greek letters (1784), http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Karamanlidika_title_page_1784.JPG

Early map in Osmanlıca, http://www.loc.gov/rr/amed/guide/images/nes_p54s.jpg

Page from an Ottoman calendar with inscriptions in Arabic, Armenian, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, and Latin letters, http://theopavlidis.com/MidEast/Spring_Handouts/H06/OttomanCalendarAnGRAY.jpg

Letter in Osmanlıca with transcription into Latin letters, http://www.allempires.com/Uploads/OttomanLetter1886.jpg

New Testament in Albanian printed with the use of Greek letters (1827), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_literature#mediaviewer/File:H_Kainh_Diaqhkh_1827.JPG

DOI: 10.1057/9781137507846.0010

E-Illustrations

Last Jewish (Hebrew) book published in Spain, 1490, http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/s6/f1/pict119.jpg

Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) with Yiddish translation, late 17th century, http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-JoG2dNDG3S4/TgOhwiGbnxI/AAAAAAAABUg/PdkhCHqQ99c/s1600/Pages2Bfrom2BWitzenhausen2BAthias2B1686-87-2.jpg

Jewish translation of the Pentateuch into Persian printed with the use of Hebrew letters, http://a7.typepad.com/6a017ee66ba427970d01a73d70514f970d-pi

Ladino book in Hebrew letters, 1823, http://www.washington.edu/news/files/2013/01/Naar-Devin-05-copy.jpg

German-Polish-Russian-Belarusian-Lithuanian-Latvian-Yiddish dictionary published by the German occupation administration of Obber-Ost (1918) (NB: Belarusian entries are in Latin letters), http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vPQMAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2&dq=sieben-sprachen-wC3B6rterbuch&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7xxVVPGDEYTV7Aat9oCwDA&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=sieben-sprachen-wC3B6rterbuch&f=false

Obverse of an Austro-Hungarian banknote (1912) with inscriptions in German, Czech, Polish, Ruthenian (Ukrainian), Italian, Slovenian, Croatian, Serbian and Romanian, http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-ugarska_kruna#mediaviewer/File:AHK_100_1912_obverse.jpg

Reverse of an Austro-Hungarian banknote with inscriptions only in Hungarian (1912), http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/AHK_100_1912_reverse.jpg

Soviet banknote with inscriptions in Arabic, Armenian, Cyrillic, Georgian and Latin letters (1932), http://russianmoney.info/notes/USSR/1924ch-1932/P201-3Chervontsa-1932_f.jpg

Transliteration between the Moldovan (Moldavian) Cyrillic and the Romanian Latin alphabet, pcgn.org.uk/ROMANIZATION_MOLDOVAN.pdf

Transnistrian banknote with inscriptions in Russian, Ukrainian and Moldavian; all in Cyrillic, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Pridniestrowie_one_ruble.jpg

New (2013) five Euro banknote with inscriptions in the European Union’s all three official scripts, Cyrillic, Greek and Latin, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/New_finnish_2013_5_euro.png

DOI: 10.1057/9781137507846.0010

E-Illustrations

Coat of arms of interwar Soviet Belarus in its four official languages and three official scripts, Cyrillic (Belarusian and Russian), Hebrew (Yiddish) and Latin (Polish), http://www.geschichteinchronologie.ch/SU/EncJud_juden-in-SU-d/EncJud_Russia-band14-kolonne469-emblem-BSSR-m-jiddisch.gif

Sample quadrilingual and triscriptural document from interwar Soviet Belarus, http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/images/lz3.JPG

Yugoslav banknote in Cyrillic and Latin letters (1978), http://www.coinsworld.eu/images/items/17541/o_3pgz29re1o.jpg

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Manhole cover from Tel Aviv, Israel with inscriptions in four languages and four scripts, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Optical_cable_manhole_cover_in_English,_Hebrew,_Arabic_and_Russian_in_Tel_Aviv,_Israel.jpg

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DOI: 10.1057/9781137507846.0012

Index

Academia della Crusca, 32, 137Adriatic Sea, 27, 37Africa, 4, 27–8, 97

languages, 84Wikipedias, 84

Albania, 27Albanian, 40–2, 110, 122

Wikipedia, 84Allies, 72–5Anderson, Benedict, 8, 25, 16,

31, 115print capitalism, 16, 25

Anglo-Saxon, 29, 32Wikipedia, 83

Apennine Peninsula, 32, 36Arabic, 4, 14, 28, 31, 48, 69,

93, 98Classical, 39Mozarabic, 48script, 14, 28, 31, 39–40,

42–3, 69, 91, 97–99, 111–13

Aragon, Crown of, 31, 104Aramaic script, 36Armenian, 36, 40, 45, 49–50

script, 91Armenians, 40, 45, 50, 72, 115Assyrians, 72, 106Austin, John L., 8, 115Austria, 35, 43, 45, 61, 66, 71,

80, 86, 94, 98Austria-Hungary, 45, 54, 59, 66,

69, 71, 73, 94, 98–9, 107Austrian Empire, 66, 71, 98

Banat Bulgarian (Paulician), 86Baltic languages, 34, 62, 69Baltic Sea, 5, 34, 98, 127, 144Basic English, 83Belarus, 5, 50, 62, 68, 78, 113Belarusian, 49, 59–60, 62, 73,

78, 92, 113, 116, 130Wikipedias, 82

Belgium, 43, 74, 80, 92, 133Bible, 12, 17, 36, 48, 55, 68, 98,

110, 112, 129Church Slavonic, 68Dutch, 34German, 34Greek, 36, 68King James, 33Luther’s translation, 35Russian, 68Vulgate, 12, 27Walachian (Romanian), 38

Black Sea, 27, 37–9, 67, 80, 98, 105–6, 109

Bohemia, 37, 53–4, 61, 69, 71Bosnia, 27, 44, 69Bosnian, 14, 69–70, 111Bourdieu, Pierre, 16, 117Britain, 29, 32, 43–4, 76, 88Bulgaria, 11, 27, 38, 44, 49,

67–9, 86, 103, 120Bulgarian Empire, 37, 98Bulgarian, 11, 67Bunjevac, 86Burgenland Croatian, 86Burke, Peter, 20, 33, 118

DOI: 10.1057/9781137507846.0012

Index

Catalonia, 76Catalonian, 31Caucasus, 45, 127CEFTA, 5, 108, 140Celtic languages, 29, 39Central Europe, definitions, 5Central Powers, 5, 72, 99, 107, 126China, 3, 5, 28, 52, 70

internet censoring, 85, 119, 122Wikipedia, 84

Christianity, 4, 14, 27–9, 35–8, 40, 102Armenian Apostolic Church, 40Armenain Catholic Church, 40Cathars, 30Counter-Reformation, 2, 48, 55Dyophysitism, 45Eastern, 48–9, 90, 97, 117Great Schism, 35Hussites, 54–5, 69Monophysitism, 97Protestantism, 97–8Reconquista, 50, 104Reformation, 2, 14, 26, 34–5, 43,

48–9, 51, 54–6, 61Western, 12, 90

Circassians, 67Coptic, 36Crimea, 44, 53, 105, 109, 123Crimean Tatar, 80–1Croatia, 27, 37, 44–5, 69, 71, 82, 86, 123,

143Croatian, 14, 69–71, 81–2, 87cyberspace, 3, 78–83, 86, 94, 101

e-gap, 63, 83–4, 100internet, 3, 63–101oral internet, 101Universal Character Set, 79Wikipedia(s), 63, 79–87

St Cyril, 45Cyrillic, 6, 14, 37–8, 41–3, 45, 49–50,

52–3, 57–9, 69–70, 81–2, 87, 91–2, 94, 99, 110–13, 122, 137

Church (Old) Cyrillic, 69, 58, 111Grazhdanka, 58, 69, 91, 111

Czech, 54–5, 57, 61, 69, 91Czech lands, 57

Czechoslovak (language), 70Czechoslovakia, 70, 74, 99, 108Czech Republic, 36–7, 43, 54

Danish, 34, 70Denmark, 34Dutch, 33–5, 64, 118Dutch Low Saxon, 80Deutsch, Karl, 65, 89, 118dialect, 24, 43, 53, 61, 74, 79, 88

minority, 89rural (narechie), 59, 78

dialect continuum, 30, 33, 43–4, 48, 54dichotomy of a language and dialect, 7,

9–14, 24

e-gapsee cyberspace

Einzelsprachesee a language

Egypt, 36England, 32, 61, 131English, 3, 8, 32–3, 44, 64, 77, 79, 85, 89Esperanto, 20, 92–3, 121

French veto, 93Wikipedia, 80, 83

Estonia, 5, 34, 52, 55, 60, 74, 80Estonian, 3ethnic cleansing, 135

forced assimilation, 74, 91Russification, 22, 52, 59, 77–8, 122,

144ethnolect, 88–9, 95Europe compared to India, 6European Union, 5–6, 18, 43, 99, 109,

112, 115, 130expulsions, 31, 48, 67, 72, 74–5, 86, 91,

106–8, 140

Finland, 52, 74, 80, 98, 125, 144Finnish, 73–4Finno-Ugric, 34, 39, 109Fraktur, 54–55, 98, 107, 110, 128, 146France, 5, 18, 30, 32, 41, 43, 64–7, 75, 80,

88, 93, 118, 123, 126, 139French, 13, 22, 30–4, 64–6, 77, 80, 94

DOI: 10.1057/9781137507846.0012

Index

French Academy, 58French Revolution, 14

Gagauzia, 80Gagauzian, 80Galician, 31genocide, 18, 72, 75, 88–9, 91, 106, 108,

114, 116, 120, 135, 141, 145Georgian, 36, 40, 91German, 22, 29, 45, 53, 57, 64, 66, 69–74

Common, 35Normal script, 56Protestant, 35, 56

German Confederation, 71German Empire, 71, 106Germanic languages, 29–30, 39, 43, 48,

53–4East, 36West, 30, 44West, dialect continuum, 33

Germany, 43, 66, 72, 74, 80, 83, 88, 93, 99

Goranian, 86Gothic, 36, 44, 49

Wikipedia, 83Gothic type, 55–6

see also FrakturGreater Moravia, 36–7, 54, 97–8, 103Greece, 5, 44, 61, 67–8, 80, 86, 106–7,

133Greek, 9–14, 29, 36–42, 48–9, 67, 102

classical, 90Demotic, 68Hellenic, 40Katharevousa, 68New Testament, 90, 98Pontic, 80Roman, 40script, 6, 14, 37, 43, 87, 91, 110Wikipedia, 83

Greek dialectal area, 39, 109Greek Catholics (Uniates), 24, 52, 57,

59, 97, 143Greek Orthodox Church, 68

Habsburg lands, 54, 57, 128

Hanseatic League, 5, 34, 104Hara, Kiyoshi, 4Haugen, Einar, 15, 34, 18, 70, 78, 125

language standardization model, 16–17Hebrew, 28, 48, 93

Biblical, 98Ivrit, 93script, 14, 28, 36, 40, 54, 91–2, 97, 99,

111–13Hindi, 24, 87

Wikipedia, 83Holocaust

see genocide, Jews, Porajmos, RomaHoly Roman Empire, 27, 30–7, 43, 51,

53–6, 61, 64–5, 71–4, 94, 98, 103Hroch, Miroslav, 8, 65, 126

phase model of nation-building, 17–18

Hungary, 5, 35–8, 45, 51, 54, 59, 61, 69, 71, 104, 130, 143

Hus, Jan, 54, 61

Iberia, 28–9, 31, 48, 50, 104Iceland, 34Icelandic, 34India, 2, 6, 14, 36, 87

languages, 124, 131, 141Wikipedias, 83

internetsee cyberspace

Irish, 29, 76, 78, 127banned in Ireland, 32Ogham script, 29, 127

Islam, 4, 28–9, 38, 40, 42, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 67–8, 72, 97, 119, 123, 127, 132, 140

Israel, 93, 113Italian, 31–2, 55, 64, 71, 92, 94, 112Italy, 32, 43, 66, 72, 80, 88

Jews, 28–9, 39–40, 48, 50–1, 56, 69, 75, 88–9, 92–3, 107–8, 116, 121, 134, 138, 140, 142, 145

Kamusella, Tomasz, 5, 9, 15, 17, 44, 54, 58, 66, 76, 100–1, 127–8

DOI: 10.1057/9781137507846.0012

Index

isomorphism of language, nation and state, 18, 128

Kashubian, 44, 74, 80–1Kosovo, 70, 86

Land Ober Ost, 73, 120a language (Einzelsprache), ix, xii, 1,

10–17, 24, 81, 100artifact of culture, 8–9, 20, 22, 81,

94, 100codification, 16–17comprehensibility, mutual, 43cyberspace codification, 80definition, 9language building, 20–1, 80language engineering, 20–2, 43, 60,

77, 100minority, 89monolingualism, 74, 85, 92–3multilingualism, 12, 27, 42, 44,

74–80, 82, 86, 147orality, 16–17, 88–9phoneme, 20, 23–4, 54politics, 6, 16, 116standardization, 59

language (Sprache), 7, 9, 19, 23Latin, 12–13, 27–59, 64–9, 71–4, 83,

93–4, 102Antiqua, 55–6, 91, 98, 110, 117script, 6, 81–2, 87, 92, 97–8, 110–13

Latin-Greek bilingualism, 12, 90–1, 93Latvia, 5, 52, 60, 62, 73–4, 76, 80Latvian, 60, 62, 73lect, 23Liechtenstein, 43linguistic area, 61linguonym, 33, 44–5, 53, 58, 62Lithuania, 5, 52, 60, 74, 80, 98, 104, 145,

147Lithuanian, 60, 62, 73, 147Low German, 34–5Luther, Martin, 34–5, 61Luxembourg, 43, 80, 92, 137Luxembourgish, 80

Macedonia, 11, 27, 44, 68, 119, 123

Macedonian, 11, 70Magocsi, Paul Robert, 2, 5, 18, 27, 95,

135Marr, Nikolai, 21Mediterranean Sea, 27–9, 31, 40, 97,

106, 120, 142St Methodius, 45Middle East, 45, 93, 97, 105Moldavia, 38–9, 41, 45, 49, 81Moldova, 38, 41, 45, 80–1, 92Moldovan, 14, 38, 41, 80, 112

Wikipedia, 81Mongolian, 70, 94Montenegrin, 3, 14, 70, 81

Wikipedia, 82, 139Montenegro, 27, 44, 49, 67, 87, 92, 119Moravia, 36–7, 54, 69Moravian, 54, 69Muscovy, 51, 57–8, 105nationalism, ethnolinguistic, 53, 63,

65–6, 70, 72–5, 92–3nation-building, 17, 78nation-state, 2, 4, 11, 18, 25, 32, 39, 42,

49, 52, 63–79, 81–9, 96, 99statehood legitimation, 18, 78, 93

Nebrija, Antonio, 33, 140, 147Netherlands, 34, 43, 51, 58, 64, 80Norse, 29, 34, 70Norway, 80, 82Norwegian, 16, 70, 82, 125

Wikipedia, 82–3

Osmanlıca (Ottoman Turkish), 39, 41–2, 69, 94, 111

Ottoman Empire, 38–42, 49–51, 54, 61, 64, 67, 69, 73, 94, 97–8, 105–6, 120, 141

millet system, 42, 49–50, 104, 127

Palatinate German, 80Palestine, 28, 93Perlman, Eliezer (Ben Yehuda), 93Persian, 39, 42–3, 69, 112Poland, 5, 34, 36–7, 43–4, 52, 60, 74–5,

80, 104, 107, 103, 126, 138, 145

DOI: 10.1057/9781137507846.0012

Index

Poland-Lithuania, 45, 50–1, 55–8, 60, 64, 98, 104–5

Polish, 44, 55, 57, 61–2, 64, 71, 73, 77politics of culture

homogeneity, 2, 16, 18, 31, 42, 47–52, 63, 65, 67, 72, 74–5, 86, 89, 96–9

plurality (heterogeneity), 47–8, 50, 63, 96–9

Pomakian, 86Porajmos

see genocide, Holocaust, Jews, RomaPortugal, 31, 48, 88, 115, 142Portuguese, 31, 122

Brazilian, 31Wikipedia, 84

Provençal, 30, 33, 80Prussia, 34–5, 60, 66, 71, 99

Qur’an, 28, 68, 98, 114

realitymaterial, 8–11, 15social, 8–11, 15

revolution, 116, 1251848 revolutions, 711905 Revolution, 52, 59, 67, 145Bolshevik Revolution, 20, 73, 134French Revolution, 14, 18, 64–5,

139Westernizing revolution in Turkey,

22, 141Young Turk Revolution, 42

Roman Empire (Romania), 27, 39, 61Roma (‘Gypsies’), 85–90Romance languages, 30–3, 39–41, 48–9,

54, 92–3East Romance, 38West Romance, 30

Romani, 87–89Para-Romani, 88–9Wikipedia, 80, 87

Romania, 37–8, 41Romanian, 14, 38, 41–2, 49, 71, 81Rome, 37Runes, 29

Rus’, 5, 37–8, 45, 50–2, 57, 60, 103Russian, 15, 21–2, 24, 41, 43, 45, 49–50,

53, 58, 68–9, 77–81Russian Empire, 45, 49, 51–2, 58–60,

66, 72–3, 77, 98, 105, 128, 147Rusyn, 80, 113Ruthenian, 57–62

Sami, 80Serbia, 27, 44, 49, 67–70, 80–2, 86–7,

92, 104, 113, 117, 120Scandinavia, 5, 27, 29, 34, 38, 43, 64,

104Scotland, 32–3, 79Scots, 32script, 6, 15–16, 26–9, 31, 36–43, 45,

47–50, 52–9, 66–9, 79, 81–2, 91–4, 97–100, 107

change, 41, 43choice, 91ranking of scripts, 14scriptural homogeneity, 97see also writing

Searle, John R, 8, 141Serbian, 14, 67, 69–71, 82, 113Serbo-Croatian, 14, 69–70Serbo-Croato-Slovenian (language),

70, 81–2, 86Silesia, 37Silesian, 44, 88Slavic languages, 24, 33–4, 38–41, 45,

48–9, 52–5, 57–8, 62, 67, 69, 86, 93, 98, 109

North Slavic, 37, 44(Old Church) Slavonic, 24, 36–9, 42,

45, 49, 52, 62, 67–8, 98, 110–11, 114

Glagolitic, 36–7, 45, 49, 54, 110, 135Wikipedia, 83, 87

South Slavic, 36, 43–4, 53–4, 57–8Slovak, 53, 70–1, 74, 77, 113Slovakia, 36–7, 45, 71Slovenia, 43–5Slovenian, 3, 53, 70–1, 112Sorbian, 44

DOI: 10.1057/9781137507846.0012

Index

Soviet bloc, 64, 75, 98, 108Soviet Union, 20–2, 43, 45, 50, 52, 59,

61, 64, 73, 77, 81, 90, 93, 98–100, 108, 124

sociolect, 23, 55, 61, 64, 95Spain, 31–3, 48, 76, 88, 112, 125Spanish (Castilian), 3, 30–3, 64, 122State of the Teutonic Order, 34Sweden, 5, 51, 80, 88, 98, 138Swedish, 34, 74Switzerland, 5, 43, 72, 74, 80, 92, 94,

134Syria, 36Syriac, 36, 49

Wikipedia, 83

Tannu-Tuva, 52, 61Tatarstan, 52, 123Tatar, 52, 67, 73Transnistria, 41, 80–1, 112Transylvania, 35, 38Turkic languages, 38–40, 42–3, 61, 72,

103, 109, 111script (‘runes’), 38

Turkish, 39, 42–3, 72, 77, 111Sun Language Theory, 22

Ukraine, 5, 44–5, 50, 53, 60, 68, 78, 80–1, 108, 126, 130, 133, 136

Ukrainian, 41, 45, 49, 59–60, 73, 78, 92, 122, 126, 139

Wikipedia, 85

Vatican, 71Venice, 32, 43, 104Vojvodina, 45, 86, 103, 113

Walachia, 38–9, 41, 46, 49

warBalkan Wars, 72civil war in Finland, 74Cold War, 11Franco-Prussian War, 71Great Northern War, 105Greco-Turkish War of 1919–22, 107Hussite wars, 54Napoleonic wars, 65, 98religious, 19, 35, 43, 51Russo-Ottoman War of 1806–12, 45Russo-Ukrainian War of 2014, 53Thirty Years’ War, 19, 51, 57, 105World War I, 5, 42, 52, 63, 65, 70–3,

93, 98–9World War II, 5, 59, 61, 64, 70, 75,

91, 98Welsh, 29, 76

Wikipedia, 84Wikipedia

see cyberspace and various languages (for instance, Belarusian, Montenegrin)

writing, 14–15Druckersprachen, 35grapheme, 79, 100literacy, 4, 14, 16, 22–3, 27–30, 34,

36–9, 48, 54, 57, 64, 87, 93, 101, 116, 121, 123, 131

monoscripturalism, 42, 92multiscripturalism, 47, 92printing, 2, 16, 25, 33, 35, 37, 41, 55–9,

68–9, 98

Yugoslavia, 70, 82, 99see also Serbo-Croatian, Serbo-

Croato-Slovenian

Zamenhof, L. L., 20, 92–3, 121

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