e

CC HH NN OO PP SS

Carbon NitrogenOxygenPhosphorusSulfurHydrogen

ORGANIC compounds contain a carbon-hydrogen bond (C6H12O6,

CH4)

ORGANIC compounds contain a carbon-hydrogen bond (C6H12O6,

CH4)

INORGANIC compounds do not contain a carbon-hydrogen bond

(CO2, H2O)

INORGANIC compounds do not contain a carbon-hydrogen bond

(CO2, H2O)

lipidlipid

carbohydrate

carbohydrate

protein

protein

nucleic acid

nucleic acid

waterwater

1.Water is the most important inorganic

compound in living things.2. Most cellular

processes take place in water solutions.

3. Excellent solvent (substances dissolve

in water)

CO2CO2

4.Are organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1 (carbon:hydrogen:oxygen)

4.Are organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1 (carbon:hydrogen:oxygen)

Carbohydrates

3.Are made by plants (autotrophs)3.Are made by plants (autotrophs)

2.Are the body’s primary source of energy

2.Are the body’s primary source of energy

1.Are made of monomers (building blocks) called monosaccharides

1.Are made of monomers (building blocks) called monosaccharides

Glucose is a Glucose is a monosaccharidemonosaccharide

..

Glucose is a Glucose is a monosaccharidemonosaccharide

..C6HH1212OO66

Example of CarbohydrateExample of Carbohydrate: : Monosaccharides Monosaccharides (simple sugars) are (simple sugars) are easily identified by their sweet taste.easily identified by their sweet taste.

Example of CarbohydrateExample of Carbohydrate: : Monosaccharides Monosaccharides (simple sugars) are (simple sugars) are easily identified by their sweet taste.easily identified by their sweet taste.

Other Other monosaccharides:monosaccharides:

fructose (fruit sugar) fructose (fruit sugar) galactose (milk galactose (milk

sugar).sugar).

Other Other monosaccharides:monosaccharides:

fructose (fruit sugar) fructose (fruit sugar) galactose (milk galactose (milk

sugar).sugar).

H

CH2OH

OO

HH

HH OH

OHOH

HHHHH

OH OH

C

C

C

C

C

Note the ring shape Note the ring shape of the molecule.of the molecule.

Note the ring shape Note the ring shape of the molecule.of the molecule.

Example of CarbohydrateExample of Carbohydrate: : Polysaccharides Polysaccharides are complex are complex

carbohydrates made of long chains of carbohydrates made of long chains of monosaccharides.monosaccharides.

Example of CarbohydrateExample of Carbohydrate: : Polysaccharides Polysaccharides are complex are complex

carbohydrates made of long chains of carbohydrates made of long chains of monosaccharides.monosaccharides.Starches (bread, cereals, and pastas) Starches (bread, cereals, and pastas)

and cellulose (plant cell walls) are and cellulose (plant cell walls) are common sources of complex carbs.common sources of complex carbs.

Starches (bread, cereals, and pastas) Starches (bread, cereals, and pastas) and cellulose (plant cell walls) are and cellulose (plant cell walls) are common sources of complex carbs.common sources of complex carbs.

Sucrose (table sugar) Sucrose (table sugar) is an is an example of a sugar with only two example of a sugar with only two

monosaccharides.monosaccharides.

Sucrose (table sugar) Sucrose (table sugar) is an is an example of a sugar with only two example of a sugar with only two

monosaccharides.monosaccharides.

O

CH2OH

H OO

HH

HH OH

OHOH

HHHHH

OH

CH2OH

H

HH OH

H

O

OOHHHH

OHOH HH

CH2OH

HOO

HH

HH OH

OHOH

HHHHH

OHC

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

What is the monomer (subunit) for carbohydrates?

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

Name examples of carbohydrates.

monosaccharide (simple sugars)

energy storage (short-term), structure or support

glucose, starch, cellulose

3.function in 3.function in hormones and cell hormones and cell membrane and for membrane and for

energy storageenergy storage

3.function in 3.function in hormones and cell hormones and cell membrane and for membrane and for

energy storageenergy storage

1.chemically diverse organic compounds

1.chemically diverse organic compounds

examplesexamples: fats, oils, : fats, oils, waxes, and steroids waxes, and steroids (serve as chemical (serve as chemical

messengers)messengers)

examplesexamples: fats, oils, : fats, oils, waxes, and steroids waxes, and steroids (serve as chemical (serve as chemical

messengers)messengers)

2.contain C, H, O2.contain C, H, O2.contain C, H, O2.contain C, H, O

4.water 4.water insolubleinsoluble4.water 4.water

insolubleinsoluble

5.classified as 5.classified as saturated or saturated or unsaturatedunsaturated

5.classified as 5.classified as saturated or saturated or unsaturatedunsaturated

glycerol

Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape

Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

HOO

C HC

H

C

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H OO

C OO

C

H

H OO C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

HOO

C C

H

C

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

HOO

C C

H

C

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

H

Made up ofMade up of

glycerol

glycerol

fatty acids

fatty acids

and

and

What are the molecules that make up lipids?

What are the functions of lipids?

Name examples of lipids.

glycerol and fatty acids

energy storage (long-term), make up the cell membrane and hormones

body fat, oils, waxes

2.Enzymes2.Enzymes are are proteins which proteins which

function to function to control the rate control the rate

of chemical of chemical reactions.reactions.

2.Enzymes2.Enzymes are are proteins which proteins which

function to function to control the rate control the rate

of chemical of chemical reactions.reactions.

1.complex organic compounds made up

of amino acids (monomer), needed

for the body to function properly

1.complex organic compounds made up

of amino acids (monomer), needed

for the body to function properly

examplesexamples: : muscles, hair, muscles, hair, cartilage, nailscartilage, nails

examplesexamples: : muscles, hair, muscles, hair, cartilage, nailscartilage, nails

3.contain C, O, H, 3.contain C, O, H, N N and usually Sand usually S

3.contain C, O, H, 3.contain C, O, H, N N and usually Sand usually S

image credit: U.S. Department of Energy Human Genome Program, http://www.ornl.gov/TechResources/Human_Genome/graphics/slides/images/ras.gif

3D protein structure

anan aminoamino groupgroupanan aminoamino groupgroup

are made up ofare made up of

and an “and an “RR” group ” group which varies in the which varies in the

different amino different amino acidsacids

and an “and an “RR” group ” group which varies in the which varies in the

different amino different amino acidsacids

a a carboxylcarboxyl group groupa a carboxylcarboxyl group group

H

H

N C

H

R

O

OH

C

C

H

H H

H

H

N C

H O

OH

C

C

OH

H H

H

H

N C

H O

OH

C

Alanine Serine

What is the monomer (subunit) for protein?

What are the functions of protein?

Name examples of proteins.

amino acids

structure or support; enzymes speed up chemical reactions

muscles, hair, cartilage, nails

image credit: U.S. Department of Energy Human Genome Program, http://www.ornl.gov/hgmis.

examplesexamples: DNA and : DNA and

RNARNAexamplesexamples: DNA and : DNA and

RNARNA

1.contain C, H, N, O, P1.contain C, H, N, O, P1.contain C, H, N, O, P1.contain C, H, N, O, Psugar

phosphate

nitrogen

base

nucleotide

2.store genetic 2.store genetic information, help to information, help to

make proteinsmake proteins

2.store genetic 2.store genetic information, help to information, help to

make proteinsmake proteins

3.made up of 3.made up of nucleotides nucleotides (monomer) (monomer)

containing a sugar, containing a sugar, phosphate and a N-phosphate and a N-

basebase

3.made up of 3.made up of nucleotides nucleotides (monomer) (monomer)

containing a sugar, containing a sugar, phosphate and a N-phosphate and a N-

basebaseDNA molecule

sugar

phosphate

nitrogen base

What is the monomer (subunit) for nucleic acids?

What are the functions of nucleic acids?

Name examples of nucleic acid.

nucleotides

store genetic information, help to make proteins

DNA, RNA

What are the compounds in a nucleotide?

sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base