E-Book on Mineral Sector - Ministry of Mines · Hindi English is used for all official purposes...
98
E-Book on Mineral Sector Ministry of Mines, Government of India February 08, 2016
Transcript of E-Book on Mineral Sector - Ministry of Mines · Hindi English is used for all official purposes...
E-Book on Mineral Sector
Ministry of Mines, Government of India February 08, 2016
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Contents
Contents ................................................................................................................................................................ 2
Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................................................... 4
Conversion ........................................................................................................................................................... 4
I. Introduction to India ...................................................................................................................................... 5 |a| Geography ........................................................................................................................................... 5 |b| Political System ................................................................................................................................... 5 |c| Economy of India ............................................................................................................................... 6
II. Mineral Sector Overview ............................................................................................................................. 6 |d| Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 6 |e| Structure of Minerals and Mining Sector ........................................................................................ 7 |f| Exploration in India ........................................................................................................................... 8 |g| Mineral Resources/Reserves ............................................................................................................. 9 |h| Production ......................................................................................................................................... 10
|i| Index of Mineral Production........................................................................................................... 10
|j| Gross Domestic Product from Mining & Querrying Sector ....................................................... 10
|k| Mining (Reporting Mines)............................................................................................................... 11
|l| Employment ...................................................................................................................................... 11
|m| Self-reilance Minerals and Mineral Based Product...................................................................... 11
|n| Export and Imports .......................................................................................................................... 12
III. Mineral and Mining Sector Legislation in India ................................................................................. 12 |o| Overview ........................................................................................................................................... 12 |p| Legislation ......................................................................................................................................... 14
IV. Initiatives/ New Development for Mining Sector................................................................................ 18
|q| Mining Tenement System....................................................................................................... ......... 18
|r| Sustainable Development Framework (SDF)............................................................. .................. 18
|s| Coordination-cum-Empowered Committee (CEC).................................................................... 19
|t| Mines and Mineral (Development & Regulation) Amendment Act, 2015................................20
|u| Notification on Minor Minerals..................................................................................... ................. 21
|v| New Rules/Guidelines/Model format............................................................................................21
|w| Notifying Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) to boost Mineral Exploration in Country.........22
|x| Mineral Administration and Regulation...................................................................................... 22
|y| Types of Concessions ....................................................................................................................... 22 |z| Grant of Mining Lease ..................................................................................................................... 23 |aa| Grant of Composite License ............................................................................................................ 24 |bb| Grant of Non-exclusive Reconnaissance Permit (NERP) ............................................................ 25 |cc| National Mineral Exploration Trust (NMET) ............................................................................... 25 |dd| Indicative Clearances ....................................................................................................................... 26
V. Mineral Regulation...................................................................................................................................... 26
VI. Taxation and Royalties .............................................................................................................................. 26 |ee| Overview ........................................................................................................................................... 26 |ff| Direct Taxes ....................................................................................................................................... 27 |gg| Indirect Taxes .................................................................................................................................... 27 |hh| Mining Levies ................................................................................................................................... 28 |ii| Other Levies ...................................................................................................................................... 29 |jj| Incentives ........................................................................................................................................... 30
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VII. Status of Exploration of Mineral Assets............................................................................................... 30
|kk| National Mineral Inventory......................................................................................... .................. 31
VIII. Distribution of Mining Leases in Country............................................................................... ......... 38
|ll| State wise Analysis............................................................................ .............................................. 39
|mm| Mineral wise Analysis................................................................................................................ .... 39
IX. Mineral Production.................................................................................................................................. .40
X. Consumption of Minerals and Mineral Based Industries............................................................... .44
XI. Foreign Trade of Minerals and Metals................................................................................................ 47
XII. Classification and Minerals produced in India................................................................................ 49 |nn| Classification of Minerals in India .................................................................................................... 49 |oo| Minerals produced in India ............................................................................................................... 52
|pp| Minerals not produced in India.........................................................................................................54
XIII. Geology of Indian Subcontinent .......................................................................................................... 54 |qq| Geological Setting of Peninsular Region.......................................................................................... 55 |rr| Geology of Extra-peninsular Area ................................................................................................... 56
XIV. Metallogenic Map of India .................................................................................................................... 57
XV. Mineral Provinces ..................................................................................................................................... 58 |ss| State-wise Details of Mineral Belts within the OGP Areas ............................................................. 58 |tt| State-wise and Mineral-wise Details of Mineral Belts within the OGP Areas ............................ 60
XVI. Mineral-wise Reserves and Resources as on 1.4.2010/2013* ............................................................ 61
XVII. Information Needed by the Investors ................................................................................................ 64 |uu| Detailed Information Dossier (DID).................................................................................................. 64
XVIII. Important Websites and Links ........................................................................................................... 65
Annexures
I. Production of selected Minerals, 2010-11 to 2014-15 (E) ........................................................ 1
II. Minerals wise no. of reporting mines for MCDR Minerals .................................................. 3
III (A) State wise Average Daily Employment* .................................................................................. 5
III (B) Mineral wise Average Daily Employment* .............................................................................. 6
IV (A) Contribution and Rank of India in World Production of Principal Minerals & Metals,
2013) .............................................................................................................................................................. 8
IV (B) Degree of Self-sufficiency in Principal Minerals & Metals, 2013-14(P) ............................ 9
V MINERAL WISE RESERVES/RESOURCES AS ON 01.04.2010/*2013) ........................... 11
VI (A) State Wise Summary of Lease Distribution as on 31/03/2014 ............................................. 17
VI (B) Mineral wise Summary of Lease Distribution as on 31/03/2014 ....................................... 18
VII Consumption of Important Minerals, 2011-12 to 2013-14................................................... 20
VIII (A) Exports of Ores & Minerals 2010-11 to 2014-15 .................................................................... 22
VIII (B) Exports of Metals and Alloys 2010-11 to 2014-15 ................................................................ 26
IX (A) Imports of Ores & Minerals 2010-11 to 2014-15 ................................................................... 28
IX (B) Imports of Metals and Alloys 2010-11 to 2014-15 ................................................................ 31
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Abbreviations
CL Composite License
CRIRSCO Committee for Mineral Reserves International Reporting Standards
DMF District Mineral Foundation
FDI Foreign Direct Investment
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GSI Geological Survey of India
IBM Indian Bureau of Mines
INR Indian Rupee
IT Income Tax
km kilometre
m metre
MAT Minimum Alternative Tax
MCDR Mineral Conservation and Development Rules, 1988
MCR Mineral Concession Rules, 1960
ML Mining Lease
MMDR Mines and Minerals (Development & Regulation) Act, 1957
MT Million Tonne
NERP Non-Exclusive Reconnaissance Permit
NGCM National Geochemical Mapping Programme
NGPM National Geophysical Mapping Programme
NMET National Mineral Exploration Trust
OGP Obvious Geological Potential
SEZ Special Economic Zone
sq. km. square kilometres
UNFC United Nations Framework Classification
USD US Dollar
Conversion
lakh 0.1 million
crore 10 million
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I. Introduction to India
|a| Geography
India is the seventh largest country in the world by area, with an area of 3.2875 million
square kilo metres (sq. km.). The mainland of India extends between latitudes 8° 4' and 37° 6'
north, longitudes 68° 7' and 97° 25' east and measures about 3,214 km from north to south
between the extreme latitudes and about 2,933 km from east to west between the extreme
longitudes. It is bound by the Indian Ocean on the South, the Arabian Sea on the South-West
and the Bay of Bengal on the South-East. India shares land borders with Pakistan to the
West; China, Nepal and Bhutan to the North-East; and Myanmar and Bangladesh to the
East. India has coastline of 7,516.6 km.
|b| Political System
India is a federal state organised
into 29 states and 7 union
territories. India is the world's
largest democracy governed under
the Constitution of India with a
bicameral parliamentary form of
government. The federal
government comprises three
branches.
Executive – the President of
India is the Head of the State,
while the Prime Minister is the
Head of the Government and
runs office with the support of
the Council of Ministers.
Legislative– The Indian
legislature comprises the Lok
Sabha (House of the People)
and the Rajya Sabha (Council of
States) forming both the
Houses of the Parliament. The
Rajya Sabha has a maximum of
250 nominated representatives.
The Lok Sabha comprises
representatives of people
elected every five years through universal adult suffrage. Maximum strength of the Lok
Sabha is 552 members and the current strength of the Lok Sabha is 545.
Judicial – The Supreme Court of India is the apex body of the Indian legal system
followed by other High Courts and subordinate Courts.
India | Snapshot
Capital New Delhi
Population 1,210 million in 2011
Area 3.2875 million sq. km.
Languages 22 languages
Official Language –
Hindi
English is used for all
official purposes
Currency Indian Rupee
Time Zone Indian Standard Time
GMT + 05:30
Religion Hindus (~80%),
Muslims (~13%),
Christians, Sikhs,
Buddhists, Jains and
others.
Gross Domestic Product (at current prices)
USD 2,067 billion in
2014*
Gross Domestic Product (at purchase power parity)
USD 7,393 billion in
2014*
GDP per capita (at current prices)
USD 1,631 in 2014*
GDP per capita (at purchase power parity)
USD 5,833 in 2014*
Accounting Year April 1 to March 31 *Source: World Bank
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|c| Economy of India
The Indian Rupee (symbol: ₹, ISO code: INR) is the official currency of India. The exchange
rate of Rupee is market determined and the Reserve Bank of India intervenes as and when
required to maintain a stable exchange regime (i.e. managed float). As per the World Bank,
the GDP of India expanded from USD 834 billion (at current prices) in 2005 to USD 2,067
billion in 2014 (at current prices). Whereas on the basis of purchase power parity, the GDP of
India expanded from USD 3,274 billion in 2005 to USD 7,393 billion in 2014. During the last
decade, India witnessed a consistent growth rate above 6% except two years due to various
macro-economic conditions.
The sovereign debt is classified as investment grade by the following major credit rating
agencies.
Standard & Poor’s: BBB- (Positive Outlook)
Fitch Ratings: BBB- (Stable Outlook)
Moody’s Ratings: Baa3 (Positive Outlook)
II. Mineral Sector Overview
|d| Introduction
Minerals are valuable natural resources that are finite and non-renewable. The
history of mineral extraction in India dates back to the days of the Harappan civilization.
The wide availability of minerals in the form of abundant rich reserves and the eco-
geological conditions make it very conducive for the growth and development of the mining
sector in India. As a major resource for development the extraction and management of
minerals has to be integrated into the overall strategy of the country’s economic
development. The exploitation of minerals has to be guided by long-term national goals and
perspectives. Thus, minerals play a key role in the evolution of human society and its overall
economic development.
Mining sector, being one of the core sector of economy, provides basic raw materials
to many important industries like power generation (thermal), iron and steel, cement,
petroleum and natural gas, petro-chemicals, fertilisers, precious & semi-precious
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metals/stones, electrical & electronics equipment, glass and ceramics etc. There will be huge
demand for minerals in view of the rapid urbanization and projected growth in the
manufacturing sector in India. India occupies a dominant position in the production of
many minerals across the globe.
India has a total geographical area of about 328 million hectares. Of this, the mining lease
(except than fuel, atomic and minor minerals) area as on 31.3.2014, constitutes around 0.14
percent. The India is rich in onshore and offshore minerals, viz. crude oil and gas, coal, iron
ore, copper, bauxite, etc. Of all variety of land use categories, the common lands consisting
of forest lands, pasture lands, and current fallow and cultural waste lands dominate.
During the last decade, India witnessed a consistent high growth above 6% that is mainly
due to rapid urbanization that has increased demand for infrastructure and consumer
goods. This demand led to more than doubling of crude steel production from 32.6 million
tonnes (MT) in 2004 to 81 MT1 in 2013 and demand for metals and minerals in general.
India, being the seventh largest country in the world, is well endowed with various mineral
resources. Government of India has recently enacted amendments to Mines and Minerals
(Development & Regulation) Act, 1957 (MMDR) and notified rules that would help in
overcoming many challenges associated with the minerals and mining sector such as low
level mineral exploration and exploitation, low technology deployment, fragmented and
small concession areas etc. India is poised to witness great leaps of growth in minerals and
mining sector with the adoption of transparent and non-discretionary grant of mineral
concessions through an auction process.
|e| Structure of Minerals and Mining Sector
The Ministry of Mines (MoM), Government of India is responsible for the entire minerals
and mining sector in the country that includes legislation, administration, policy
formulation etc. in respect of all mines and minerals other than coal, natural gas and
petroleum, but including offshore minerals. In India, the minerals are classified as minor
minerals and non-minor (i.e. major minerals). The policy and legislation relating to minor
minerals is entirely delegated to the state governments while policy and legislation relating
to the major minerals is dealt by the MoM. All the mineral legislations in the country
conform to the provisions of the MMDR Act, 1957. MoM through its attached office,
Geological Survey of India (GSI) facilitates exploration, geological mapping and mineral
resource assessment in the country. Indian Bureau of Mines (IBM), a subordinate office of
the MoM is mainly responsible for regulation of mining in the country. The Ministry also
administers the Offshore Areas Mineral (Development and Regulation) Act, 2002 and rules
made there under. Mineral concessions in India are granted to Indian nationals or entities
incorporated in India only. The entire sector is organised as depicted graphically below.
1 Source: World Steel Association
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|f| Exploration in India
India is a mineral rich country and has favourable geological milieu which is yet to be fully
explored, assessed and exploited. Its geological setup is similar in many ways to that of
resource rich countries like Canada, Australia, Brazil, South Africa, Chile and Mexico etc.
Exploration activities in India are mostly carried out by GSI, MECL, various State DGMs,
public sector undertakings (PSU) and private sector entities both domestic and subsidiaries
of many global companies.
GSI, established in 1851, is the principal agency for geological mapping and regional mineral
resource assessment in India. India has a total land area of 3.2875 million sq.km. spread
across 5,065 toposheets and an area of 3.146 million sq. km. is mappable and GSI has
covered 3.09611 million sq. km. (98.41%) on 1:50,000 scale till March 31, 2013.GSI has
identified 0.571 million sq. km. as Obvious Geological Potential (OGP) area for minerals. A
major part of this OGP area is yet to be fully explored.
Most of the exploration activities in the country are of conventional type with restricted
input from geochemistry, geophysics and remote sensing. The finds so far, are located near
the surface (mostly up to a vertical depth of 100m). Therefore, with fast depletion of easily
accessible and shallow or near surface ore bodies and decline in the rate of locating new
mineral deposits within shallow depths, the challenges lie in identifying new area for
locating near surface deposits and ‚deep seated‛ and "concealed/hidden" ore bodies through
modern and sophisticated exploration methods/techniques on the basis of conceptual
studies.
Obvious Geological Potential Area
Mineral Area (sq. km.)
Gold 1,02,809
Diamond and Precious Stones 3,00,000
Base Metals 1,81,150
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India has more than 7,500 km. long
coastline and the territorial waters cover
more than 0.15 million sq.km. Seabed
resources of these areas and the
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) covering
about 1.87 million sq. km. have also
come to light in recent years. If legal
continental shelf is taken in account, total offshore area would become about 3.09 million sq.
km. This may also require exploration of resources.
In the off-shore area, Marine and Coastal Survey Division of GSI and National Institute of
Oceanography are the main institutes which are carrying out preliminary offshore
exploration for economic minerals. The explorations were mainly carried out for economic
heavy minerals (HM), construction sand, phosphatic nodules/sand, lime mud and
polymetallic nodules.
To boost mineral exploration in the country, GSI has initiated the National Geochemical
Mapping Programme (NGCM) in 2001. Stream sediment samples are collected on a 1 km × 1
km grid and analysed for 68 elements and the resultant geochemical values are plotted on a
1:50,000 scale base map.GSI also initiated National Geophysical Mapping Programme
(NGPM) to generate basic and derived maps of Bouguer Anomaly and International
Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) corrected magnetic total field maps of the country on
1:50,000 scale at an observation density of one station per 2.50 sq. km.GSI initiatives also
include National Geo-morphological and Lineament Mapping Programme, Hyperspectral
Mapping, Airborne Survey, Heli-borne Survey, Aeromagnetic Survey, Polar Studies and
Marine and Coastal Surveys.
Besides initiating the NGCM and NGPM, GSI has also initiated National Aeromagnetic
Survey for the OGP areas and is expects to complete it for the entire country by the end of
2020. GSI has been associated with the Indian Antarctic Programme since the beginning and
its scientists regularly participate in the Antarctic expeditions. The Polar Studies Division of
GSI carries out regional geological mapping, thematic mapping and glaciological studies in
the Antarctic. Remote Sensing & Aerial Surveys (RSAS) Division of GSI is engaged in multi-
sensor airborne surveys since 1965. The Marine and Coastal Survey Division of GSI, besides
studying the geomorphology of the sea bed, is involved in the collection of bathymetric,
magnetic, seismic and sediment distribution data within the Territorial Water and the
Exclusive Economic Zone of India.
|g| Mineral Resources/Reserves
The data of mineral resources/reserves as per United Nations Framework of Classification
(UNFC) is compiled and maintained by the Indian Bureau of Mines covering the detailed
information on various items and deposit-wise mineral inventory. It is updated at regular
intervals. This report covers mineral prospects/deposits/ mines in freehold and leasehold
areas, their status, infrastructure, geology and exploration, ore characteristics, estimated
reserve/resource, details of feasibility, details of mining along with production data etc. The
data is sourced from various exploration agencies including GSI, State DGMs and public
and private sector mining organisations. This report presently comprises a total of 16,000
Platinum Group of Elements 8,130
Iron ore 5,135
Manganese ore 4,600
Chromite 2,690
Manganese 6,000
Tin and Tungsten 1,300
Bauxite 32,520
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deposits of which 8,000 are in freehold areas, 800 in public sector leasehold, 7,100 private
leasehold and 100 in partly leasehold.
|h| Production
India has significantly large resources of iron ore, bauxite, chromium, manganese ore,
baryte, rare earths and mineral salts. India produces as many as 90 minerals which includes
4 fuels minerals, 5 atomic minerals, 10 metallic and 71 non-metallic minerals. In 2014-15,
there are more than 3,318 reported mines including coal & lignite (excluding atomic
minerals, petroleum (crude), natural gas (utilized) and minor minerals declared before
10.02.2015). The estimated total value of mineral production (excluding atomic minerals)
during 2014-15 has been estimated at Rs. 2,67,637 crore, which shows a decrease of about
3.78% over that of the previous year. During 2014-15, estimated value for fuel minerals
account for Rs. 1,71,014 crore or 64%, metallic minerals, Rs. 36,773 crore or 14% of the total
value, non-metallic minerals, Rs. 7,360 crore or 3% of the total value and minor minerals, Rs.
52,490 crore or 19% of the total value. The value of production of selected minerals other
than atomic mineral during 2010-11 to 2014-15 (E) is given in Annexure I.
|i| Index of Mineral Production
Based on the overall trend so far the index of mineral production (base 2004-05) for
the year 2014-15 is estimated to be 127.7 as compared to 124.7 for 2013-14 showing a positive
growth of 2.4%.
|j| Gross Domestic Product from Mining & Quarrying Sector
The GVA accrued from mining and quarrying sector at current prices for 2014-15 is
provisionally estimated at Rs. 2,75,812 crore. Contribution of mining and quarrying (at
current prices) in total GVA was 2.39% during 2014-15. Contribution of mining and
quarrying (at current prices) in total GVA during 2011-12 to 2014-15 is given below
Contribution of Mining & Quarrying (at Current Prices) in total GVA
(In Rs. crore)
S.
N. Parameter
2011-
12(NS) 2012-13(NS) 2013-14(NS) 2014-15(PE)
1 GVA (All Sector) 81,95,546 92,52,051 1,04,77,140 11550240
2 GVA (Mining & Quarrying*) 262813 284771 298544 275812
3 % Share of Mining &
Quarrying in GVA
3.21 3.08 2.85 2.39
(NS): New Series, (PE): Provisional Estimate; Source:* CSO, (GVA): Gross Value Added
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|k| Mining (Reporting Mines)
Indian mining industry is characterized by a large number of small operational
mines. Reporting mine is defined as ‚A mine reporting production or reporting ‘nil’
production during a year but engaged in developmental work, such as, overburden
removal, underground driving, winning, sinking work, exploration by pitting, trenching or
drilling as evident from the MCDR returns‛. The number of mines which reported mineral
production (excluding minor minerals, petroleum (crude), natural gas and atomic minerals)
in India was 3318 in 2014-15 as against 3722 in the previous year. Out of 3318 reporting
mines, 498 were located in Rajasthan followed by Andhra Pradesh (444), Gujarat (362),
Madhya Pradesh (326), Tamil Nadu(272), Jharkhand (250), Chhattisgarh(201), Karnataka
(178), Odisha (173), Maharashtra (150), Telangana (145) and West Bengal (120). These 12
States together accounted for 94% of total number of mines in the country in 2014-15.
Among them, 575 mines belonged to coal & lignite, 595 to metallic minerals and 2,148 to
non-metallic minerals.
Number of Reporting Mines
Sector 2012-13 2013-14(P) 2014-15(E)
All Minerals* 3978 3722 3318
Coal (including Lignite) 575 575 575
Metallic Minerals 708 663 595
Non-Metallic Minerals 2695 2484 2148
*Excluding atomic minerals, petroleum (crude), natural gas (utilized) and minor minerals.
Source: Annual Report, 2014-15, Ministry of Mines.
Mineral wise no. of reporting mines for minerals (excluding fuel, atomic and minor
minerals) during 2011-12 to 2013-14 is given in Annexure - II.
|l| Employment
During 2013-14(p), about 1,31,455 persons were employed in mining sector
(excluding atomic and minor minerals). State wise and mineral wise average daily
employment during the period 2011-12 to 2013-14(p) is given in Annexure-III (A) & (B).
|m| Self-Reliance in Minerals & Mineral Based Products
India’s ranking in 2013 as compared to world production was 2nd in barytes and
Talc/Steatite/Pyrophyllite, 3rd in Coal & Lignite, Chromite and Zinc (slab), 4th in Iron ore,
Kyanite/Andalusite/ Sillimanite, and steel (crude/liquid), 5th in Bauxite ore, 6th in Manganese
ore, 7th in Aluminium and 10th in Copper (refined). The contribution and rank of India in
world production of principal minerals & metals in 2013 are given in Annexure – IV (A).
India continued to be wholly or largely self-sufficient in minerals which constitute
primary mineral raw materials to industries, such as, thermal power generation, iron & steel,
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ferro-alloys, aluminium, cement, various types of refractories, etc. India is, by and large, self-
sufficient in coal (with the exception of very low ash coking coal required by the steel plants)
and lignite among mineral fuels; bauxite, chromite, iron and manganese ores, etc. among
metallic minerals; and almost all the industrial minerals with the exception of chrysotile
asbestos, borax, fluorite, kyanite, potash, rock phosphate and elemental sulphur. Despite
high degree of self-sufficiency, some quantities of various minerals/ores are imported due to
economic consideration or requirement of specific grade to meet the demand for either
blending with locally available mineral raw materials and/or for manufacturing special
qualities of mineral-based products. To meet the increasing demand of uncut diamonds,
emerald and other precious and semiprecious stones by the domestic cutting and polishing
industry, India continued to depend on imports of raw uncut stones for their value-added
re-exports.
The degree of self-sufficiency in respect of principal minerals & metals in 2013-14 is given in
Annexure – IV (B).
|n| Export & Imports
India has exported ore & minerals and metal & alloys during 2014-15(p) for
Rs.1,78,077 Crores and Rs.1,67,120 Crores, respectively. During same period, India has also
imported ore & minerals and metal & alloys during 2014-15(p) for Rs. 10,71,689 Crores and
Rs. 4,01,259 Crores, respectively.
Total Value of Export & Imports
(In Rs. Crore )
Source: DGCIS, Kolkata; R: Revised; P: Provisional
III. Mineral and Mining Sector Legislation in India
|o| Overview
India’s mineral and mining sector operates under a federal structure wherein the Central
Government formulates the legislation for all minerals except the minor minerals and the
State Governments formulate legislation for minerals classified as minor minerals. India has
written legal and constitutional framework to manage the mineral sector. National Mineral
Policy provides the direction for mineral sector. Management of mining sector is the
responsibility of the Central Government and the State Governments. The Constitution
Item Exports Imports
2012-13(R) 2013-14(P) 2014-15(P) 2012-
13(R)
2013-
14(P)
2014-
15(P)
Ores & Minerals 160101 194783 178077 1100800 1215827 1071689
Metals & Alloys 140614 153156 167120 446566 321356 401259
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bestows power to the Parliament to enact legislation relating to the mining and the States are
bound by the Central legislation.
In this context, the entry at serial No. 23 of List II (State list) to the Constitution of
India states, ‘Regulation of mines and mineral development subject to the provisions of List I
with respect to regulation and development under the control of the Union.’ The entry at
serial No. 54 of List I (Central list) to the Constitution of India states, ‘Regulation of mines
and mineral development to the extent to which such regulation and development under the
control of the Union is declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest.’
In pursuance to the entry at serial No. 54 of List I, the Central Government have
framed legislation titled Mines & Minerals (Development and Regulation) (MMDR) Act,
1957 as Central Act for governing the Mineral Sector (other than Petroleum and Natural
Gas) of the Country. The Mineral Concession Rules, 1960 and the Mineral Conservation and
Development Rules, 1988 are the rules framed under MMDR, 1957 to develop and regulate
mining sector.
The State Governments, as owners of onshore minerals, grant mineral concessions and
collect royalty, dead rent and fees as per the provisions of MMDR Act, 1957. The MMDR
Act, 1957 recognises a substantial role for the State Governments. In exercise of powers
under section 3 (e) of the MMDR Act, 1957, the central government notifies ‘minor minerals’.
As per Section 15 of the MMDR Act, 1957 State Governments have complete powers for
making rules for grant of concessions in respect of minor minerals; and levy and collection
of royalty on minor minerals. In the case of major minerals, States substantially regulate and
develop minerals subject to provisions of the Act. Further, as per section 23C of MMDR Act,
1957, State Governments have complete powers to make rules for prevention of illegal
mining and for purposes connected therewith. Therefore, matters relating to regulation of
mining and control of illegal mining of minor minerals are all matters which lie in the
domain of State Governments.
The Central Government retains the power of revision, fixation of royalty etc. in
respect of major minerals. The Ministry of Coal exercises all powers of the Central
Government with respect to Coal and Lignite under the Act. The Department of Atomic
Energy similarly exercises all powers for Atomic Minerals. In case of offshore areas, the
ownership of minerals vests exclusively with the Central Government. In order to regulate
the mining and development of minerals in the offshore area, the Parliament has enacted the
‚Offshore Areas Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 2002‛. The Act empowers the
Central Government to grant mineral concessions for offshore areas and collect royalty. The
Mines Ministry administers the OAMDR Act, 2002 and the rules made there under, for all
minerals, other than Petroleum and Natural Gas within the territorial waters and the
continental shelf. The Indian Bureau of Mines has been notified as the administrative
authority for concession management of offshore areas.
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|p| Legislation
The Mines and Minerals (Development & Regulation) Act (MMDR), 1957 is the principle
legislation that governs the mineral and mining sector in India. The MMDR Act, 1957
together with the following rules and legislation comprises the legal framework for this
sector.
Mineral Concession Rules (MCR), 1960
The MCR, 1960 defines the process of grant of mineral concessions as per the provisions of
Section 13 of the MMDR Act, 1957. The rules lay down the process and timelines for grant of
concessions, disposal and refusal of applications and the basic conduct of accounts, registers
and information reports.
Mineral Conservation & Development Rules (MCDR), 1988
The MCDR, 1988 prescribes guidelines for the conservation and development of minerals as
per the provisions of Section 18 of the MMDR Act, 1957. The rules prescribe procedures for
carrying out prospecting and mining operations and the general requirements relating to
preparation of mining and prospecting plans and filing of notices and returns. The rules also
cover guidelines for protection of the environment.
Mines Act, 1952
The Mines Act, 1952 prescribes the laws relating to the regulation of labor safety in mines,
regulations for carrying out mining operations and management of mines. It lays down the
basic provisions for health and safety of people employed in mines and regulates their
working conditions. It also has provisions relating to inspection of mines and procedure of
reporting to be followed.
Mines Rules, 1955
The Mines Rules, 1955 defines the framework for medical examination of persons employed
or to be employed in mines, basic health and sanitation provisions and welfare amenities for
the miners and their families.
State Minor Mineral Concession Rules
Various State Governments have prescribed rules for the grant of mineral concessions in
respect of minerals classified as minor minerals under the MMDR Act, 1957.
Offshore Areas Mineral (Development & Regulation) Act, 2002
The Offshore Areas Mineral (Development and Regulation) Act, 2002, provides for
development and regulation of mineral resources in the territorial waters, continental shelf,
exclusive economic zone and other maritime zones of India and to provide for matters
connected to it.
Offshore Areas Mineral Concession Rules, 2006
The Offshore Areas Mineral Concession Rules, 2006, lay down the process for grant and
renewal of reconnaissance permits, exploration licenses and production leases as per
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provisions of Section 35 of the Offshore Areas Mineral (Development and Regulation) Act,
2002. The rules prescribe for measures for protecting the marine environment and safety
measures to be followed in the leased area. The rules also define the operational guidelines
for each concession granted under the act.
National Mineral Policy
Prior to 1993, the mineral sector was guided by the Industrial Policy Resolution of
1953. In pursuance of the reforms initiated by the Government of India in fiscal, industrial
and trade regimes, the first National Mineral Policy was enunciated in March, 1993 which
ushered in liberalization in the mining sector. The National Mineral Policy recognized the
need for encouraging private investment including Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), and for
attracting state-of-art technology in the mineral sector. The policy stressed that the Central
Government, in consultation with the State Governments, shall continue to formulate legal
measures for the regulation of mines and the development of mineral resources to ensure
basic uniformity in mineral administration so that the development of mineral resources
keeps pace, and is in consonance with the national policy goals.
Mining is a three-stage operation, involving regional exploration, detailed
exploration, and actual mining. Regional exploration is mainly a survey activity to identify
areas bearing mineral deposits. Detailed exploration is a little more invasive and can involve
close spaced drilling (depending on the mineral) and substantial testing to establish
commercially exploitable ore bodies. Mining projects, therefore, have a long gestation period
requiring large investments in exploration and other development activities before
commercial production can begin, and are thus considered as a high risk venture for the
reason that a prospector’s investment may or may not result in finds of commercially
exploitable deposits. In India, investment has been lacking in such high-risk ventures and
the exploration done by Geological Survey of India (GSI) continues to be the main basis for
investment in mining.
Minerals are a valuable natural resource being the vital raw material for
infrastructure, capital goods and basic industries. As a major resource for development the
extraction and management of minerals has to be integrated into the overall strategy of the
country’s economic development. The exploitation of minerals has to be guided by long-
term national goals and perspectives. Just as these goals and perspectives are dynamic and
responsive to the changing global economic scenario so also the national mineral policy has
to be dynamic taking into consideration the changing needs of industry in the context of the
domestic and global economic environment. It is, therefore, necessary to revisit the National
Mineral Policy, 1993.
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In the mid-term appraisal of the Tenth Five-year Plan, it was observed that the main
factors responsible for lack of adequate investments into the mineral sector were procedural
delays in processing of applications for mineral concessions and absence of adequate
infrastructure in the mining areas. As recommended in the mid-term appraisal of Xth five
year plan, the Planning Commission constituted a High Level Committee (HLC) under the
Chairmanship of Shri Anwarul Hoda, Member Planning Commission. Further, based on the
recommendations of the High Level Committee set up in the Planning Commission,
Government of India, in consultation with State Governments, the National Mineral Policy
(NMP) was notified on the 13th March, 2008.
National Mineral Policy, 2008
The National Mineral Policy (NMP) was notified in 2008. It recommends measures
like assured right to next stage mineral concession, transferability of mineral concessions
and transparency in allotment of concessions, in order to reduce delays which are seen as
impediments to investment and technology flows in the mining sector in India. The Mineral
Policy also seeks to develop a Sustainable Development Framework for optimum utilisation
of the country’s natural mineral resources for the industrial growth in the country and at the
same time improving the life of people living in the mining areas, which are generally
located in the backward and tribal regions of the country. Other features of the National
Mineral Policy, 2008, inter alia, are:-
(a) NMP recognizes that minerals are valuable natural resources being the vital raw material
for infrastructure, capital goods and basic industries, and therefore development of the
extraction and management of minerals has to be integrated into the overall strategy of the
country’s economic development.
(b) The exploitation of minerals has to be guided by long-term national goals and
perspectives which are dynamic and responsive to the changing global economic scenario.
(c) The NMP also recognizes that the country is blessed with ample resources of a number of
minerals and has the geological environment for many others, being a part of the ancient
Gondwana land which comprised parts of Australia, Africa and Latin America.
(d) NMP lays out that the guiding strategy for development of any mineral should naturally
keep in view its ultimate end use in terms of demand and supply in the short, medium and
long terms and this would be market oriented. However, a disaggregated approach in
respect of each mineral should be adopted and a mineral specific strategy be developed to
maximize gains from the comparative advantage which the country enjoys, and mineral
development be prioritized in terms of import substitution, value addition and export, in
that order.
(e) Conservation of minerals shall be construed not in the restrictive sense of abstinence
from consumption or preservation for use in the distant future but as a positive concept
leading to augmentation of reserve base through improvement in mining methods,
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beneficiation and utilisation of low grade ore and the rejects and recovery of associated
minerals.
Important areas of focus in National Mineral Policy 2008
The Policy states that the Central Government in consultation with State
Governments shall formulate legal measures necessary for giving effect to it to ensure basic
uniformity in mineral administration across the country, to ensure that the development of
mineral resources keeps pace, and is in consonance with the national goals. Some of the
important areas of focus in the National Mineral Policy 2008 are:
(i) Ushering in greater liberalization and private sector involvement, and to widen the scope
of the regulatory framework of the Government in the mining sector by shifting the focus
from conventional areas of managing the mineral concession systems to new areas of
regulating the mineral sector holistically through addressing issues of simplification,
transparency and sectoral best practices in order to attract capital and technology in the
sector from new sources.
(ii) Developing partnerships with stakeholders including the State Governments, mineral
and mineral based industries and various concerned Ministries/Departments of the Central
Government, for development and conservation of mineral resources and formulation of
strategy to ensure raw material security. The policy also seeks to deepen the scope of the
developmental framework by mandating better management of resources, enhancing the
impetus on Research and Development, as also by developing the Human Resources in the
sector.
(iii) Ensuring that the interests of host populations and other vulnerable sections are fully
protected and the benefit of the economic activity in the mining sector flows equitably to the
stakeholders.
NMP, 2008 has also deepened the scope of the developmental framework by
mandating better management of resources and improving the Research and Development
and Human Resources in the sector to ensure that the interests of host populations and other
vulnerable sections are fully protected and stakeholders interests are developed, and the
benefit of the economic activity in the mining sector flow equitably to the stakeholders.
Foreign Direct Investment policy for Mining sector
Government of India permits 100% Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in exploration,
mining, mineral processing and metallurgy through the automatic route, by way of equity
participation in a company incorporated in India, for all non-fuel and non-atomic minerals
including diamonds and precious stones.
Mining and mineral separation of titanium-bearing minerals and ores, its value
addition and integrated activities fall under the government route of foreign direct
investment up to 100%. FDI in coal mining is allowed for captive consumption only.
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IV. INITIATIVES/NEW DEVELOPMENTS FOR MINING SECTOR
|q| Mining Tenement System (MTS)
The MTS has been envisaged to automate the various processes associated with the
mineral concession regime. The objective of the Scheme is to develop an online National
Mineral Information System for investors by linking Central and State organizations
engaged in administration of mineral resources in the country. The Mining Tenement
System (MTS) would have graphical information database (GIS) as well as information in
textual form.
These two databases, i.e., non-special database and special database would be
seamlessly integrated so as to retrieve graphical information as well as relevant textual
information. The system will be thus web enabled and access to the system will be given
online to prospective investors, government organizations and private public through
Internet as per policy of the Government.
This would not only give an impetus to the decision-making process but is also
expected to bring transparency and efficiency. The MTS will not only enable online filing of
applications but it will also help to identify the areas for various types of mineral
concessions. IBM has been nominated by the Ministry as the Nodal Implementing Agency
for the project. Detailed Project Report (DPR) of MTS had already been approved by the
Core Committee. Further, RFP document for selection of an implementation agency for
design, development, maintenance and operation of MTS was issued. Thus, the retendering
of Request for proposal (RFP) for selection of an implementing agency for design,
development, maintenance and operations of Mining Tenement System is under process.
|r| Sustainable Development Framework (SDF)
As per the recommendations of a High Level Committee headed by Shri Anwarul
Hoda, a Sustainable Development Framework specially tailored to the Indian context was
developed taking into consideration the work being done in International Council of Mining
and Metals (ICMM) and International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural
Resources (IUCN). The SDF was based on the following eight principles.
• Incorporating Environment and Social sensitivities in decision on leases.
• Strategic assessment in Key Mining regions.
• Managing Impacts at the Mine Level through sound management systems.
• Addressing land, resettlement and other social impacts.
• Community Engagement and other Social impacts.
• Community Engagement, Benefit sharing and contribution to socio-economic
development.
• Mines Closure and Post Closure.
• Assurance and Reporting.
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The Sustainable Development Framework for Mining Sector (non-coal, non-fuel,
non-atomic minerals, not covering offshore mining) is available on website of Ministry of
Mines.
|s| Coordination-cum-Empowered Committee (CEC)
The Ministry of Mines had constituted a Coordination-cum-Empowered Committee
(CEC) under the chairpersonship of Secretary (Mines) to monitor and minimize delays at
various levels in grant of approvals for mineral concession applications on 4.3.2009. Keeping
in view the need for having more effective coordination among the Central
Ministries/Departments and the State Governments for grant of mineral concessions as well
as for dealing with various important matters relating to mineral development and
regulation in the country, the CEC has been reconstituted as ‚Coordination-cum-
Empowered Committee on Mineral Development and Regulation‛ on 20th October, 2011.
The CEC comprises senior officers of the Ministries of Mines, Environment and
Forests, Home Affairs, Steel, Railways, Finance, Shipping, Fertilizers, Department of Atomic
Energy, Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA), Geological Survey of India (GSI),
Indian Bureau of Mines (IBM). Representatives of State Governments are invited to the
meetings of the CEC as special invitees. The Terms of Reference (ToR) of the CEC have also
been broadened so as to bring within its ambit other important matters viz. Sustainable
Development Framework, Coordination/review of steps for prevention of illegal mining,
issues arising out of the National Mineral Policy and legislation governing mineral
development etc.
The CEC meets quarterly, wherein important decisions aimed at minimizing delays
in processing of mineral concession applications at various levels and bringing about
efficiency and transparency in the overall mineral concession regime were taken.
One of the main decisions taken by the CEC was that a State level Coordination-cum-
Empowered Committee (SEC) would be constituted in each State under the chairmanship of
Chief Secretary or Additional Chief Secretary/Principal Secretary of the Mining/Industries
Department with representation from all concerned Departments/institutions. As per the
information received by the Ministry, all mineral-rich States viz. Andhra Pradesh,
Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Goa, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa,
Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu have constituted their respective SECs. The other major
decisions/steps taken by the CEC relating to mineral concessions were: calling upon the
State Governments to ensure timely submission of quarterly reports on mineral concessions,
prompt issuance of letters of intent (LOI), and expeditious disposal of long-standing
concession cases.
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|t| Mines and Mineral (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2015
The MMDR Act, 1957 was amended through the MMDR Amendment Act, 2015
which came into force on January 12, 2015 has ushered in the regime of transparent and non-
discretionary grant of mineral concessions. The salient features of the Amendment Act are:
(a) Removal of discretion; auction to be sole method of allotment
All mineral concessions are granted by the respective State Governments. They will
continue to do so but all grant of mineral concessions would be through auctions, thereby
bringing in greater transparency and removing of discretion. Unlike in the 1957 Act, there
would be no renewal of any mining concession. The tenure of the mineral concession have
been increased from the existing 30 years to 50 years. Thereafter, the Mining Lease would be
put up for auction (and not for renewal as in the earlier system).
(b) Impetus to the mining sector
Mining Leases will now be granted for a term of 50 years. The said act addresses the
issue of second and subsequent renewals remaining pending leading to closure of large
number of mines. The said amendment act provides that the Mining Leases would be
deemed to be extended from the date of their last renewal to 31st March, 2030 (in the captive
miners) and till 31st March, 2020 (for the merchant miners) or till the completion of the
renewal already granted, if any, whichever is later. It is expected that this would
immediately permit such closed mines to start their operations.
(c) Safeguarding interest of affected persons
District Mineral Foundation is to be set up in each mineral bearing district for local
area development. This is designed to address the long time grievance of the civil society
with people affected by mining are not cared for. There is separate provision for
contribution to the DMF not exceeding 1/3rd of the royalty rate in the respective minerals.
(d)Encouraging exploration and investment
Indian mining industry has not seen the type and extent of exploration as in other
countries. To address this, the said act proposes to setup a National Mineral Exploration
Trust created out of contribution from the mining lease holders. This would allow the
Government to have a dedicated fund for undertaking exploration. In addition, the
transferability provision (in respect of Mining Leases to be granted through auction) would
permit flow of greater investment to the sector and increasing the efficiency in mining. The
Reconnaissance Permits will henceforth be granted on non-exclusive basis.
(e) Simplification of procedure and removal of delay
In respect of ten minerals in Part C of First Schedule to MMDR Act 1957, State
Government needed to obtain the prior approval of the Central Government before grant of
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mineral concession. The amendment removes the need for such ‚prior approval‛ from the
Central Government, thereby making the process quicker and simpler. Similarly, approval
of mining plan by the Government would no longer be mandatory as a provision has been
added permitting the State Governments to devise a system for filing of a mining plan
obviating need for approval by the Government. The said act also provides that the tenure
of any Mining Lease would now be 50 years in place of 30 years in the existing Act. Further,
central government has been given powers to intervene where state governments do not
pass orders within prescribed timelines.
(f) Stronger provisions for checking illegal mining
In order to bring a check on illegal mining, the penal provisions have been made
further stringent. Higher penalties and jail terms have been provided in the amendment act.
Further, a provision has been made for constitution of special courts by the state govt. for
fast-track trial of cases related to illegal mining.
|u| Notification on Minor Minerals
In exercise of powers under section 3 (e) of the MMDR Act, 1957, the Ministry
notifies ‘minor minerals’. Recently the Ministry (on 10.02.2015) notified 31 minerals as
‘minor minerals’. The notification has been published in the Gazette of India vide S.O. 423(E)
dated 10.2.2015. The total number of minerals notified as ‘minor minerals’ so far is 55 whose
regulatory and administrative jurisdiction fall under the purview of State Governments.
These include the power to frame rules, prescribe the rate of royalty, contribution to DMF,
the procedure for grant of mineral concession, etc.
|v| New rules/Guidelines/model format
Government of India is in the process of simplifying and updating the legislation
relating to the mineral and mining sector in India that includes necessary amendments to
MCR, 1960 and MCDR, 1988. As a part of this initiative, the Central Government has
notified the following rules for implementation of provisions of the MMDR Amendment
Act, 2015.
Minerals (Evidence of Mineral Contents) Rules, 2015: Rules that prescribe procedures to be
followed for conducting the exploration to determine mineral content so that the mineral
blocks could be taken up for auction of mineral concessions.
Mineral (Auction) Rules, 2015: Rules that detail the process to be followed for auction with
respect to grant of minerals concessions.
Mineral (Non-exclusive Reconnaissance Permits) Rules, 2015: Rules that detail the process
to be followed for grant of Non-exclusive Reconnaissance Permit.
National Mineral Exploration Trust Rules, 2015: Rules that detail the objectives, functions,
operations of the National Mineral Exploration Trust.
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Mineral conservation and development (amendment) Rules, 2015: Rule that amend rule
3(c) of MCDR 1988.
Other guidelines or model are also published as mentioned below-
Model District Mineral Foundation Trust Deed
Guidelines for support Mining Research
Model Tender document containing the Mines development and Production
Agreement.
|w| Notifying PSUs to boost mineral exploration in the country
In order to strengthen the mineral inventory database of the country, the government
has notified seven PSUs to undertake prospecting work. This obviates the need for such
companies to obtain prospecting licence. The PSUs are –
1. Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited 2. Steel Authority of India Limited
3. NMDC Limited 4. KIOCL Limited
5. MOIL Limited
6. Chhattisgarh Mineral Development Corporation Ltd., and
7. Madhya Pradesh State Mining Corporation Limited
8. Andhra Pradesh Mineral Development Corporation Limited
|x| Mineral Administration and Regulation
Each State Government takes care of all the mineral administration related matters (such as
grant of concessions, collection of royalties and payments etc.) within the state offices
distributed over entire state.
Indian Bureau of Mines (IBM)
Indian Bureau of Mines, a subordinate office of the Ministry of Mines is mainly responsible
for regulation of mining in the country. It carries out inspection of mines, approves mining
plans and mine closure plans and conducts environmental studies to minimise
environmental impact due to mining. Besides being a regulator, it also maintains a
repository of information relating to minerals and mining activity in the country and all the
mines are required to file mandatory returns with IBM. It also prepares minerals maps and
national mineral inventory and publishes technical and statistical information relating to the
minerals and mining activity in the country.
|ya| Types of Concessions
As per the MMDR Amendment Act, 2015, the following three types of concessions could be
granted for exploration and mining of minerals.
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1. Mining Lease
This concession is granted through an auction process where the bidder succeeding in the
auction can undertake mining operations after obtaining requisite clearances.
2. Composite Licence (Prospecting Licence-cum-Mining Lease)
This licence granted through an auction process where the bidder succeeding in the auction
is required to undertake exploration and prospecting work to upgrade the exploration in the
mineral concession area within a prescribed time. On establishing the commercially
exploitable mineral content in the concession area, the concessionaire can apply for
transition to mining lease for undertaking mining operations after obtaining requisite
clearances.
3. Non-exclusive Reconnaissance Permit (NERP)
This permit is granted to all the eligible explorers within 30 days from the date of filing of an
online application, provided the applicant meets the eligibility conditions and the
application is complete in all respects.
|z| Grant of Mining Lease
State Government issues an order notifying an area for grant of Mining Lease. Prior to
auctioning the notified area(s), the State Government is required to complete exploration up
to G2 level [conforming to standards prescribed under Minerals (Evidence of Mineral
Contents) Rules, 2015] and establish indicated mineral resources in the area to be granted
under concession. The State Government is also required to prepare Information
Memorandum containing Geological Report, precise area maps, cadastral maps etc. and
make it available as a part of the Tender Document.
The State Government issues a Notice Inviting Tender where eligible bidders could
participate in a 2-round ascending forward online electronic auction process. A bidder is
required to quote a percentage (of the value of mineral dispatched) that he is willing to share
with the State Government. In the first round of auction, the bidder submits a technical bid
and an initial price offer [equal to or more than the Reserve Price i.e. minimum percentage
(of the value of mineral dispatched)] and top 50% of the Technically Qualified Bidders or 5
whichever is higher proceed to the second round of auction. The highest initial price offer
discovered in the first round becomes the floor price in the second round and the bidder
who submits the highest final price offer is declared as the Preferred Bidder.
The Preferred Bidder receives the Letter of Intent from the State Government on submission
of the first instalment (10%) of the upfront payment (i.e. 0.50% of the Value of Estimated
Resources). The Preferred Bidder becomes the Successful Bidder on satisfying eligibility
conditions, furnishing performance security (i.e. 0.50% of the Value of Estimated Resources)
and obtaining necessary approvals and consents. Subsequently, the Successful Bidder needs
to submit the second instalment (10%) of the upfront payment and executes a Mine
Development and Production Agreement with the State Government. The Mining Lease is
executed on payment of the third instalment (80%) of upfront payment.
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The upfront payment can be adjusted in full within the first five years of commencement of
mineral production. The Mining Lease will be valid for a period of 50 years from the date of
execution of Mining Lease. A concessionaire is not permitted to acquire one or more Mining
Leases covering a total area of more than ten sq. km. in a particular State. The concessionaire
is permitted to extract the other minerals found in the concession area subject payment of
applicable levies.
The concessionaire is required to complete detailed exploration and prepare a detailed
feasibility study report conforming to the Mineral (Evidence of Mineral Contents) Rules,
2015 over the entire area under the mining lease, within a period of five years from the date
of commencement of the Mining Lease.
|aa| Grant of Composite License
State Government issues an order notifying an area for grant of Composite License (i.e.
Prospecting License followed by a grant of Mining Lease) after completing exploration up to
G3 level [conforming to standards prescribed under Minerals (Evidence of Mineral
Contents) Rules, 2015] and establishing inferred mineral resources in the area to be granted
under concession. The State Government is also required to prepare Information
Memorandum containing Geological Report, precise area maps, cadastral maps etc. and
make it available as a part of the Tender Document.
Composite License is also granted through a similar2-round ascending forward online
electronic auction process as followed for the grant of a Mining Lease. After declaration of
the Preferred Bidder, the State Government will issue a Letter of Intent on submission of the
performance security (i.e. 0.25% of the Value of Estimated Resources) by the Preferred
Bidder. The Preferred Bidder becomes the Successful Bidder on complying with terms of
eligibility, obtaining various approvals and submitting scheme of prospecting. The
concessionaire is obliged to complete the prescribed level of prospecting within 3 years
(extendable further for a period of 2 years).
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The concessionaire will be eligible for grant of a Mining Lease, after establishing the
economically extractable mineral content and obtaining necessary clearances and approvals
needed for grant of a Mining Lease. The concessionaire is required to follow similar
procedure and make payments as applicable to a Mining Lease (as described above). On
surrendering the area in excess of maximum area limit permitted for a Mining Lease, the
concessionaire can execute a Mining Lease deed. A concessionaire is not permitted to
acquire one or more Prospecting Licenses covering a total area of more than twenty five sq.
km. in a particular State.
|bb| Grant of Non-exclusive Reconnaissance Permit (NERP)
The interested applicant is required to submit an online application to the State Government
in a prescribed format accompanied by a fee of Rs. 1,000/- per sq. km. The State Government
will grant NERP within 30 days from the date of filing of an application and the same will be
made available online for the download by the applicant.
The State Government will specify the validity period of NERP at the time of grant and the
validity will stand terminated over such area(s) which are notified for grant of concessions
through auction. A concessionaire is not permitted to acquire one or more NERPs covering a
total area of more than 10,000 sq. km. in a particular State, provided that area granted under
a single NERP shall not exceed 5,000 sq. km.
|cc| National Mineral Exploration Trust (NMET)
Realising the need to increase the spend on the exploration activity that would facilitate
high growth in the mining sector, GoI has created NMET. NMET will give a fillip to the
exploration in the country by undertaking large scale exploration projects. As per the
recently notified NMET Rules, the concessionaires (i.e. ML and CL holders) are required to
contribute 2% of the royalty amount to the NMET fund. The funds accumulated with the
NMET will be utilised to step up the exploration activities. The NMET will seek expertise
from the government entities as well as the private sector. NMET will facilitate large scale
deployment of latest technologies in the area of exploration.
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|dd| Indicative Clearances
The clearances required for exploring or mining an area under a grant are dependent
on the type of concession. A no. of indicative clearances, approvals and permits are required
for commencement of mining operations. Some of the mandatory clearances/ approvals,
inter alia, required for commencement of exploration or mining operations include:
Environment and Forest Clearance
Wildlife Clearance (sanctuary/ reserve/ special zone clearances)
Land Owner’s Consent
Explosive License
Permission for Mine Opening
Transmission Line from State Distribution Companies
V. MINERAL REGULATION
Indian Bureau of Mines, a subordinate office of the Ministry of Mines, is mainly
responsible for regulation of mining in the country. It carries out inspection of mines,
approves mining plans and mine closure plans and conducts environmental studies to
minimise environmental impact due to mining. Besides being a regulator, it also maintains a
repository of information relating to minerals and mining activity in the country and all the
mines are required to file mandatory returns with IBM. It also prepares mineral maps,
mineral resource and reserve inventory and publishes technical and statistical information
relating to the minerals and mining activity in the country.
VI. Taxation and Royalties
|ee| Overview
The principal taxes/ payments applicable to mining industry in India are:
Direct Taxes– Corporate Income Tax (IT) or Minimum Alternative Tax (MAT).
Indirect Taxes– Custom Duty, Service Tax, Value Added Tax (VAT) etc.
Mining Levies– Royalty or Dead Rent, contribution to National Mineral Exploration
Trust (NMET) and District Mineral Foundation (DMF), Surface Rent (if applicable),
Application Fee (if applicable) etc.
The taxes/ levies listed above are inclusive and not exhaustive; the actual amount of taxes/
levies may vary depending on the States.
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|ff| Direct Taxes
Income Tax (or Minimum Alternative Tax)
As per Income Tax Act, 1961, the Income Tax is applicable for any company incorporated in
India or having its management and control in India. Mineral concessions are granted to
only Indian entities. A foreign company is taxed only on the income received in India from
Indian operations.
At present, the Income Tax is computed on the basis of basic rate (30%), applicable
surcharge (5% or 10% of the basic rate) and an Education Cess of 3% on total tax (i.e. tax
computed using basic rate including surcharge).
Illustration: For an Indian company, the income tax is computed as follows.
Effective IT Rate
(%)
Taxable Income of the Company
(INR)
Surcharge Applicable (%)
32.445 Greater than 10 lakh less than or equal
to 10 crore
5
33.99 Greater than 10 crore 10
Basic Rate = 30%
Illustration: For a foreign company, the income tax is computed as follows.
Effective IT Rate
(%)
Taxable Income of the Company (INR) Surcharge Applicable (%)
42.024 Greater than 1 crore less than or equal
to 10 crore
2
43.26 Greater than 10 crore 5
Basic Rate= 40%
A company is liable to pay the higher of two ways in which income tax is computed i.e.
either at the rate of Minimum Alternative Tax (MAT) or the normal tax rate.MAT is payable
at the rate of 18.5% plus applicable surcharge and an Education Cess of 3%.
|gg| Indirect Taxes
Customs Duty
The customs duty is levied on the import of goods into India as per the Customs Act, 1962
and the rates prescribed in the First and Second Schedule of the Customs Tariff Act,
1975.Customs duty is computed on the basis of the value of the imported goods. The basic
components of customs duty on imports are:
Basic customs duty
Additional customs duty in lieu of excise duty
Special additional customs duty in lieu of sales tax/Value Added Tax (VAT)
Education cess
Secondary and Higher Education Cess
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Mineral imports generally attract lower duties since most minerals are not subject to excise
duties and as a result, the additional customs duty in lieu of excise duty is zero. Exports are
generally exempt from customs duty.
Export Duty
In exceptional cases, when there is a shortfall in the domestic supply to satiate the domestic
demand, the government may regulate the supply of minerals through imposition of export
duties.
Service Tax
The Service Tax is levied by the Central Government as per the provisions of the Finance
Act, 1994/ 2015 at the rate of 14.5% on specified services provided by service providers in
India. Mining companies may attract service tax for the services availed during exploration,
mineral production, handling, transportation etc. Some of the taxable services relevant to the
mining industry are:
Survey and exploration of minerals
Site formation and clearance
Excavation, demolition and earth moving services
Mining of minerals
A service provider paying the tax can claim a refund for the Service Tax paid on its inputs.
However, the credit is restricted to providers of taxable services or manufacturers of taxable
goods. No credits are available to primary producers or miners, who are neither service
providers nor manufacturers. Exporters are allowed to claim a refund of the Service Tax
paid on their inputs acquired for use in taxable activities.
Value Added Tax
The application of Value Added Tax (VAT) is under the purview of the State Government
and is levied on the sale or purchase of goods within the state. At present, in most states
minerals are liable for a VAT at the rate of 4% and 20%. However, precious metals like gold
and silver are taxed at the reduced rate of 1%. Since the mine output is subject to VAT,
miners are allowed to claim a refund of VAT paid on their inputs. The VAT cost flows from
the mining company to the manufacturer and then to the distributor and reseller.
|hh| Mining Levies
Royalty
Royalty on minerals (major & minor) is collected by the State Government/Union Territories.
As per Second Schedule of MMDR Act, 1957, effective from 01.09.2014, only 16 minerals
(asbestos (chrysotile), clay (others), dolomite, dunite, graphite, limestone, lime kankar,
limeshell, marl, monazite, ochre, sand (others), sand for stowing, shale, slate and tungsten)
are being charged royalty on 'units of production' basis. Royalty on all the remaining
minerals is on ad valorem basis. Some of minerals of this notification are declared as minor
minerals on 10.02.2015. The rates of royalty are revised at the interval of three years, by the
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Central Government (in case of major minerals) or the State Government (in case of minor
minerals) and vary from mineral to mineral and may be enhanced or reduced.
Dead Rent (if applicable)
The holder of mining lease becomes liable to pay royalty for any minerals removed or
consumed by him, the lessee is required to pay royalty or dead rent whichever is greater.
The rate of dead rent notified in the Third Schedule of MMDR Act, 1957, effective from
01.09.2014. The rates can be enhanced or reduced once in three years.
Contribution to National Mineral Exploration Trust
The MMDR Amendment Act, 2015 envisages the establishment of the National Mineral
Exploration Trust (NMET) with an objective of regional and detailed exploration. As per the
Act, the holder of ML or CL is required to pay a sum equal to two percent of the royalty as a
contribution to the Trust. The contributions received by the NMET will be used for
exploration activities.
Contribution to District Mineral Foundation
The MMDR Amendment Act, 2015 envisages the establishment of the District Mineral
Foundation in all districts affected by mining related operations and contribution received
are utilised for local area development and to promote sustainable development in mining
and exploration.
A concessionaire holding an ML or CL granted on or after the date of commencement of the
MMDR Amendment Act, 2015, is required to contribute a particular amount to the DMF,
besides the royalty payable. The amount of contribution shall not exceed one-third of the
royalty prescribed by the Central Government.
Surface Rent (if applicable)
A lessee may be liable to pay surface rent at the rate specified by the State Government.
However, surface rent may not be applicable in case the land is owned by the State
Government. For access to surface right of the private land, lessee may have to pay to
surface rent to the private owner.
Application Fee
Application fee may be applicable in certain instances. For e.g. an amount of Rs. 1,000 per sq.
km. is the application fee payable for Non-Exclusive Reconnaissance Permit.
|ii| Other Levies
In addition to the levies under the MMDR Act and the general taxes listed above, the
concessionaire may be required to pay certain other levies and taxes during the course of
mining operations depending on specific situations.
Entry Tax– Levied on entry of the scheduled goods into a local area for consumption,
use or sale therein at such rate not exceeding twelve percent of the purchase value of
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such goods from such date as may be specified by the State Government. The liability to
pay Sales Tax gets reduced by the amount of Entry Tax paid.
Forest Tax– Levied on forest produce removed from forest areas.
Compensatory Afforestation Charges– Levied to promote afforestation and compensate
for deforestation and loss to flora in the leased forest area.
Net Present Value of Forest Land diverted for mining– Levied on the part of land that
has been diverted for the purpose of carrying out exploration or mining operations. The
value depends on the density of the forest.
Stamp Duty– Tax levied on documents as per provisions of the Indian Stamp Act, 1899
and the rules framed thereunder.
Water Tax– Charged as per the powers granted under Article 246 and 262 of the Indian
Constitution.
Cess is levied on mineral ore under various legislations. For instance, cess on iron ore,
manganese ore and chrome ore are levied under the Iron Ore Mines, Manganese Ore
Mines and Chrome Ore Mines Labour Welfare Cess Act, 1976.
|jj| Incentives
Where mining is carried out in a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) and the mined minerals are
exported, the mining company is eligible for tax holiday for certain number of years subject
to fulfilment of certain conditions. Special deduction on prospecting of minerals under
Income Tax is available to them.
VII. STATUS OF EXPLORATION OF MINERAL ASSETS
India is a mineral rich country and has favourable geological milieu which is yet to
be fully explored, assessed and exploited. Its geological setup is similar in many ways to that
of resource rich countries like Canada, Australia, Brazil, South Africa, Chile and Mexico etc.
The exploration is a continuous process and evaluation of quantity of reserves of minerals is
carried out on the basis of survey of minerals. Exploration activities in India are mostly
carried out by GSI, MECL, various State DGMs, public sector undertakings (PSU) and
private sector entities both domestic and subsidiaries of many global companies. For the
mineral survey in the country, GSI is a nodal agency to formulate exploration programmes
of various agencies through CGPB.
GSI is the principal agency for geological mapping and regional mineral resource
assessment in India. It shall be responsible for drawing up action oriented plans towards
these ends in close cooperation with all other agencies engaged in this task. Detailed
exploration on land is done by the Mineral Exploration Corporation, Directorates of Mining
and Geology of the State Governments and various Central and State Public Sector
Organisations. GSI has identified 0.571 million sq km as Obvious Geological Potential (OGP)
area for minerals. A major part of this OGP area is yet to be fully explored.
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Most of the exploration activities in the country are of conventional type with restricted
input from geochemistry, geophysics and remote sensing. The finds so far, are located near
the surface (mostly up to a vertical depth of 100 m). Therefore, with fast depletion of easily
accessible and shallow or near surface ore bodies and decline in the rate of locating new
mineral deposits within shallow depths, the challenge lies in identifying new area for
locating near surface deposits and ‚deep seated‛ and ‚concealed/ hidden‛ ore bodies
through modern and sophisticated exploration methods/ techniques on the basis of
conceptual studies.
Further, to ensure exploration and exploitation of India’s exclusive economic zone to
the maximum possible extent, Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) and its agencies are
entrusted with the task of sea-bed exploration and mining. Cooperation between MoES and
GSI will be institutionalized so as to achieve this objective within a time bound framework.
The task of mapping out the extended economic zone will be expedited and completed
within the time prescribed by the International Sea Convention so that no area of sea bed
mining is lost to the country.
Besides, particular attention will be given to the survey and exploration of minerals in
which the country has a poor resource-cum-reserve base despite having the geological
potential for large resources or there is demand within the country either for use or for
export after processing.
|kk| National Mineral Inventory
The preparation of National Mineral Inventory (NMI) is entrusted to Indian Bureau
of Mines through its charter of functions. IBM facilitates access to the latest information on
mineral resources available in the country for exploitation. Since 1968, Indian Bureau of
Mines prepares, maintains and disseminates the inventory of Mineral Resources of the
country, based on a comprehensive review of exploration data. Emphasis of this activity was
enshrined in the National Mineral Policy, 1993 and it is incorporated with same vigor in the
new National Mineral Policy, 2008 also. The new charter of functions of IBM states that
‚Collect, collate, and organize into a database, all information on exploration, prospecting,
mines and minerals in the country in the shape of a National Mineral Information
Repository and take steps to publish and disseminate the same‛. In the meeting of the
Coordination-Cum-Empowered-Committee (CEC) on Mineral Development and Regulation
held on 13th March 2015, States were of the view that the responsibility of preparation of
national Mineral Inventory may continue to be discharged by IBM for all minerals including
those 31 minerals notified as minor minerals on 10th February 2015.
Mineral Inventory and Mineral Exploration are complimentary to each other. India
has registered a phenomenal growth in mineral resources in post-independence period with
adoption of systematic and planned efforts through successive five year plans. Data
generated as a result of exploration, feasibility assessment, economic evaluation,
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technological adoption, end-use consumption in mineral based industries etc. flow into the
mineral inventory. Inventory reflects the extent of abundance, adequacy, deficit and
scarceness of mineral resources in the country and also directs towards the minerals in
respect of which priority in exploration to be fixed. So the inventory plays a crucial role in
evolving overall development strategy for judicious management of country’s mineral
resources.
The resources of minerals as attempted in the earlier full-fledged inventory as on 1-
04-2010 and interim updation as on 1-04-2013 for important 25 minerals are given in
Annexure V. Further principle states as per the incidence of the minerals during these
studies are given in the same annexure. Further, updation of NMI as on 1.4.2015 for 71
minerals has been taken up.
In NMI database, the reserves/resources are maintained as per United Nation
Framework Classification. In addition, the grade wise reserves/resources of Private/public
leaseholds as well as freehold deposits are also maintained in the NMI database. The
information/data for leasehold deposits are collected from Regional offices of IBM and for
freehold deposits from various exploration agencies viz. GSI, DGM, MECL, etc. on non-
statutory basis.
The principal minerals found in the country along with their estimated
reserves/resources are given below:
Bauxite: The resources of bauxite in the country as on 1.4.2013, as per UNFC system are
placed at 3,739 million tonnes. These resources include 830 million tonnes reserves and 2,909
million tonnes remaining resources. By grades, 84% resources are of metallurgical grade.
The resources of refractory and chemical grades are limited. By States, Odisha alone
accounts for about 53% of country's resources of bauxite followed by Andhra Pradesh (16%),
Gujarat (8%), Jharkhand (5%) and Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra & Madhya Pradesh (4% each).
The remaining 6% resources are distributed in Bihar, Goa, J&K, Karnataka, Kerala,
Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh. Major bauxite resources are concentrated in the
East Coast bauxite deposits in Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.
Chromite: As per UNFC system, total resources of chromite in the country as on 1.4.2013 are
estimated at about 322 million tonnes, comprising 107 million tonnes reserves (33%) and 215
million tonnes remaining resources (67%). More than 96% resources of chromite are located
in Odisha, mostly in the Sukinda valley in Cuttack and Jajpur districts. Minor deposits are
scattered over Manipur, Nagaland, Karnataka, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and
Andhra Pradesh. Grade-wise, charge-chrome grade accounts for 31% resources followed by
beneficiable grade (21%), ferro-chrome grade (17%) and refractory grade 4%. Low, others,
unclassified and not-known grades together account for 27%.
Copper: The total resources of copper ore as on 1.4.2013 as per UNFC system are estimated
at 1,511 million tonnes. Of these, about 238 million tonnes (16%) fall under 'reserves' proved
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(STD111) and probable (STD121 & 122) categories) while the balance 1,273 million tonnes
(84%) are 'remaining resources' categories. The total copper metal content in the resources is
about 12.22 million tonnes of which about 3 million tonnes constitute reserves and 9.22
million tonnes of remaining resources. By grade wise total resources, about 3 million tonnes
(0.17%) comprise ore containing 1.85% Cu or more, 682 million tonnes (45%) of 1% to below
1.85% Cu, 628 million tonnes (42%) of (+) 0. 50% Cu to below 1% Cu and 199 million tonnes
(13%) of below 0.50% Cu grade. Largest resources of copper ore to a tune of 809 million
tonnes (53.54%) are in the state of Rajasthan followed by Madhya Pradesh with 287.67
million tonnes (19%) and Jharkhand with 295.96 million tonnes (19.59%). Copper resources
in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Nagaland,
Odisha, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand and West Bengal accounted for remaining 7.87%
of the total all India resources.
Diamond: As per the UNFC system as on 1.4.2013, all India resources of diamond are placed
at around 31.86 million carats. Out of these, 0.98 million carats are placed under reserves
category and 30.88 million carats under remaining resources category. By grades, about
2.38% resources are of gem variety, 2.64% of industrial variety and bulk of the resources
(95%) are placed under unclassified category. By states, Madhya Pradesh accounts for about
90.19% resources followed by Andhra Pradesh 5.72% and Chhattisgarh 4.09%.
Dolomite: Dolomite occurrences are widespread in the country. As per UNFC system, as on
1.4.2013 total resources of dolomite are placed at about 8,085 million tonnes, out of which
about 784 million tonnes are placed under reserves category and the balance 7,301 million
tonnes under remaining resources category. Grade wise, BF/sintering grade accounts for
24% resources followed by SMS (20%), refractory (9%), BF & SMS mixed (5%) and glass
(3%). Others, unclassified, not-known and BF, SMS & refractory mixed grades together
account for the remaining 39% resources. Major share of about 89% resources was
distributed in eight states: namely, Madhya Pradesh (28%), Andhra Pradesh (13%),
Chhattisgarh (11%) Odisha (10%), Karnataka (8%), Gujarat & Rajasthan (7% each) and
Maharashtra (5%). The remaining 11% resources are distributed in Arunachal Pradesh,
Jharkhand, Haryana, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.
Fluorite: As per the UNFC system, the total resources of fluorite in the country as on
1.4.2013 are estimated at 18.19 million tonnes. Out of these, 4.57 million tonnes are placed
under reserves category (further classified into 4.6 million tonnes under proved category
and 0.15 million tonnes under probable category). Remaining resources comprise about
13.62 million tonnes.
By States, Gujarat accounts for 66% of the total resources having 12 million tonnes,
followed by Rajasthan with 5.24 million tonnes (29%), Chhattisgarh 0.55 million tonnes (3%)
and Maharashtra 0.39 million tonnes (2%). Grade wise, the resources are classified into
marketable grade which accounted for (81%) of the total resources, low grade (17%) and
unclassified grade (2%).
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Graphite: As per the UNFC system, the total resources of graphite as on 1.4.2013 are placed
at about 188.67 million tonnes, out of which 8.47 million tonnes are in the reserves category
and 180.20 million tonnes are placed under remaining resources category. Resources
containing +40% fixed carbon constitute about 2.51 million tonnes and resources analysing
10-40% fixed carbon constitute 36.31 million tonnes. The balance 149.85 million tonnes fall
under 'others', 'unclassified' and 'not known' grades. Arunachal Pradesh accounts for about
39% of the total resources which is followed by Jammu & Kashmir (33%), Odisha (10%),
Jharkhand (9%) and Tamil Nadu (4%). The remaining 5% resources are distributed in
Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and
Uttarakhand.
Gold: As per UNFC system, as on 1.4.2013, the total resources of gold ore in the country
were estimated at 494.80 million tonnes. Out of these, 14.61 million tonnes were placed
under reserves category and the remaining 480.19 million tonnes under remaining resources
category. Total resources of gold (primary), in terms of metal, stood at 640.41 tonnes. Out of
these, 71.91 tonnes were placed under reserves category and 568.50 tonnes under remaining
resources category. The resources include placer-type gold ore in Kerala estimated at 26.12
million tonnes containing 5.86 tonnes gold metal.
By States, largest resources in terms of gold ore (primary) are located in Bihar in
222.88 million tonnes (45%) followed by Rajasthan in 118.89 million tonnes (24%) and
Karnataka in 103.78 million tonnes (21%), West Bengal in 12.83 million tonnes (3%), and
Andhra Pradesh in 12.27 million tonnes and Jharkhand in 9.37 million tonnes (2% each )
and Madhya Pradesh in 7.79 million tonnes (1.5%). Remaining 1.5% resources of ore are
located in Chhattisgarh, Kerala, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. In terms of metal content,
Karnataka remained on top followed by Rajasthan, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, etc.
Gypsum: As per UNFC system, the total resources of mineral gypsum in India as on
1.4.2010 were estimated at 1,286 million tonnes of which 39 million tonnes have been placed
under 'reserves' and 1,247 million tonnes under 'remaining resources' category. Of the total
resources, fertilizer/pottery grade accounts for about 82% and cement/paint grade 12%. The
unclassified and not-known grades together account for 5% resources. The remaining one
percent of resources is shared by surgical plaster and soil reclamation grades. By States,
Rajasthan alone accounts for 82% resources and Jammu & Kashmir 14% resources. The
remaining 4% resources are in Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka,
Uttarakhand, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
Iron ore: Haematite and magnetite are the most important iron ores in India. About 60%
haematite ore deposits are found in the Eastern Sector, especially in Odisha & Jharkhand
while about 92% magnetite ore deposits occur in Southern Sector, especially in Karnataka.
Of these, haematite is considered to be superior because of its higher grade. Indian deposits
of haematite belong to the Precambrian Iron Ore Series and the ore is within banded iron ore
formations occurring as massive, laminated, friable and also in powdery form.
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As per UNFC system, the total resources of haematite as on 1.4.2013 are estimated at
20,576 million tonnes of which 6,607 million tonnes (32%) are under 'reserves' category and
the balance 13,969 million tonnes (68%) are under 'remaining resources' category. By grades,
lumps constitute about 58% followed by fines (17%), lumps with fines (16%) and the
remaining 9% are black iron ore, unclassified, not-known and other grades. Major resources
of haematite are located in Odisha - 7183 million tonnes (35%), Jharkhand – 5,069 million
tonnes (25%), Chhattisgarh – 4,031 million tonnes (19%), Karnataka -2,269 million tonnes
(11%) and Goa – 1,019 million tonnes (5%). The balance resources of haematite are spread in
Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Rajasthan and
Uttar Pradesh.
Magnetite is another principal iron ore that also occurs in the form of oxide either in
igneous or metamorphosed banded magnetite-silica formation, possibly of sedimentary
origin. As per UNFC system, the total resources of magnetite as on 1.4.2013 are estimated at
10,747 million tonnes of which 'reserves' constitute a mere about 34 million tonnes while
10713 million tonnes are placed under 'remaining resources'. Classification on the basis of
grades shows 20% resources are of metallurgical grade while 80% resources belong to
unclassified, not-known and other grades. The resources of coal washery and foundry
grades constitute meagre proportions. India's 97% magnetite resources are located in four
states, namely, Karnataka - 7,802 million tonnes (73%), Andhra Pradesh – 1,392 million
tonnes (13%), Rajasthan – 627 million tonnes (6%) and Tamil Nadu - 507 million tonnes (5%).
Assam, Bihar, Goa, Jharkhand, Kerala, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Nagaland and Odisha
together account for the remaining 3% resources.
Kaolin/china clay: China clay resources in the country as per UNFC system as on 1.4.2010
have been placed at 2,705.21 million tonnes. The reserves constitute only about 7% of the
resources at 177.16 million tonnes. Out of the total reserves, 70% (about 124 million tonnes)
reserves are under proved category whereas 30% (about 53 million tonnes) reserves fall
under probable category. The resources are spread over in a number of states of which
Kerala holds about 25%, followed by West Bengal and Rajasthan (16% each) and Odisha and
Karnataka (10% each). Out of total resources, about 22% or 608 million tonnes fall under
ceramic/pottery grade, 4% are classified under chemical, paper filler and cement grades and
about 73% or 1,980 million tonnes resources fall under mixed grade, others, unclassified &
not-known categories.
Lead &Zinc: The total resources of lead and zinc ores as on 1.4.2013 as per UNFC system,
are estimated at 709.04 million tonnes. Of these, 102.79 million tonnes (14%) fall under
'reserves' category while balance 606.25 million tonnes (86%) are classified as 'remaining
resources'. The resources of ore containing + 10% Pb& Zn were estimated at 130.58 million
tonnes, ore containing 5 to 10% Pb& Zn were 283.18 million tonnes and ore containing less
than 5% Pb& Zn were 295.28 million tonnes.
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The total metal content in resources of lead is 12 million tonnes Lead and that of zinc
is 35.86 million tonnes and for lead zinc metal is 140.82 thousand tonnes. In terms of
reserves, 2.11 million tonnes of lead metal and 10.89 million tonnes of zinc metal have been
estimated. Rajasthan is endowed with the largest resources of lead-zinc ore amounting to
629.92 million tonnes (88.84%), followed by Andhra Pradesh 22.69 million tonnes (3.20%),
Madhya Pradesh 14.84 million tonnes (2.09%), Bihar 11.43 million tonnes (1.61%) and
Maharashtra 9.27 million tonnes (1.31%). Resources are also established in Gujarat,
Meghalaya, Odisha, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand and West Bengal.
Limestone: The total resources of limestone of all categories and grades as per UNFC system
as on 1.4.2010 are estimated at 184,935 million tonnes, of which 14,926 million tonnes (8%)
are under reserves category and 170,009 million tonnes (92%) are under remaining resources
category. Karnataka is the leading state having 28% of the total resources followed by
Andhra Pradesh (20%), Rajasthan (12%), Gujarat (11%) , Meghalaya (9%) and Chhattisgarh
(5%). Grade wise, cement grade has leading share of about 69% followed by SMS & BF
grades (12%) and chemical grade (3%). Remaining 16% are others, not-known and
unclassified Grades.
Magnesite: The total reserves/resources of magnesite as per UNFC system as on 1.4.2013 are
about 328 million tonnes of which reserves and remaining resources are about 21 million
tonnes and 307 million tonnes, respectively. Substantial quantities of resources are
established in Uttarakhand (71%), followed by Rajasthan (16%) and Tamil Nadu (10%).
Resources are also located in Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir,
Karnataka and Kerala. Occurrences of magnesite in Tamil Nadu are low in lime and high in
silica, whereas those of Uttarakhand are high in lime and low in silica.
Manganese ore: The total resources of manganese ore in the country as on 1.04.2013 are
placed at 475 million tonnes as per UNFC system. Out of these, about 96 million tonnes are
reserves category and the balance about 379 million tonnes are in the remaining resources
category. Grade-wise, ferro-manganese grade accounts for 6%, medium grade 10%, BF
grade 32% and the remaining 52% are of mixed, low, others, unclassified, and not known
grades including 0.24 million tonnes of battery/chemical grade. State-wise, Odisha tops the
total resources with 45% share followed by Karnataka 20%, Madhya Pradesh 11%,
Maharashtra (8%), Goa (7%), Andhra Pradesh 4% and Jharkhand (3%). Rajasthan, Gujarat
and West Bengal together shared the remaining about 2% resources.
Mica: Most important mica-bearing pegmatites occur in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand,
Maharashtra and Rajasthan. Occurrences of mica pegmatites are also reported from Gujarat,
Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Odisha, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal. As per UNFC, the total
resources of mica in the country as on 1.4.2010 are estimated at 532,237 tonnes out of which
190,741 tonnes are placed under reserves category and 341,496 tonnes under remaining
resources category. Andhra Pradesh leads with 41% share in country's total resources
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followed by Rajasthan (21%), Odisha (20%), Maharashtra (15%), Bihar (2%) and balance (less
than 1%) in Jharkhand.
Quartz & silica sand: As per the UNFC system as on 1.4.2010, the total resources of quartz
and silica sand in the country are estimated at 3,499 million tonnes out of which 12% i.e. 429
million tonnes are placed under reserves category, while 88% i.e. 3,070 million tonnes are
placed under remaining resources category. Resources by grades reflect foundry &
moulding grade as 19%, glass grade 14%, ceramic & pottery grade 11% and ferrosilicon
grade as 5%. The unclassified, others, sodium silicate and not-known grades account for
about 51% of the total resources. Haryana alone accounts for about 52% resources, followed
by Rajasthan (9.5%), Tamil Nadu (6.5%), Andhra Pradesh (6%), Maharashtra (5%),
Jharkhand (4.5%) and Karnataka and Gujarat (3% each).
Rock Phosphate: The total resources of rock phosphate as per UNFC system as on 1.4.2013
are placed at 314.51 million tonnes. Out of these, the reserves constitute only 65.39 million
tonnes. There are 249.12 million tonnes remaining resources. Of the total resources, 34% are
in Jharkhand, 31% in Rajasthan, 18% in Madhya Pradesh and 8% each in Uttar Pradesh &
Uttarakhand. Meagre resources are located in Gujarat and Meghalaya. Grade wise, low
grade account for 38%, followed by beneficiable (27%), blendable& soil reclamation (11%
each), chemical fertilizer (7%) and unclassified and not-known grades (about 6%).
Talc/steatite/soapstone: As per the UNFC system, the total reserves/resources of
talc/steatite/soapstone as on 1.4.2010 is estimated at 269 million tonnes of which reserves and
remaining resources are 90 million tonnes and 179 million tonnes, respectively. Substantial
quantities of resources are established in Rajasthan (49%) and Uttarakhand (29%). The
remaining 22% resources are in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Jharkhand,
Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Sikkim and Tamil Nadu. By
grades, Paper & Textile grade accounts for about 22% share in total resources followed by
insecticides (19%) and cosmetics (13%). Resources of ceramic and paint grades are negligible.
Others, Unclassified and Not-known grades account for about 45% Resources.
Tin: Tin occurs in primary as well as secondary (alluvial or placer) forms. Occurrences of tin
in primary as well as secondary forms have been reported from Bihar, Chhattisgarh,
Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Odisha, Rajasthan and West
Bengal. However, the only workable economic deposits in the form of alluvial or placer
deposits occur in Bastar and Dantewada districts of Chhattisgarh. Tin in primary form as
disseminations in the gneisses and schists of Koraput district, Odisha is another source of
economic importance.
The total resources of tin ore in the country as per UNFC system, as on 1.4.2013 are
placed at 83.73 million tonnes containing about 102,275 tonnes of metal. About 6,973 tonnes
ore containing 1,181 tonnes of metal are placed under 'reserves' category and the bulk i.e.
about 83.72 million tonnes containing about 101,093 tonnes metal are placed under
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'remaining resources' category. The entire ore reserves are located in Chhattisgarh. About,
64% of total ore resources are located in Haryana and 36% in Chhattisgarh, while nominal
resources are estimated in Odisha.
Tungsten: The total resources of tungsten ore in the country, as per UNFC system, as on
1.4.2013 has been estimated at 87.39 million tonnes with WO3 content of 1,42,094 tonnes. All
these resources are placed under 'remaining resources' category.
Resources of Tungsten bearing minerals are mainly distributed in Karnataka (42%),
Rajasthan (27%), Andhra Pradesh (17%) and Maharashtra (9%). The remaining 5% resources
are in Haryana, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand and West Bengal.
At Degana, Rajasthan, WO3value in vein deposits varies from 0.25 to 0.54% while in
gravel deposit, it is on an average of 0.04%. In Sirohi deposit, Rajasthan, WO3content ranges
from 0.02 to 2.2%. In West Bengal, Bankura deposit contains an average of 0.1% WO3. In
Kuhi-Khobana-Agargaon belt, GSI has identified seven mineralised zones in Sakoli basin in
Bhandara and Nagpur districts, Maharashtra. The analysis showed 0.01 to 0.19% WO3in
Kuhi block, 0.13 to 0.38% WO3in Khobana block and 0.48% WO3in Pardi-Dahegaon-
Pipalgaon block. The deposit contains an average of 0.17% WO3. Gold ore at Mysore mine of
BGML in Karnataka has been reckoned as a potential source of scheelite. The tailing dumps
at Kolar Gold Fields contain about 0.035 to 0.18% WO3.
Other Minerals: Other minerals occurring in significant quantities in India are bentonite
(Rajasthan, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Jharkhand and Jammu & Kashmir), corundum (Karnataka,
Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Chhattisgarh), calcite (Andhra Pradesh,
Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Haryana, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat),
Fuller’s Earth (Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Madhya Pradesh
and Karnataka), garnet (Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan and Kerala),
pyrites (Bihar, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh, West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh),
wollastonite (Rajasthan and Gujarat) and zircon (beach sands of Kerala, Tamil Nadu,
Andhra Pradesh and Orissa). Besides, the country has vast marble, slate and sandstone
deposits. Granite is mainly mined in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and
Rajasthan; marble in Rajasthan, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh; slate in Madhya Pradesh and
Andhra Pradesh; and sandstone in Rajasthan.
VIII. DISTRIBUTION OF MINING LEASES IN COUNTRY
India is well-endowed with a wide variety of naturally occurring minerals. These are
being exploited to cater to the needs of domestic mineral-based industries as well as to meet
export demands to earn foreign exchange. Today, as many as 64 minerals (excluding coal,
atomic and some minor minerals) are being exploited in the country.
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India has a total geographical area of 328.73 million hectares. Of this, the mining
lease area (excluding for fuel, atomic and minor minerals) constitutes around 0.14%. As per
directory of Mining leases as on 31.03.2014, there were as many as 10,982 mining leases in
the country covering 64 minerals (excluding fuel, atomic and minor minerals) with a total
area of 454,706 hectares spreading over 24 States. Out of the total mining leases in the
country, 441 (4%) mining leases are in Public Sector, extending over an area of about
1,26,862.19 hectares (28%). The remaining 10,541 (96%) mining leases with an area of about
3,27,843.96 hectares (72%) are in Private Sector.
|ll| State wise analysis
As per the Lease Directory as on 31.3.2014, there were 10,982 mining leases granted
by State Governments for 64 different minerals, covering an area of 4,54,706 hectares in the
country. The state in which maximum number of mining leases as on 31.03.2.14 exist were
Rajasthan (30.10%) followed by Andhra Pradesh (14.28%), Gujarat (10.02%), Madhya
Pradesh (9.11%), Tamil Nadu (8.48%), Karnataka (4.96%), Telengana (4.28%), Odisha
(4.20%), Chhattisgarh (2.73%), Jharkhand (2.57%), Goa (2.43%) and Maharashtra (2.37%).
These twelve States together account for about 95.53% of the total leases executed and the
remaining twelve States where such leases were executed accounted for about 4.47% of the
total mining leases.
The maximum area in percentage covered under mining leases in different States
were Rajasthan (18.50%) followed by Odisha (16.18%), Karnataka (10.48%), Andhra Pradesh
(10.28%), Madhya Pradesh (7.23%), Jharkhand (6.67%), Gujarat (6.52%), Chhattisgarh
(4.85%), Goa (4.37%), Maharashtra (3.40%), Telengana (3.24%), Haryana (2.41%) and Tamil
Nadu (2.15%). These thirteen States account for about 96.30% of the total mining lease area
granted and the remaining 3.70% is accounted for by the rest eleven States.
The State wise no. of mining lease with lease areas as on 31.03.2014 is furnished in
Annexure - VI (A).
|mm| Mineral wise analysis
There are 64 naturally occurring minerals (excluding for fuel, atomic and minor
minerals) for which mining leases exists in the country. The number of leases for minerals
specified in schedule I to MMDR Act 1957 (prior to MMDR amendment Act 2015) were 1,403
or 13% of the total mining leases accounting for an area of about 1,67,944.57 hectares which
is 37% of the total mining area in the country. Out of these, the total number of mining leases
of iron ore is placed at (664) followed by Bauxite (339), Manganese ore (308), Chromite (34),
Gold ore (16), Copper ore (14) and Lead & Zinc (12) covering together area of 1,66,470.47
hectares. Asbestos and precious stone (Diamond, Ruby and Saphire) accounted for 16
mining lease with an area of 1,474.1 hectares.
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There are 9,579 (87% of the total) mining leases for minerals other than specified in
schedule I to MMDR Act 1957 (prior to MMDR amendment Act 2015) covering an area of
about 2,86,761 hectares which is 63% of the total lease area.
The Mineral wise no. of mining lease with lease areas as on 31.03.2014 is furnished in
Annexure – VI (B).
Area-wise distribution of Mining Leases all over India pertaining to all minerals
excluding fuel, atomic and minor minerals is given in following Table.
Area Wise Distribution of Mining Lease* as on 31/03/2014 (All India)
Frequency Group
(Area in Hect.)
Number of
Mining Leases
% of Total
Leases
Area
(in Hects)
% of Total
Area
All Groups 10982 100% 455706.15 100%
0 to 10 7411 67% 29996.98 7%
10 to 20 949 9% 13872.22 3%
20 to 50 1098 10% 35595.39 8%
50 to 100 718 7% 53203.79 12%
100 to 200 363 3% 50438.05 11%
200 to 500 257 2% 81573.53 18%
Above 500 186 2% 190026.19 42%
* Excluding fuel, atomic & minor minerals
IX. MINERAL PRODUCTION
During 2014-15, Mineral production was reported from 33 States/Union Territories
(actual reporting of MCDR & fuel minerals from 23 states and estimation of minor minerals
for all 32 States/Union Territories) of which the bulk of value of mineral production of about
94.18% was confined to 13 States (including off shore areas) only. Offshore areas are in
leading position, in terms of estimated value of mineral production in the country and had
the share of 20.27% in the national output. Next in order was Rajasthan with a share of
11.49% followed by Gujarat (8.85%), Andhra Pradesh (8.25%), Chhattisgarh (7.48%),
Jharkhand (7.37%), Odisha (6.38%), Maharashtra (5.35%), Madhya Pradesh (4.70%), West
Bengal (4.32%), Assam (4.04%), Karnataka (2.96%) and Uttar Pradesh (2.72%) in the total
value of mineral production. Remaining States and Union Territories having individual
share of less than 2.5% all together accounted for remaining of total value during the year
under review.
State-wise analysis revealed that during 2014-15, the value of mineral production
have shown a mixed trend as compared to that in the previous year. The states which have
indicated an increase in the value of mineral production are Tripura (14.3%), Karnataka
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(1.6%), Bihar (6.6%), Himachal Pradesh (16.5%), Meghalaya (61.6%), Uttar Pradesh (0.8%)
and Chhattisgarh (0.7%). However, some of the principal mineral producing states revealed
decrease in value of mineral production and those include Odisha (25.8%), Arunachal
Pradesh (18.3%), Andhra Pradesh (8.8%), Tamil Nadu (8.4%), Jharkhand (4.6%), Assam
(3.4%), Madhya Pradesh (3.3%), Gujarat (3.2%), West Bengal (2.8%), Rajasthan (2.3%),
Maharashtra (1.7%), Goa (1.0%), Jammu & Kashmir (0.7%) and Off-shore (0.3%).
During 2013-14, the Public Sector continued to play a dominant role in mineral
production accounting for 67.91% or Rs. 1,53,250 crore in the total value. Small mines, which
were mostly in the private sector, continued to be operated manually either as proprietary or
partnership ventures. The minerals which were wholly mined / recovered by the public/joint
sector in 2013-14 were Copper ore and concentrate, Diamond, Dunite, Fluorite (graded),
Selenite and Sulphur. By and large, almost the entire production of Sand (others), Lignite
and Gypsum was from Public Sector. In 2013-14, the Public Sector accounted for sizeable
84% production of coal, 95% of Tin concentrate, 68% of Petroleum (crude), 99% of Gold, 87%
of Phosphorite and 58% of Magnesite.
Metallic Minerals
The value of metallic minerals in 2013-14 at Rs. 42,654 crore decreased by about
1.19% over the previous year. Among the principal metallic minerals, iron ore contributed
Rs. 32,031 crore or 75.10%, zinc concentrate 2,742 or 6.43%, manganese ore Rs. 1,499 crore or
3.51%, chromite Rs. 2,318 crore or 5.43%, bauxite Rs. 951 crore or 2.23%, copper (concentrate)
Rs. 680 crore or 1.59%, silver Rs. 1578 crore or 3.70%, gold Rs. 423 crore or 0.99%, while the
remaining was shared by lead concentrate and tin concentrates.
The production of iron ore at about 152.43 million tonnes in 2013-14 registered an
increase of 11.58% over the previous year. About 39% of the total production was shared by
Public Sector Companies like NMDC, SAIL and Orissa Mining Corporation (OMC) etc. The
share of Private Sector was 61% which includes Tata Steel (TISCO). During the year Odisha
was the leading producer of Iron Ore accounting for 50% of the total production followed by
Chhattisgarh (20%), Jharkhand (15%), Karnataka (12%) and remaining (3%) production was
reported from Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Rajasthan.
The production of copper concentrate was at 139 thousand tonnes in 2013-14
increased by about 12% as compared to the previous year. The average metal content in
copper concentrate was 23.11% Cu.
The production of chromite was at 2,853 thousand tonnes in 2013-14 increased by
0.67% as compared to the previous year. Odisha reported almost entire output of chromite
(99.96%) in the country. Mining of chromite was mostly dominated by six principal
producers, namely TATA STEEL, Odisha Mining Corporation (OMC), Indian Metal & Ferro
Alloys Ltd (IMFAL), Ferro Alloys Corporation Ltd (FACOR), Balasore Alloys Ltd. and Jindal
Stainless Limited (JSL). Three public sector companies, namely OMC, Mysore Mineral
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Limited (MML) and Industrial Development Corporation of Odisha Limited (IDCOL)
having 4 mines together reported 24 % of the total production and the remaining 76 % was
contributed by private sector mines.
The production of manganese ore at 2,588 thousand tonnes in 2013-14 increased by
about 11% compared to that in the previous year. Manganese Ore India Limited (MOIL)
continued to be the largest producer of manganese ore with a share of 44% of the total
production in 2013-14 followed by Tata Steel (13%), Odisha Mines & Mineral Limited
(OM&ML) (6%), RBSSDP (6%) & ML Rungta (4%). Of the total production of manganese ore
in 2013-14, Madhya Pradesh contributed 29.82%, Maharashtra 25.66%, Odisha 25.52%,
Andhara Pradesh 13.28% and the remaining production was from Karnataka, Goa,
Jharkhand and Rajasthan.
The production of primary gold at 1,564 kg (excluding by-product gold recovery
from imported concentrates) in 2013-14 registered decrease of about 2% as compared to the
previous year. Karnataka was the leading producer of gold accounting for 99.49% of the
total production. The remaining production was reported from Jharkhand.
The production of bauxite at 21.67 million tonnes in 2013-14 increased by 30.43%
compared to the previous year. NALCO, HINDALCO, Bombay Minerals, Prabhu Das
Vitthal Das and Utkkal Alumina Industrial Ltd. are the major companies engaged in the
mining of bauxite in the country in 2013-14.Odisha accounted for 35.24% of the total
production of bauxite during 2013-14 followed by Gujarat 32.41%, Jharkhand 10.53% and
Maharashtra 9.51%, Chhattisgarh 6.07%, Madhya Pradesh 3.38%. The remaining production
was reported from Goa, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.
During 2013-14, the production of lead concentrate at 194 thousand tonnes increased
by 5.4% and that of zinc concentrate at 1,491 thousand tonnes also decreased by 0.1% over
the previous year. Average metal content in lead concentrate was 56.48% Pb and that in zinc
concentrate was 51.65% Zn. Rajasthan accounted for the entire production of lead
concentrate and zinc concentrate during 2013-14.
Non-Metallic Minerals
The value of production of non-metallic minerals at Rs. 6,924.42 crore during 2013-14
decreased by 7.24% as compared to the previous year. Limestone retained its leading
position by contributing 67.73% of the total value of non-metallic minerals in 2013-14. The
other non-metallic minerals in the order of importance were phosphorite/rock phosphate
(6.34%), barytes (5.21%), dolomite (3.72%), gypsum (2.00%), kaolin (1.67%), garnet (abrasive)
(1.38%), ball clay (1.30%), talc/ soapstone/steatite (1.31%) and Silica Sand (1.25%). The
remaining was from other non-metallic minerals.
The production of limestone at 279 million tonnes in 2013-14 decreased by 2.1% as
compared to that in the previous year. As much as 86.95% of the total output in 2013-14 was
contributed by seven principal States; viz, Andhra Pradesh (21.29%), Rajasthan (20.21%),
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Madhya Pradesh (13.24%), Gujarat (8.35%),Tamil Nadu (8.60%), Karnataka (7.70%) and
Chhattisgarh (7.56%). The remaining 13.05% of the total production was shared by other
limestone producing states. About 49% of total production was reported by principal
producers, namely, Ultra Tech Cement Limited (15%) Jaiprakash Associates Limited (7%),
Ambuja Cement and ACC Limited (6% each), Shree Cement Limited (5% each) The India
Cement Limited (4%), Dalmia Cement (Bharat) Ltd. and The Ramco Cement Limited (3%
each).
The production of phosphorite/rock phosphate at 1,384 thousand tonnes decreased
by 28.70% in 2013-14 as compared to the previous year. The 87% production was from
Public Sector. Jhamarkotra mine of Rajasthan State Mines & Minerals Ltd. (RSMML) alone
accounted for 77% of the total production in India and the entire production of Rajasthan
during 2013-14. Madhya Pradesh contributed the remaining 10.20% of the production.
The production of dolomite at 7,109 thousand tonnes in 2013-14 registered 1.73%
decrease as compared to the preceding year. Steel Authority of India Ltd. is the major
producer of dolomite accounting 15% of total production followed by the Rastriya Ispat
Nigam Ltd. 7%, South West Mining 6%, Bisra Stone & lime Co. Ltd. 4% and Commercial
Stone Supply Co. 4% during 2013-14. Chhattisgarh (36.50%), Andhra Pradesh (19.37%), and
Odisha (9.25%), Karnataka (9.01%), were the principal producing States of dolomite. The
remaining 25.87% was contributed by five states during the year, namely, Madhya Pradesh,
Gujarat, Rajasthan, Jharkhand and Maharashtra.
The production of kaolin in 2013-14 was at 4,753 thousand tonnes increased by
11.60% as compared to that in the previous year. Nearly 64.82% of total output of kaolin in
2013-14 was reported from Gujarat followed by Rajasthan (16.96%), by Kerala (14.99%) and
West Bengal (1.90%) while remaining (1.33%) was contributed jointly by Andhra Pradesh,
Jharkhand, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh.
The Production of gypsum at 2,930 thousand tonnes in 2013-14 registered a decrease
of 17.62% as compared to the previous year. By and large, the entire production of gypsum
was reported from Rajasthan (98.81%). The remaining 1.19% was from Jammu & Kashmir,
Tamil Nadu and Gujarat. Two Public Sector Companies namely, RSMML and Fertilizer
Corporation of India Ltd. accounted for almost the entire production.
The production of talc/soapstone/steatite in 2013-14 was at 865 thousand tonnes a
decrease by about 10.95% over the previous year. Rajasthan, the principal State accounted
for 82.96% of the total production in 2013-14. Five principal producers contributed nearly
61% of the total production of steatite. They are Associated Soapstone Distributing Co. (P)
Ltd. (25%), Udaipur Mineral Development Syndicate (P) Ltd. (24%), Rajasthan Minerals &
Company (5%), Ratanlal Deedwaniya (4%), and Katiyar Mining & Indl. Corpn. (3%).
The production of magnesite was at 195 thousand tonnes during 2013-14 decreased
by 13.05% as compared to the previous year.
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Minor Minerals
The value of production of minor minerals was estimated at Rs. 52,490 crore in 2013-
14. Andhra Pradesh with share of 23.5% in the value of minor minerals produced in the
country occupied the top position. Gujarat was at second place had a share of 23.0% in the
value of minor minerals. Next in the order was Maharashtra 14.6%, Rajasthan 12.9%, Uttar
Pradesh 7.6%, Kerala 5.9%, Karnataka 3.9%, Madhya Pradesh 3.7% and Goa 1.6 percent. The
contribution of remaining states and UTs was less than one percent each.
Item-wise analysis revealed that road metals had the largest share of 38.7% to the
value of minor minerals followed by building stone 21.9%, ordinary sand 16.5%, brick-earth
5.2%, marble and gravel 3.1% each, murrum 2.2%, kankar and limestone 2.1% each, quartzite
& sand stone 1.5%, ordinary earth 1.3 percent. The individual share of remaining minerals
was less than 1.0% which together contributed 2.3 % of value of minor minerals.
X. CONSUMPTION OF MINERALS AND MINERAL BASED INDUSTRIES
Minerals or ores are the basic raw materials to many important industries like power
generation (thermal), iron & steel, cement, petroleum & natural gas, fertilisers, precious &
semi-precious metals/stones, chemical, electrical & electronics equipment, glass and
ceramics etc. Comprehensive information about minerals and mineral based industries,
collected through statutory as well as non-statutory sources, is depicted in Indian Mineral
Yearbook (IMYB), a flagship publication of Indian Bureau of Mines.
End-use mineral consumption is utilization of minerals for specific industry with
particular reference to the emerging technology and production of mineral based products.
To manufacture different mineral based products, principal chemical constituents and also
deleterious and toxic elements are taken into account, (i.e. same mineral finds it use to
manufacture different products according to its grade).
IBM compiles the industrial consumption of ores/minerals reported by consuming
units in organized sectors annually. The collection of data on consumption and other aspects
is through correspondence with about 3500 sources, mostly mineral based industries on
statutory/non-statutory basis. After scrutiny, clarification and analysis of data received, the
estimation is made wherever necessary into the data base and three year consumption data
table (industry wise), are generated for ‘Indian Mineral Yearbook’.
In the year 2011, Ministry of mines notified the amended Rule 45 of MCDR, 1988. As
per Rule 45, the owner, agent, mining engineer or manager of every mine, or any person
engaged in trading or storage or end-use or export of minerals mined in the country, shall
cause himself to be registered with the Indian Bureau of Mines, as per application in Form-
M, the status of registration as on 31.08.2013 is as follows :
Activity No. of Registrations
Trader 4782
Exporter 817
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Storage 1565
End-User 3076
Further, under Rule 45(6), any person or company engaged in trading or storage or
end-use or export of minerals, should submit the Annual and Monthly Return to Indian
Bureau of Mines and concerned State Government as well. Presently, Indian Bureau of
Mines has developed and launched software on IBM’s portal to submit the online
information in Annual and Monthly Returns.
The consumption of important mineral during 2011-12 to 2013-14 is given in
Annexure VII. The Consumption pattern in respect of some of the major minerals is
summarized as under -
BAUXITE
Bauxite is an essential ore of aluminium metal, as also an industrial mineral finding
application in refractory, cement, chemical and abrasive industries. The country has
abundant resources of bauxite to meet domestic and export demand. Bauxite is mainly
consumed in Alumina/aluminium Industry for extracting aluminium metal i.e about 94% of
total bauxite consumed in the country, followed by 4% in Cement industry, 2% in Refractory
and other industries.
IRON
Iron ore is mainly used for manufacturing of pig iron, sponge iron and steel. It is also
used in cement, coal washeries, ferro-alloys, foundry, vanaspati and glass industries. Almost
98% of the iron ore consumed in iron & steel industry (including sponge iron). The
remaining 2% is consumed in alloy steel; ferro-alloys, cement etc. Coal washery industry
mainly consumes magnetite form of iron ore.
CHROMITE
The chromite mineral is the only commercial source of chromium. In metallurgy,
chromite is mainly used in the manufacture of ferro-chrome, sillico-chrome, charge-chrome
and chromium metal. Chromium imparts additional strength, hardness and toughness to its
alloys. It also shows resistance to corrosion to steel abrasion, reduces oxidation and flow of
electricity.
Chrome ore has wide range of uses in metallurgical, foundry, chemical and
refractory industries, but its demand is primarily driven by the metallurgical industry which
consumes about 94% of the chromite ore in the country. In addition to above, chromite in
substantial quantities is also consumed in Foundry (3%), refractory industry (2%) and
Chemical (1%).
MANGANESE ORE
Manganese in alloy form is an essential input in steel making and is one of the most
important metals in an industrial economy, where it is used both in the ore form as such and
as ferro-manganese. Manganese improves strength, toughness, hardness and workability of
steel. Manganese dioxide is used for manufacturing dry cell batteries in which it functions as
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a depolariser of hydrogen. In chemical industry, generally high-grade material is used for
potassium permanganate. Manganese ores of major commercial importance are: pyrolusite,
psilomelane, Manganite and braunite.
About 94% ore is consumed by alloys industries 64% in Silico-manganese & 30% in
ferro-Manganese. The iron & steel industry consumes about 6% of managense. The
remaining was shared by battery, chemical, zinc smelter, alloy steel and glass industries
ROCK PHOSPHATE
Phosphate rock is used primarily as a plant nutrient, either by direct application to
the soil as a powdered product or in the manufacture of superphosphate, triple
superphosphate, or di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) fertilizers. Elemental phosphorus and
phosphoric chemicals derived from phosphate rock are also used in detergents, insecticides,
matches, fireworks, military smoke screens, incendiary bombs.
About 95% of the Apatite and Rock Phosphate is consumed in the fertilizer industry,
as it is the main source of phosphate nutrients for plants. The remaining consumption of
apatite and Rock phosphate is in chemical, glass, sugar and iron & steel industry, which is
meager.
DOLOMITE
The rock containing 40-45% MgCO3 is usually called dolomite. It is grouped under
flux and construction minerals and is important for iron & steel and ferro-alloys industries.
Dolomite is consumed by iron & steel, ferro-alloys, fertilizer, glass, alloy steel and
other industries. Iron & steel industry was the major consumer of dolomite accounting more
than 80%, followed by sponge iron (about 8%) and cement & ferro-alloys (about 2% each).
The remaining quantity are consumed by other industries, such as alloy steel, glass,
fertilizer, paint, refractory, etc.
MAGNESITE
It is a carbonate of magnesium. The major proportion of magnesite mined is used for
conversion in calcined form which finds many applications. The other industries where raw
magnesite is used are mosaic tiles, electrodes, chemicals and manufacture of magnesium
metal. Magnesite is also used in fertilizers and by food processing industry. It is an
important mineral for the manufacture of basic refractories, which could be largely used in
the steel industry.
About 75% consumption was reported for calcination purposes followed by 18% by
refractory purposes (including iron and steel plants). The remaining was consumed by
chemical industry, glass industry, paper etc.
LIMESTONE
Limestone often contains magnesium carbonate, either as dolomite CaMg(CO3) or
magnesite (MgCO3) mixed with calcite. Cement is the major consuming industry accounted
for 93% consumption followed by iron & Steel industry (4%). The remaining consumption is
reported in chemical foundry, sugar, and paper and glass industry.
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XI. FOREIGN TRADE OF MINERALS & METALS
MINERAL & METAL EXPORTS
Ores & Minerals:
The value of exports of Ores & minerals at Rs. 1,78,077 crore in the year 2014-15
registered a decrease of 8.58% as compared to that of about Rs. 1,94,783 crore in the previous
year. Diamond (Total) continued to be the largest constituent item with a share of 83.17% i.e
Rs. 1,48,102 in the total value of mineral exports in 2014-15. Next in the order of share was
granite with a contribution of 5.52% followed by alumina (1.85%) and Iron ore (1.80%). The
individual share of remaining minerals in the total value of exports of ores and minerals
from India during the year under review was less than 1%. The value of exports showed a
mixed trend for most of the minerals in 2014-15 as compared to that in the previous year.
The quantity of exports of other minerals which showed a significant increased are
Asbestos, bauxite, graphite, ball clay, feldspar, lead ores & conc., alumina, diatomite,
vermiculite, limestone, dolomite, etc and decreased are iron ore, coal (excluding lignite),
barytes, coke, chromite, manganese ore, rock phosphate, Zinc ores & Concentrates, Silica
sand, copper ores & conc., fluorspar, etc as compared to that in the previous year. The
exports of ores & minerals during 2010-11 to 2014-15 are given as Annexure – VIII (A)
Metals & Alloys:
The value of exports of metals & alloys at Rs. 1,67,120 crore in the year 2014-15
registered an increase of 9.12% as compared to that of Rs. 1,53,156 crore in the previous year.
Iron & steel with a share of 52.01% continued to hold the top position in the total value of
metals exported from India in 2014-15. Copper & alloys (including brass and bronze) is at
second place and accounted for 12.31%. Aluminum alloys including scrap occupied the third
place with contribution of 10.40%, followed by Gold (non-monetary & monetary) at fourth
place with a contribution of 10.30%, ferro-alloy at fifth place with a contribution of 5.97%,
nickel & alloys at sixth position with contribution of 3.30%, zinc & alloys including scrap at
seventh position with contribution of 2.25% and precious metals at eighth position with
contribution of 1.50%. The individual share of other remaining metals and alloys was less
than one per cent. As compared to the previous year, the value of exports for different
important metals had shown a mixed trend in 2014-15 over previous year.
The quantity of export of metals & alloys that have shown significant increased are
copper & alloys including scrap, aluminium & alloys including scrap, nickel & alloys,
chromium & alloys, zinc & alloys, titanium & alloys, etc and decreased are pig & cast iron,
tin & alloys including scrap, tungsten & alloys, silver, manganese & alloys, platinum &
alloys, magnesium & scrap, etc as compared to that in the previous year. The exports of
metals & alloys during 2010-11 to 2014-15 are given as Annexure – VIII (B).
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MINERAL & METAL IMPORTS
Ores and Minerals:
The total value of imports of ores & minerals at Rs. 10,71,689 crore in the year 2014-15
registered a decrease of 11.86% as compared to that of about Rs. 12,15,827 crore in the
previous year. Petroleum (crude) continued to be the largest constituent item with a share of
66.19% in the total value of mineral imports in 2014-15. Next in order of importance was
diamond with a share of 11.68% followed by coal (excluding lignite) with the contribution of
9.75%, natural gas 5.26%, copper ores & concentrates 2.66%. The individual share of other
remaining ores & minerals was less than one per cent.
The quantity of export of ores & minerals that have shown increased are precious
metal, precious & semi-precious Stones, coal, iron ore, emerald, manganese ore, tungsten
ores & conc., asbestos, bauxite, gypsum, bentonite, feldspar, wollastonite, vermiculite,
magnesite, etc during the year 2014-15 as compared to that in the previous year. However,
the quantity of imports have decreased for copper ores & conc., coke, alumina, dolomite,
titanium ores & conc., silica sand, diatomite, chalk, fire clay etc. during the year 2014-15 as
compared to that in the previous year. The imports of ores & minerals during 2010-11 to
2014-15 are given as Annexure – IX (A)
Metals & Alloys:
The value of imports of metals & alloys at Rs. 4,01,259 crore showed an increase of
24.86% in 2014-15 as compared to Rs. 3,21,356 crore in the previous year. Gold, non-
monetary & monetary (total) with a share of about 52.50% continued to occupy the top
position in the total value of imports of metals & alloys in 2014-15. Iron & steel was at
second place and accounted a share of 23.44%, followed by Silver occupied the third place
with a share of 6.90%, Aluminium and alloys (including scrap) occupied the fourth place
with a share of 5.70%, Copper & alloys (including brass & branze) occupied the fifth place
with a share of 4.9%, Nickel and alloys (including scrap) occupied the sixth place with a
share of 2.12% and ferro-alloy occupied the seventh position with a share of 1.19%. The
individual share of remaining metals & alloys was less than one per cent of the total value of
metals & alloys of imports.
During the year 2014-15, the quantity of imports of metals and alloys which have
shown increased are gold (non-monetory & monetory), iron & steel, nickel & alloys
including scrap, ferro-alloys, zinc & alloys including scrap, titanium & alloys, etc as
compared to the previous year and On the other hand, during 2014-15, the quantity of
imports of metals and alloys that has shown a decreased are tin & alloys including scrap,
tungsten & alloys including scrap, zirconium & alloys, etc as compared to the previous year.
The imports of metals & alloys during 2010-11 to 2014-15 are given as Annexure – IX (B).
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XII. CLASSIFICATION AND MINERALS PRODUCED IN INDIA
|nn| Classification of Minerals in India
I. Hydro Carbons Energy Minerals
1. Coal
2. Lignite
3. Petroleum (Crude)
4. Natural Gas
II. Atomic Minerals
1. Beryl and other beryllium-bearing minerals
2. Lithium-bearing minerals
3. Minerals of the ‚rare earths‛ group containing Uranium and Thorium
4. Niobium-bearing minerals
5. Phosphorites and other phosphatic ores containing Uranium
6. Pitchblende and other Uranium ores
7. Titanium bearing minerals and ores (Ilmenite, rutile and leucoxene)
8. Tantalum-bearing minerals
9. Uraniferous allanite, monazite and other thorium minerals
10. Uranium bearing tailings left over from ores after extraction of copper and gold,
Ilmenite and other titanium ores
11. Zirconium bearing minerals and ores including zircon
III. Metallic & Non-Metallic Minerals/major minerals
1. Asbestos
2. Bauxite
3. Chrome ore
4. Copper ore
5. Gold
6. Iron ore
7. Lead
8. Manganese ore
9. Zinc
10. Apatite
11. Phosphorite (Rock Phosphate)
12. Diamond
13. Garnet
14. Graphite
15. Kynite
16. Limestone
17. Limeshell
18. Magnesite
19. Sillimanite
20. Selenite
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21. Tin
22. Vermiculite
23. Wollastonite
24. Fluorite
25. Cadmium
26. Columbite – Tantalite
27. Nickel
28. Perllite
29. Pyrite
30. Rock salt
31. Ruby
32. Silver
33. Tungsten
34. Vanadium.
35. Flint stone
36. Marl
37. Moulding sand
38. Sulphur
39. Iolite
IV. Non Metallic/minor Minerals
1. Agate
2. Ball clay
3. Barytes
4. Calcareous sand
5. Calcite
6. Chalk
7. China clay/ Kaolin
8. Clay (others)
9. Corundum
10. Diaspore
11. Dolomite
12. Dunite
13. Pyroxenite
14. Felsite
15. Felspar
16. Fireclay
17. Fuchsite quartzite
18. Gypsum
19. Jasper
20. Laterite
21. Lime kankar
22. Mica
23. Ochre
24. Pyrophyllite
25. Quartz
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26. Quartzite
27. Sand (others)
28. Shale
29. Silica Sand
30. Slate
31. Steatite or Talc or Soapstone
32. Building Stones (Granite & other building stone)
33. Gravel
34. Ordinary clay
35. Marble
36. Shale when used for building material
37. Sand stone when used for building purposes or for making road metals and house-
hold utensils
38. Quartzite when used for building purposes or for making road metals and house-
hold utensils
39. Saltpetre
40. Ordinary sand other than used for prescribed purposes as given below:
i. purposes of refractory and manufacture of ceramic
ii. metallurgical purposes
iii. optical purposes
iv. purposes of stowing in coal mines
v. manufacture of silvicrete cement
vi. manufacture of sodium silicate
vii. manufacture of pottery & glass
41. Boulder
42. Shingle
43. Chalcedony for impure quartz pebbles used for ball mill purposes or filling for bore
wells or for decorative purposes in buildings
44. Limeshell when used in kilns for manufacture of lime used as building material
45. Lime kankar when used in kilns for manufacture of lime used as building material
46. Limestone when used in kilns for manufacture of lime used as building material
47. Brick earth
48. Fuller’s earth
49. Bentonite
50. Road metal
51. Reh-matti
52. Slate when used for building material
53. Stones used for making house-hold utensils
54. Ordinary earth when used for levelling or filling purposes in constructions of
embankments, roads, railways, buildings, etc.
55. Murrum
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|oo| Minerals Produced in India
I. Fuel minerals:
1. Coal
2. Lignite
3. Petroleum (Crude)
4. Natural Gas
II. Atomic Minerals:
1. Uranium
2. Monazite
3. Ilmenite
4. Rutile
5. Zircon
III. Metallic minerals:
1. Bauxite
2. Chrome ore
3. Copper ore
4. Gold
5. Iron ore
6. Lead
7. Manganese ore
8. Zinc
9. Tin
10. Silver
IV. Non-metallic minerals:
1. Asbestos
2. Apatite
3. Phosphorite/rock phosphate
4. Diamond
5. Garnet
6. Graphite
7. Kyanite
8. Limestone
9. Limeshell
10. Magnesite
11. Sillimanite
12. Selenite
13. Vermiculite
14. Wollastonite
15. Fluorite
16. Flint stone
17. Marl
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18. Moulding sand
19. Sulphur
20. Agate
21. Ball clay
22. Barytes
23. Calcite
24. Chalk
25. Kaolin/China clay
26. Clay(others)
27. Corundum
28. Diaspore
29. Dolomite
30. Dunite
31. Pyroxenite
32. Felsite
33. Felspar
34. Fireclay
35. Gypsum
36. Laterite
37. Lime kankar
38. Mica
39. Ochre
40. Pyrophyllite
41. Quartz
42. Quartzite
43. Sand (others)
44. Shale
45. Silica sand
46. Slate
47. Talc/soapstone/steatite
48. Building stones (Granite & other building stone)
49. Gravel
50. Ordinary clay
51. Marble
52. Shale when used for building material
53. Sand stone when used for building purposes or for making road metals and house-
hold utensils
54. Quartzite when used for building purposes or for making road metals and house-
hold utensils
55. Saltpetre
56. Ordinary sand other than used for prescribed purposes as given below:
i. purposes of refractory and manufacture of ceramic
ii. metallurgical purposes
iii. optical purposes
iv. purposes of stowing in coal mines
v. manufacture of silvicrete cement
vi. manufacture of sodium silicate
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vii. manufacture of pottery & glass
57. Boulder
58. Shingle
59. Chalcedony for impure quartz pebbles used for ball mill purposes or filling for bore
wells or for decorative purposes in buildings
60. Limeshell when used in kilns for manufacture of lime used as building material
61. Lime kankar when used in kilns for manufacture of lime used as building material
62. Limestone when used in kilns for manufacture of lime used as building material
63. Brick earth
64. Fuller’s earth
65. Bentonite
66. Road metal
67. Reh-matti
68. Slate when used for building material
69. Stones used for making house-hold utensils
70. Ordinary earth when used for levelling or filling purposes in constructions of
embankments, roads, railways, buildings, etc.
71. Murrum
|pp|Minerals Non-Produced in India as on March, 2015
No. of minerals not produced:
1. Cadmium
2. Columbite - tantalite
3. Nickel
4. Perlite
5. Pyrite
6. Rock Salt
7. Ruby
8. Tungsten
9. Vanadium
10. Iolite
11. Calcareous sand
12. Fuschite-Quartzite
13. Jaspar
XIII. GEOLOGY OF INDIAN SUB-CONTINENT
Indian sub-continent has a land area of 3.2875 million sq. km. of which about 74% is
constituted of hard rock while the remaining 26% lies under a thick alluvial cover. As a part
of the ancient super continent Gondwanaland, geologically India is akin to the mineral rich
counterpart continents Australia, Africa and South America and hence holds immense
potential for natural resources. The country can be divided into three well marked regions
from south to north each having a distinct lithological and tectonic setting.
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Peninsular India
The first is the Peninsular or Peninsular Shield (‘Shield’ being a term used for geologically
very old and stable parts of the crust) lying to the south of the plains of the Indus and
Ganges river systems. It has Precambrian (Archaean – Proterozoic) shield area, restrictively
overlain by the Gondwana, Deccan Trap and Tertiary to Recent Sedimentary Formations.
Indo-Gangetic Alluvial Tract
The second division comprises these Indo-Gangetic alluvial plains stretching across
northern India from Assam and Bengal on the east, through Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, to the
Punjab on the west. It has Neogene-Quaternary sediments lying between the Peninsular
areas and the Himalayas.
Extra-Peninsula
The third is the Extra-Peninsula, the mountainous region formed of the mighty Himalayan
ranges, is divided into four litho-morphotectonic belts from south to north namely, (i)
Foothill belt (Sub-Himalayas), (ii) Main Himalayan belt (Lesser Himalayas), (iii) Indus-
Shyok belt (Great Himalayas) and (iv) Karakoram belt (Tethys Himalyas), extending over
2500 km. It has Precambrian shield elements and a thick sequence of Phanerozoic rocks.
|qq| Geological Setting of Peninsular Region
The spatial distribution of these Precambrian rocks segments is restricted in the five cratonic
areas, known as Dharwar craton, Aravalli craton, Singhbhum craton, Bastar craton and
Bundelkhand craton. These cratonic areas are skirted by Proterozoic mobile belts, along
which the cratons have coalesced to form a composite landmass of the Indian Peninsular
shield area.
The Dharwar Craton, situated in southern part of India, comprises mostly of Peninsular
Gneiss basement rock of tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTC) composition and granite-
greenstone terrain in the north and the Proterozoic Southern Granulite Terrain in the south
with the Palghat-Cauvery shear zone marking their contact. The Dharwar craton is bounded
in the northeast by the Eastern Ghat Mobile Belt (EGMB). It is a granulite terrain made up of
charnockite, khondalite, quartzite, calc-granulite, pyroxene granulite and leptynites.
The Singhbhum Craton, situated in eastern part of India, is the richest mineralized cratonic
block in India. It comprises Archaean nucleus of South Singhbhum, Proterozoic Dalma
volcanic belt and Chotanagpur Gneissic Complex (CGC).
Central Indian Precambrian Shield is a mosaic of two crustal provinces the Bastar Craton
and Bundelkhand Craton separated by a prominent east-west trending Central Indian
Shear (CIS) or Central Indian Tectonic Zone (CITZ).The cratonic components of Bastar
includes Basement Gneiss, Sukma metamorphic suite, Bengpal Group, Bailadilla group,
undifferentiated granites and basic dykes. The BundelkhandCraton includes gneiss-
supracrustal-granite litho associations of Mahakoshal, Sausar and Betul-Chindwara belts
and the granulites in Sausar terrain, Bundelkhand gneiss-granitoid terrain and the cover
sequences of Vindhyan and BijawarSupergroup. The Precambrian of the Western Indian
Shield comprises the Banded Gneissic Complex (BGC) and the Aravalli-Delhi mobile belts
with Trans-Aravalli basins.
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During the Palaeoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic period Peninsular India witnessed the
development of a number of large intracratonic / pericratonicplatformal sedimentary basins
referred to as the Purana basins. The basins to the south of the Son-Narmada-Tapti
(SONATA) lineament- Cuddapah, Kaladgi-Bhima, Pakhal, Indravati, Abujhmar and
Chhattisgarh occur as isolated basins and the sediments to the north form the continuous
Vindhyan Basin. The Phanerozoic rocks in India, other than Deccan trap, are mainly
developed in the Gondwana basins and the western Indian shelf and coastal areas. It occur
within the suture zones of Precambrian cratonic blocks of Peninsular India and are exposed
along three major rift valleys, Godavari, Mahanadi and Damodar.
The Deccan Trap of Upper Cretaceous to Eocene age, however, covers a large area (0.6
million sq. km.) of the Peninsular India are extensive sheets of horizontally bedded lavas of
tholeiitic flood basalts. Mesozoic, Tertiary and quaternary sediments occur at places.
Achaean-Proterozoic sequence is by far the most important hosts for occurrence of metallic
deposits. In addition, igneous, metamorphic and a few sedimentary rocks also form a
variety of dimensional stones for which large domestic market as well as export potential
exists. The major part of multi-coloured dimension stones is restricted to the Precambrian
terrain.
|rr| Geology of Extra-peninsular Area
The Himalayan mountain chain emerged during the Tertiary. The foothill Himalaya is a 10 –
50 km wide Miocene to Recent Molasse sequence represented by Siwalik, Murree and
Subathu Group of rocks. This is followed to the north by the Lesser and Higher Himalaya,
represented by geological sequence of Proterozoic age with Phanerozoic cover.The foothill
Himalaya is separated from the Lesser Himalaya by the north–dipping Main Boundary
Fault (MBF) or the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT). Main Frontal Thrust (MFT) limits the
margins of the Siwalik Zone against the Ganga Plains to the south.
The metallogeny of the most impressive Himalayan mountain range is not fully well
studied. The Himalaya deserves a thorough scanning for possible but varied metallogeny
ranging from sedimentary-digenetic types in the Frontal belt, SEDEX type and hydrothermal
deposits in Lesser Himalaya, Tertiary granitic pluton related metallization in Central
crystalline, bedded deposits in Tethyan sediments, ophiolite related metallization along
Indus-Tsangpo suture zone and porphyry type deposits in Trans-Himalayan region. There
are many prominent hydrothermal alteration zones with or without mineral shows which
may also lead to metal concentration in deeper levels.
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XIV METALLOGENIC MAP OF INDIA
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XV. MINERAL PROVINCES
|ss|State-wise Details of Mineral Belts within the OGP Areas
Name of state OGP area
(sq. km.) Geological Terrain Major Mineral Commodities
Andhra
Pradesh&
Telangana
1,31,500 Granite-gneissic terrain &
layered complex of A.P.,
Greenstone belts, EGMB,
Cuddapah basin &Pranhita-
Godavari valley coal field
Gold, Diamond, Base Metal,
PGE, Iron-ore, Manganese,
Bauxite, Limestone, Coal
Karnataka 80,000 Granite-greenstone terrain &
layered complex, Greenstone
belt & Western Ghat
Gold, Diamond, Base Metal,
PGE, Bauxite, Iron-ore,
Manganese, Chromite,
Limestone
Tamil Nadu 17,300 Harur-Uttangarai belt,
Greenstone belt, Granulite
belt, Sittapundi complex,
Attur-Satyamangalam belt,
Neyveli&Mannargudi lignite
field
Gold, Base Metal, PGE, Iron-
ore, Bauxite, Chromite,
Molybdenum, Lignite
Kerala 6,000 Nilambur-Attapadi belt,
Western Ghat
Gold, Bauxite, PGE
Maharashtra 28,100 Sakoli fold belt, Sausarbelt,
Wairagarh belt, Satpura
basin
Gold, Base Metal, Diamond,
Manganese, Bauxite, PGE,
Coal, Iron-ore
MadhyaPradesh 31,300 Mahakoshal fold belt, Betul
belt, Aravalli fold belt,
Bundelkhandgranitoid
province, Vindhyans,
Bauxite belt of Amarkantak.
Satpura, Son-Mahanadi &
Narmada basin
Gold, Base Metal, Diamond,
Limestone, Bauxite, PGE, Coal
Chhattisgarh 57,250 Sonakhan, Bailadila-
Rowghat belt, Bauxite belt of
Phutkapahar, Satpura, Son-
Mahanadi & Narmada basin
Gold, Diamond, Iron-ore,
Bauxite, Limestone, Coal
Orissa 47,025 Baula-Nuasahi belt,
Gangpur belt, Bonai-
Noamundi belt,
Garumahisani belt, Eastern
Ghat Mobile belt, Part of
Bastar craton, Son-Mahanadi
coal basin
Gold, Diamond, Base Metal,
Iron-ore, Manganese,
Chromite, PGE, Bauxite, Coal
Jharkhand&
Bihar
23,550 Singbhun-Gangpur fold belt,
Ranchi plateau,
Chhotanagpur gneissic
Gold, Base Metal, Bauxite,
Manganese, Chromite, PGE,
Iron-ore, Mica, Coal
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Name of state OGP area
(sq. km.) Geological Terrain Major Mineral Commodities
complex, Rpro- Jojohatu belt,
Son-Mahanadi valley coal
basin.
West Bengal 5,240 Singhbhum-Gangpur-
Purulia fold belt, Daling
Group, Damodar -
Koel&Rajmahal coal basin
Gold, Base Metal, Coal
Gujarat 25,100 Aravalli fold belt, South
Delhi fold belt, Cambay
&Kalol basin
Gold, Base Metal, Bauxite,
Limestone, Lignite
Rajasthan 1,02,000 BhilwaraSupergroup,
Aravalli & Delhi fold belt,
Sanchor lignite basin
Gold, Tungsten, Tin, Base
Metal, Limestone, Lignite
Uttar Pradesh
&Uttarakhand
9,100 Mahakoshal fold belt,
BundelkhandGranitoid
province, Vindhyans
Base Metal, Diamond, Gold
Haryana 1,300 North Delhi fold belt,
Tosham belt
Base Metal, Tin, Tungsten
Meghalaya 2,510 Shillong Plateau, Mikir Hills,
Singrimari coal basin
Limestone, Base Metal, PGE,
Iron-ore, Coal
Assam 940 KarbiAnglong domain,
Singrimari coal basin
Base Metal, Iron-ore, Coal
Sikkim 1,000 Daling Group Base Metal
Goa 1,500 Green stone belt Iron, Manganese, Bauxite,
Gold
Total 5,70,715
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|tt|State-wise and Mineral-wise Details of Mineral Belts within the OGP Areas
(square kilometres)
No. Mineral State
OGP Gold
Diamond
& Precious
Stones
Base
Metal
Platinum
Group of
Elements
Iron-ore Manganese Chromite Molybdenum Coal &
Lignite
Tin &
Tungsten Bauxite
State
1 Andhra
Pradesh
131,500 3,000 117,000 33,000 300 400 500 - - 11,000 - 6,000
2 Rajasthan 102,000 25,000 85,350 - - - - - 16,000 - -
3 Karnataka 80,000 35,000 62,000 2,000 4,000 2,130 1,360 360 - - - 300
4 Chhattisgarh 57,250 2,800 45,000 205 - 7,450 350
5 Odisha 47,025 8,680 29,000 4,800 1,400 700 1,110 1,400 - 1,725 19,000
6 Madhya
Pradesh
31,300 5,650 18,400 9,000 - - - - - 5,600 - 350
7 Maharashtra 28,100 5,500 18,000 5,500 1,000 430 - - 3,100 - 750
8 Gujarat 25,100 5,500 18,300 - 5,800 1,000
9 Jharkhand &
Bihar
23,550 11,180 - 12,120 430 300 600 430 - 3,350 - 250
10 Tamil Nadu 17,300 1,000 3,000 1,500 1,000 800 500 6,000 3,300 - 200
11 Uttar Pradesh 9,100 4,500 5,600 4,500 - - - - - - - -
12 Kerala 6,000 1,000 2,000 - - - - - - - - 3,000
13 West Bengal 5,240 2,580 3,330 - - - - - 1,940 -
14 Meghalaya 2,510 - - - - - - - 760 - -
15 Goa 1,500 1,500 600 600 - - - 1,050
16 Haryana 1,300 - - - - - - - - - 1,300 -
17 Sikkim 1,000 1,000 - - - - - - - -
18 Assam 940 - - 750 - - - - - 190 - -
Total Area 570,715 112,890 300,000 181,150 8,130 5,135 4,600 2,690 6,000 60,215 1,300 32,250
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XVI. MINERAL WISE RESERVES/RESOURCES AS ON 01.04.2010/2013*
Sl.
No
Mineral Unit Reserves Remaining
Resources
Total Resources
1 Alexandrite - N. E. N. E. N. E.
2 Andalusite 000’ tonnes - 18,450 18,450
3 Antimony*
Ore tonnes - 10,588 10,588
Metal - 174 174
4 Apatite* tonnes 30,792 22,630,348 22,661,140
5 Asbestos tonnes 2,510,841 19,655,762 22,166,603
6 Ball clay tonnes 16,777,842 66,615,662 83,393,504
7 Barytes tonnes 31,584,128 41,149,746 72,733,874
8 Bauxite* 000’ tonnes 830,195 2,908,856 3,739,051
9 Bentonite tonnes 25,060,508 543,306,838 568,367,346
10 Borax tonnes - 74,204 74,204
11 Calcite tonnes 2,664,338 18,281,110 20,945,448
12 Chalk 000’ tonnes 4,332 585 4,917
13 China clay/Kaolin 000’ tonnes 177,158 2,528,049 2,705,207
14 Chromite* 000’ tonnes 107,221 214,530 321,751
15 Cobalt (Ore)* Million
tonnes
- 44.91 44.91
16 Copper*
Ore 000’ tonnes 237,573 1,273,445 1,511,018
Metal 2,996.97 9,221.56 12,218.53
17 Corundum* tonnes 598 267,219 267,816
18 Diamond* carats 984,875 30,876,432 31,861,307
19 Diaspore tonnes 2,859,674 3,125,144 5,984,818
20 Diatomite 000’ tonnes - 2,885 2,885
21 Dolomite* 000’ tonnes 783,905 7,300,667 8,084,572
22 Dunite 000’ tonnes 17,137 168,232 185,369
23 Emerald - N. E. N. E. N. E.
24 Feldspar tonnes 44,503,240 87,832,212 132,335,452
25 Fire clay 000’ tonnes 30,104 683,415 713,519
26 Fluorite* tonnes 4,573,348 13,614,193 18,187,541
27 Fullers Earth tonnes 58,200 256,593,879 256,652,079
28 Garnet tonnes 19,324,793 37,638,032 56,962,824
29 Gold*
Ore (Primary) tonnes 14,615,965 480,188,061 494,804,026
Metal (Primary) 71.91 568.5 640.41
Ore (Placer) - 26,121,000 26,121,000
Metal (Placer) - 5.86 5.86
30 Granite (Dimension
Stone)
000’ cum 263,692 45,966,608 46,230,300
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Sl.
No
Mineral Unit Reserves Remaining
Resources
Total Resources
31 Graphite* tonnes 8,468,677 180,204,794 188,673,471
32 Gypsum 000’ tonnes 39,096 1,247,402 1,286,498
33 Iron Ore *
Haematite
000’ tonnes 6,606,562 13,969,145 20,575,707
34 Iron Ore*
Magnetite
000’ tonnes 34,592 10,712,763 10,747,355
35 Kyanite tonnes 1,574,853 101,670,767 103,245,620
36 Laterite* 000’ tonnes 59,898 498,777 558,675
37 Lead and zinc*
Ore 000’ tonnes 102,795 606,248 709,043
Metal Lead 2,114.91 9,888.89 12,003.80
Zinc 10,893.10 24,963.00 35,856.10
Lead +Zinc 0 140.82 140.82
38 Limestone 000’ tonnes 14,926,392 170,008,720 184,935,112
39 Magnesite* 000’ tonnes 20,773 307,339 328,111
40 Manganese ore* 000’ tonnes 95,872 379,314 475,184
41 Marble 000’ tonnes 276,495 1,654,968 1,931,463
42 Marl tonnes 139,976,150 11,704,870 151,681,020
43 Mica Kg. 190,741,448 341,495,531 532,236,979
44 Molybdenum *
Ore tonnes
- 19,371,698 19,371,698
Contained MoS2 12,668.37 12,668.37
45 Nickel (Ore)* Million
tonnes
- 189 189
46 Ochre tonnes 54,942,176 89,319,089 144,261,265
47 Perlite 000’tonnes 428 1,978 2,406
48 PGM (Metal) tonnes of
metal
content
- 15.7 15.7
49 Potash Million
tonnes
- 21,816 21,816
50 Pyrite 000’ tonnes - 1,674,401 1,674,401
51 Pyrophyllite tonnes 23,275,451 32,807,451 56,082,902
52 Quartz/ Silica Sand 000’ tonnes 429,223 3,069,808 3,499,031
53 Quartzite 000’ tonnes 86,599 1,164,649 1,251,248
54 Rock Phosphate* tonnes 65,391,551 249,119,998 314,511,549
55 Rock Salt 000’ tonnes 16,026 - 16,026
56 Ruby Kg 236 5,112 5,348
57 Sapphire Kg - 450 450
58 Shale 000’ tonnes 15,331 580 15,911
59 Sillimanite tonnes 4,085,052 62,902,385 66,987,437
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Sl.
No
Mineral Unit Reserves Remaining
Resources
Total Resources
60 Silver*
Ore tonnes 118,281,065 401,288,894 519,569,959
Metal 7,907.97 21,880.38 29,788.35
61 Slate 000’ tonnes 0 2,369 2,369
62 Sulphur (Native) 000’ tonnes - 210 210
63 Talc/Steatite/
Soapst
000’ tonnes 90,026 178,996 269,022
64 Tin*
Ore tonnes
6,973 83,719,193 83,726,166
Metal 1,181.19 101,093.65 102,274.84
65 Titanium minerals tonnes 22,030,223 371,965,694 393,995,917
66 Tungsten*
Ore tonnes - 87,387,464 87,387,464
Contained WO3 - 142,094.35 142,094.35
67 Vanadium*
Ore tonnes
- 24,633,855 24,633,855
Contained V2O5 - 64,594.01 64594.01
68 Vermiculite tonnes 1,704,007 803,003 2,507,010
69 Wollastonite tonnes 2,487,122 14,082,751 16,569,873
70 Zircon tonnes 1,347,470 1,786,482 3,133,952
Figures rounded off. N.E. :- Not Estimated * Reserves/resources as on 01-04-2013.
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XVII. INFORMATION NEEDED BY THE INVESTORS
GSI could provide the following information to the potential investors.
Geological Map of India (1:2M; 1:5M and 1:50000)
Mineral Atlas of India(1:2M)(77 maps sheets)
Mineral Belt Map (1:50,000)
Tectonic Map(1:2M;1:7.5M)
Sea Bed Sediment Maps (1:0.5M)
Geological and Mineral Maps of states
District Resource maps
Seismotectonic Atlas of India
Compilation and digitization of ~5000maps on 1:50,000 scales in advanced stage
Derivative map from aerogeophysical survey Remote Sensing study
|uu| Detailed Information Dossier (DID)
For Gold, Diamond, Bauxite, Iron ores, Manganese, Molybdenum, Chromite, Tungsten and
Copper-lead-zinc (Basic data on mineral provinces, belts, occurrences and known deposits)
More than 1,500 Publications
More than 45,000 unpublished professional reports available in soft copies
Contact address: [email protected]@gsi.gov.in
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Page | 65
XVIII. IMPORTANT WEBSITES AND LINKS
Website/Act/Rule URL
Ministry of Mines website http://www.mines.gov.in
National Mineral Policy http://mines.gov.in/writereaddata/Content/88753b05_NMP2
008[1].pdf
Mines and Minerals
(Development & Regulation)
Act, 1957
http://egazette.nic.in/writereaddata/1957/E-2142-1957-0052-
97089.pdf ;
http://ibm.nic.in/writereaddata/files/07102014115602MMDR
%20Act%201957_10052012.pdf
The Mines and Minerals
(Development and Regulation)
Amendment Act, 2015
http://www.mines.gov.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/The_Mi
nes-and-Minerals_Amendment_Act,2015.pdf
Mineral Concession Rules, 1960 http://mines.gov.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/Mineral%20C
oncession%20Rule,%201960.pdf
Mineral Conservation &
Development Rules, 1988
http://mines.gov.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/Mineral%20C
onservation%20and%20Development%20Rules,%201988.pdf
Mineral (Auction) Rules, 2015 http://mines.gov.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/Mineral%20(
Auction)%20Rules,%202015.pdf
The Minerals (Evidence of
Mineral Contents) Rules, 2015
http://www.mines.gov.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/Mineral
s(EvidenceofMineralContents)Rules_2015.pdf
The Mineral (Non-exclusive
Reconnaissance Permit) Rules,
2015
http://www.mines.gov.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/1.pdf
The Mines Act, 1952 http://www.dgms.net/ma_1952.pdf,
http://india.gov.in/mines-act-1952
The Mines Rules, 1955 http://www.dgms.net/mr.pdf
The Offshore Areas Mineral
(Development and Regulation)
Act, 2002
http://mines.gov.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/Offshore_Are
as_Mineral_Development_Regulation_Act_2002.pdf
The Offshore Areas Mineral
Concession Rules, 2006
http://mines.gov.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/Offshore%20
Areas%20Mineral%20Concession%20Rules,%202006.pdf
Atomic Minerals Act http://dae.nic.in/?q=node/153
Geological Survey of India http://portal.gsi.gov.in
Income Tax website http://www.incometaxindia.gov.in/Pages/default.aspx
Service Tax website http://www.servicetax.gov.in/
Indian Bureau of Mines http://ibm.nic.in/
Back to Index
Page | 66
Mineral Exploration
Corporation Limited
http://www.mecl.gov.in/
Survey of India http://www.surveyofindia.gov.in/
State Directorates of Geology &
Mining
Department of Mines and
Geology, Andhra Pradesh
http://web-grafix.in/apmines/
Department of Mines &
Geology, Bihar
http://mines.bih.nic.in/
Directorate of Geology and
Mining, Mineral Resources
Department, Chhattisgarh
http://chhattisgarhmines.gov.in/
Commissioner of Geology &
Mining, Industry & Mines
Department, Gujarat
http://www.geomining.gujarat.gov.in/
Department of Mines &
Geology, Jharkhand
http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/mines-geology
Department of Mines and
Geology, Karnataka
http://mines.kar.nic.in/
Directorate of Geology and
Mines, Mineral Resources
Department, Madhya Pradesh
http://www.mineralresources.mp.gov.in/home
Directorate of Geology and
Mines, Maharashtra
http://www.mahadgm.gov.in/Index.aspx
Directorate of Geology and
Mines, Steel & Mines
Department, Odisha
http://www.orissaminerals.gov.in/Website/defaultnew.aspx
Directorate of Geology and
Mines, Rajasthan
http://www.dmg-raj.org/
Department of Geology and
Mining, Tamil Nadu
http://www.tnmine.tn.nic.in/
Directorate of Geology and
Mining, Uttar Pradesh
http://mineral.up.nic.in/
Directorate of Mines and
Minerals, West Bengal
http://www.dmm.gov.in/
Back To Index
1
Annexure– I
Production of selected Minerals, 2010-11 to 2014-15 (E)
(Value in Rs. crores)
Back To Index
2
(Value in Rs. crores)
Back To Index
3
Annexure - II
Minerals wise no. of reporting mines for MCDR Minerals
(in numbers)
Mineral 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14(P)
Bauxite 197 193 172 178 163
Chromite 22 21 22 25 26
Copper Ore 0 0 0 0 0
Copper Conc. 4 4 4 5 5
Gold Ore 0 0 0 0 0
Gold 4 4 4 4 4
Iron Ore 320 336 313 310 298
Lead Conc. 7 6 6 8 8
Manganese Ore 142 149 155 172 153
Tin Conc. 5 6 6 6 6
Agate 1 1 1 1 1
Apatite 2 2 2 2 2
Phosphorite 7 7 5 5 3
Asbestos 5 5 5 5 4
Ball Clay 39 40 57 48 49
Barytes 11 8 12 21 21
Calcite 2 4 3 8 6
Chalk 128 129 128 114 103
Clay (others) 18 13 35 51 54
Corundum 0 0 0 2 0
Diamond 2 2 2 2 2
Diaspore 0 0 0 0 0
Dolomite 123 136 194 197 173
Dunite 1 1 1 1 1
Felspar 72 85 123 212 234
Fireclay 51 60 82 74 52
Felsite 6 6 3 5 3
Fluorite(graded) 3 3 3 2 2
Flint Stone 2 2 2
Garnet (abrasive) 66 64 67 58 67
Graphite (r.o.m.) 32 24 21 16 11
Gypsum 27 30 38 37 39
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4
Mineral 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14(P)
Iolite 1 2 2 2 2
Jasper 0 0 0 0 0
Kaolin 92 81 105 145 158
Kyanite 4 5 3 4 3
Sillimanite 4 4 4 5 5
Laterite 23 23 53 69 61
Limestone 565 592 719 778 717
Lime Kankar 3 2 4 4 2
Limeshell 6 6 6 6 6
Magnesite 8 10 11 15 14
Mica (crude) 32 32 35 36 38
Ochre 21 30 43 39 38
Pyrophyllite 33 30 34 35 37
Pyroxenite 3 3 3 4 2
Quartz 92 100 207 308 251
Quartzite 14 13 24 34 28
Silica Sand 132 122 149 170 136
Moulding Sand 1 3 5
Sand (others) 12 14 11 11 16
Salt (rock) 1 1 0 0 0
Shale 3 2 6 8 10
Slate 0 0 0 1 1
Steatite 126 123 138 141 111
Selenite 3 3 3 3 2
Vermiculite 5 5 5 8 8
Wollastonite 2 3 4 3 4
(P): Provisional; Source: MCDR returns.
Note:The Reporting mine is defined as, "a mine reporting production or reporting 'Nil' production
during a year but engaged in developmental work such as overburden removal, underground
driving, winzing, sinking work; exploration by pitting, trenching or drilling as evident from the
MCDR Returns".
Back To Index
5
Annexure-III (A)
State wise Average Daily Employment*
(in numbers)
State 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14(P)
ANDHRA PRADESH 10460 12831 7872
ASSAM 110 147 71
BIHAR 257 275 150
CHHATTISGARH 10254 11213 10714
GOA 7626 5810 3093
GUJARAT 6635 8635 7295
HARYANA 0 5 2
HIMACHAL PRADESH 711 622 570
JAMMU & KASHMIR 111 167 127
JHARKHAND 12769 11235 9917
KARNATAKA 13113 10809 10699
KERALA 2123 2396 2439
MADHYA PRADESH 14317 12682 11556
MAHARASHTRA 4971 5387 5402
MEGHALAYA 588 601 478
ORISSA 32853 33654 31358
RAJASTHAN 14575 15761 18741
TAMIL NADU 6532 7196 7112
TELANGANA - - 2355
UTTAR PRADESH 941 964 465
UTTARAKHAND 1508 1694 595
WEST BENGAL 677 649 444
Total 141131 142733 131455
(P): Provisional; Source: MCDR returns;
* :(excluding fuel, atomic & minor minerals)
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6
Annexure – III (B)
Mineral wise Average Daily Employment*
(in numbers)
Mineral 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14(P)
Bauxite 8178 7851 7684 7410 6668
Chromite 6735 6862 6845 6761 6097
Copper Conc. 2611 2712 2774 2898 2892
Gold 3210 3150 3100 3204 3361
Iron Ore 43557 46183 46752 42645 38228
Lead Conc. 3859 3408 3980 4665 6814
Manganese Ore 13806 14117 14587 15550 14396
Tin Conc. 44 53 47 39 30
Agate 3 12 13 9 14
Apatite 271 195 196 187 125
Phosphorite 1236 1554 1408 1163 1285
Asbestos 71 57 44 43 38
Ball Clay 363 422 771 527 594
Barytes 507 617 606 900 932
Calcite 24 49 44 97 61
Chalk 1294 1264 1389 1376 1142
Clay (others) 179 93 279 461 588
Corundum 0 0 0 35 0
Diamond 167 163 167 180 159
Dolomite 2554 3047 3426 3986 3412
Dunite 3 3 7 5 9
Felspar 686 793 973 1987 2168
Fireclay 548 553 906 777 500
Felsite 41 30 22 40 10
Fluorite(graded) 123 113 104 86 60
Flint Stone 7 7 6
Garnet (abrasive) 4091 3484 3507 3269 3299
Garnet (gem) 0 0 0 0 0
Graphite (r.o.m.) 454 313 316 346 180
Gypsum 294 323 334 375 389
Iolite 221 214 107 32 40
Kaolin 2226 2078 2347 2818 2431
Kyanite 115 127 56 55 38
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7
Mineral 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14(P)
Sillimanite 2066 1790 1683 1767 2026
Laterite 379 300 625 971 884
Limestone 21006 20031 23138 22615 21133
Lime Kankar 29 21 31 20 15
Limeshell 369 361 517 568 547
Magnesite 899 899 777 964 800
Mica (crude) 403 405 389 451 440
Ochre 287 402 454 509 384
Pyrophyllite 1200 1324 1277 1610 1172
Pyroxenite 129 127 155 200 29
Quartz 751 1075 2007 3113 2464
Quartzite 285 226 562 830 591
Silica Sand 2392 2191 2358 2902 1878
Moulding Sand 7 22 35
Salt (rock) 24 22 0 0 0
Shale 13 5 28 32 52
Slate 0 0 0 5 2
Steatite 3731 3748 3894 3685 2526
Selenite 26 33 36 30 11
Vermiculite 69 75 88 73 103
Wollastonite 325 540 506 433 397
(P): Provisional; Source: MCDR returns
* :(excluding fuel, atomic & minor minerals)
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8
Annexure-IV(A)
Contribution and Rank of India in World Production of Principal Minerals & Metals, 2013
Commodity Unit of
quantity
Production Contribution
(percentage)
India’s
rank in
order of
quantum of
production
World India*
Fuel minerals
Coal & lignite Million tonnes 7906 612 7.7 3rd
Petroleum Million tonnes 4425 38 1 25th
Metallic minerals
Bauxite ‘000 tonnes 296000 21666 7.3 5th
Chromite ‘000 tonnes 28800 2853 9.9 3rd
Iron ore Million tonnes 3157 152 4.8 4th
Manganese ore ‘000 tonnes 52800 2588 4.9 6th
Industrial minerals
Barytes ‘000 tonnes 8400 1137 13.5 2nd
Kyanite, Andalusite/
sillimanite
‘000 tonnes 501# 64 12.8 4th
Magnesite ‘000 tonnes 46900 195 0.4 12th
Apatite & rock
phosphate
‘000 tonnes 235000 1385 0.6 16th
Talc/steatite/pyrophylli
te
‘000 tonnes 9268 1074 11.6 2nd
Mica (crude) Tonnes 350000 1610 0.5 16th
Metals
Aluminum ‘000 tonnes 47100 1667 3.5 7th
Copper (refined) ‘000 tonnes 21000 644 3.0 10th
Steel (crude/liquid) Million tonnes 1607 @81.54 5.1 4th
Lead (refined) ‘000 tonnes 10500 123 1.2 15th
Zinc (slab) ‘000 tonnes 13200 766 5.8 3rd
* Figures relate to 2013-14,
@ JPC bulletin, Kolkota inApril, 2014
Source : World Mineral Production, 2009-2013; British Geological Survey.
#: World production for reporting countries.
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9
Annexure-IV(B)
Degree of Self-sufficiency in Principal Minerals & Metals, 2013-14(P)
Sl.
No.
Commodity
Demand/Domestic
consumption
(‘000 tonnes)
Supply/Domestic
supply
(‘000 tonnes)
Order of self-
sufficiency (%)
Minerals
1 Asbestos (chrysotile) 104 ++ ++
2 Barytes 186 1137 100
3 Bauxite 12021 21666 100
4 Chromite 2622 2853 100
5 Dolomite 6794 7109 100
6 Feldspar 497 1412 100
7 Fireclay 536 707 100
8 Fluorite 63 3 5
9 Gypsum (Natural) 5516 2930 53
10 Iron ore 107879 152433 100
11 Kyanite 3 2 66
12 Limestone & other
calcareous minerals
270518 278884 1/ 100
13 Magnesite 491 195 40
14 Manganese ore 4186 2588 62
15 Rock phosphate
(including apatite)
4192 1385 33
16 Sillimanite 21 62 100
17 Silica minerals 2136 5272 100
18 Sulphur 2005 390 2/ 19
19 Talc/steatite/pyrophyllite 381 1074 100
Metals 3/
20 Aluminium 2308 1667 72
21 Copper (refined) 638 644 100
22 Lead (primary) 233 123 53
23 Zinc (Ingot) 774 766 99
Ferro-alloys 4/
24 Ferro-chrome 287 944 100
25 Ferro-manganese 125 518 100
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10
26 Ferro-silicon 42 90 100
Note: Even in cases where almost entire domestic demand is satisfied by domestic supplies, some
quantities of
certain special quality/types of minerals and metals/ferro-alloys are imported to meet the requirement in
certain specific end-uses.
1 / Excludes production of limestone as a minor mineral, calcite and chalk.
2 / Relates to recovery of by-product sulphur from petroleum refineries.
3 / Apparent demand.
4 / Excludes production in small-scale sector.
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11
Annexure- V
MINERAL WISE RESERVES/RESOURCES AS ON 01.04.2010/*2013
Sl.
No
Mineral Unit Reserves Remaining
Resources
Total
Resources
Principle states in
terms of incidence of
resources
I. Metallic Minerals (Ferrous Gp.)
1 Chromite* 000’
tonnes
107,221 214,530 321,751 Odisha – 96%
2 Iron Ore *
Haematite
000’
tonnes
6,606,562 13,969,145 20,575,707 Odisha – 35%,
Jharkhand- 25%
Chhattisgarh- 20%
3 Iron Ore*
Magnetite
000’
tonnes
34,592 10,712,763 10,747,355 Karnataka – 73%,
A.P.- 14%
4 Manganese
ore*
000’
tonnes
95,872 379,314 475,184 Odisha – 45%,
Karnataka – 20%,
M.P. – 11%,
II. Metallic Minerals (Non-Ferrous Gp.)
1 Antimony*
Ore tonnes - 10,588 10,588 H.P. – 100%
Metal - 174 174
2 Bauxite* 000’
tonnes
830,195 2,908,856 3,739,051 Odisha -53%,
A.P. -16%,
Gujarat – 8%
3 Copper*
Ore 000’
tonnes
237,573 1,273,445 1,511,018 Rajasthan- 54%,
Jharkhand- 20%,
M.P.- 19%
Metal 2,996.97 9,221.56 12,218.53
4 Lead and zinc*
Ore 000’
tonnes
102,795 606,248 709,043 Rajasthan – 89%,
A.P.- 3%
Metal Lead 2,114.91 9,888.89 12,003.80
Metal Zinc 10,893.10 24,963.00 35,856.10
Metal Lead
+Zinc
0 140.82 140.82
5 PGM (Metal) tonnes of - 15.7 15.7 Odisha – 90%,
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12
metal
content
Karnataka – 10%
III. Precious & Semi-precious Minerals
1 Corundum* tonnes 598 267,219 267,816 Karnataka – 65%,
A.P. – 29%
2 Diamond* carats 984,875 30,876,432 31,861,307 M.P.- 90%
3 Garnet tonnes 19,324,793 37,638,032 56,962,824 T.N. – 59%,
A.P. -34%
4 Gold*
Ore
(Primary)
14,615,965 480,188,061 494,804,026 Bihar – 45%,
Rajasthan – 24%,
Karnataka – 21%
Metal(Primary) 71.91 568.5 640.41
Ore (Placer) - 26,121,000 26,121,000
Metal (Placer) - 5.86 5.86
5 Ruby Kg 236 5,112 5,348 Odisha – 100%
6 Sapphire Kg - 450 450 J& K – 100%
7 Silver*
Ore tonnes 118,281,065 401,288,894 519,569,959 Rajasthan – 88%
Metal 7,907.97 21,880.38 29,788.35
IV. Strategic Minerals
1 Cobalt (Ore)* Million
tonnes
- 44.91 44.91 Odisha – 69%,
Jharkhand – 20%
2 Molybdenum *
Ore tonnes - 19,371,698 19,371,698 T. N. – 52%,
M.P. – 41%
Contained
MoS2
12,668.37 12,668.37
3 Nickel (Ore)* Million
tonnes
- 189 189 Odisha – 93%
4 Tin*
Ore tonnes 6,973 83,719,193 83,726,166 Haryana – 64%,
Chhattisgarh – 36%
Metal 1,181.19 101,093.65 102,274.84
5 Titanium
minerals
tonnes 22,030,223 371,965,694 393,995,917 Kerala- 33%,
T.N.- 30%,
A.P. – 19%
6 Tungsten*
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13
Ore tonnes - 87,387,464 87,387,464 Karnataka- 42%
Rajasthan- 27%
Contained
WO3
- 142,094.35 142,094.35
7 Vanadium*
Ore tonnes - 24,633,855 24,633,855 Karnataka – 79%,
Odisha – 20%
Contained
V2O5
- 64,594.01 64594.01
V. Fertiliser Minerals
1 Gypsum 000’
tonnes
39,096 1,247,402 1,286,498 Rajasthan – 82%,
J & K – 14%
2 Apatite* tonnes 30,792 22,630,348 22,661,140 W.Bengal -54%,
Jharkhand-32%
3 Rock
Phosphate*
tonnes 65,391,551 249,119,998 314,511,549 Jharkhand – 34%,
Rajasthan – 31%
4 Potash Million
tonnes
- 21,816 21,816 Rajasthan – 94%,
M.P. – 5%
5 Pyrite 000’
tonnes
- 1,674,401 1,674,401 Bihar – 94 %,
Rajasthan – 5%
6 Sulphur
(Native)
000’
tonnes
- 210 210 J & K – 100%
VI. Refractory Minerals
1 Andalusite 000’
tonnes
- 18,450 18,450 Uttar Pradesh -78%,
Jharkhand -22%
2 Fire clay 000’
tonnes
30,104 683,415 713,519 Odisha – 24%,
M.P. 17%,
T.N.- 16 %
3 Graphite* tonnes 8,468,677 180,204,794 188,673,471 Arunachal Pradesh –
39%,
J & K -33%,
Jharkhand – 8%
4 Kyanite tonnes 1,574,853 101,670,767 103,245,620 A.P. -79%,
Karnataka- 13%
5 Magnesite* 000’
tonnes
20,773 307,339 328,111 Uttarakhand – 71%,
Rajasthan – 16%
6 Pyrophyllite tonnes 23,275,451 32,807,451 56,082,902 M.P. -56%,
Odisha -22%,
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14
U.P. -10%
7 Sillimanite tonnes 4,085,052 62,902,385 66,987,437 T.N. – 27%,
Odisha- 20%,
U.P. – 17%
VII . Ceramic and Glass Minerals
1 Ball clay tonnes 16,777,842 66,615,662 83,393,504 A.P. -61%,
Rajasthan – 38%
2 China clay 000’
tonnes
177,158 2,528,049 2,705,207 Kerala- 25%,
Rajasthan – 16%,
W.B. – 16%
3 Feldspar tonnes 44,503,240 87,832,212 132,335,452 Rajasthan -66%,
A.P. – 16%
4 Quartz/Silica
Sand
000’
tonnes
429,223 3,069,808 3,499,031 Haryana – 52%,
Rajasthan – 10%,
T.N. – 7%
5 Wollastonite tonnes 2,487,122 14,082,751 16,569,873 Rajasthan – 88%,
Gujarat – 12%
VII. Other Industrial Minerals
1 Asbestos tonnes 2,510,841 19,655,762 22,166,603 Rajasthan – 61%,
Karnataka – 37%
2 Barytes tonnes 31,584,128 41,149,746 72,733,874 A.P. - -94%,
Rajasthan – 4%
3 Borax tonnes - 74,204 74,204 J & K – 100 %
4 Calcite tonnes 2,664,338 18,281,110 20,945,448 Rajasthan – 50 %,
A.P. – 42%
5 Chalk 000’
tonnes
4,332 585 4,917 Gujarat – 100%
6 Diaspore tonnes 2,859,674 3,125,144 5,984,818 M.P. -63%,
U.P. – 37%
7 Diatomite 000’
tonnes
- 2,885 2,885 Rajasthan – 72%,
Gujarat – 28%
8 Dolomite* 000’
tonnes
783,905 7,300,667 8,084,572 M.P. – 28%, A.P.- 15%
9 Dunite 000’
tonnes
17,137 168,232 185,369 T.N. – 63%,
Karnataka- 17%
10 Fluorite* tonnes 4,573,348 13,614,193 18,187,541 Gujarat – 66%,
Rajasthan – 29%
Back To Index
15
Sl.
No
Mineral Unit Reserves Remaining
Resources
Total
Resources
Principle states in
terms of incidence of
resources
11 Laterite* 000’ tonnes 59,898 498,777 558,675 M.P. – 52%,
Rajasthan – 22%,
A.P.- 14%
12 Limestone 000’ tonnes 14,926,392 170,008,720 184,935,112 Karnataka- 28%,
A.P.- 20%,
Rajasthan -12%
13 Marl tonnes 139,976,150 11,704,870 151,681,020 Gujarat – 100%
14 Mica Kg. 190,741,448 341,495,531 532,236,979 A.P. – 42%,
Rajasthan – 21%,
Odisha – 20%,
Maharashtra – 15%
15 Ochre tonnes 54,942,176 89,319,089 144,261,265 Rajasthan – 81%,
A.P. – 8%,
M.P. – 7%
16 Perlite 000’ tonnes 428 1,978 2,406 Gujarat – 100%
17 Quartzite 000’ tonnes 86,599 1,164,649 1,251,248 Haryana – 50%,
Bihar – 22%,
Maharashtra &
Punjab- 7%
18 Rock Salt 000’ tonnes 16,026 - 16,026 H.P. – 100%
19 Shale 000’ tonnes 15,331 580 15,911 A.P. -100%
20 Slate 000’ tonnes 0 2,369 2,369 A.P. – 100 %
21 Talc/Steatite/
Soapstone
000’ tonnes 90,026 178,996 269,022 Rajasthan -49%,
Uttarakhand – 29%,
Maharashtra – 6 %
22 Vermiculite tonnes 1,704,007 803,003 2,507,010 T.N. – 75%,
A.P. – 14%,
Karnataka – 8%
23 Zircon tonnes 1,347,470 1,786,482 3,133,952 Kerala – 88%,
T.N. -7%,
Odisha – 5%
VIII. Minor Minerals
1 Bentonite tonnes 25,060,508 543,306,838 568,367,346 Rajasthan – 75%, ,
Gujarat - 24%
2 Fullers Earth tonnes 58,200 256,593,879 256,652,079 Rajasthan – 74%,
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16
A.P.- 10%,
Arunachal Pradesh-
8%,
Assam- 7%
3 Granite
(Dimension
Stone)
000’ cum 263,692 45,966,608 46,230,300 Karnataka &
Rajasthan – 20 %,
Jharkhand -19%,
Gujarat- 18%
4 Marble 000’ tonnes 276,495 1,654,968 1,931,463 Rajasthan – 63%,
J & K – 23%,
Gujarat &
Chhattisgarh - 5%
Figures rounded off.* Reserves/resources as on 1-04-2013
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17
Annexure - VI (A)
State Wise Summary of Lease Distribution as on 31/03/2014
State No. of Leases Lease area (Hect.)
Andhra Pradesh 1568 46721.54
Assam 7 889.50
Bihar 9 1382.66
Chhattisgarh 300 22070.85
Goa 267 19892.01
Gujarat 1100 29632.55
Himachal Pradesh 44 2542.39
Haryana 110 10974.99
Jammu & Kashmir 57 2450.93
Jharkhand 282 30344.92
Karnataka 545 47653.07
Kerala 91 3077.84
Manipur 1 132.78
Meghalaya 18 606.19
Madhya Pradesh 1001 32882.58
Maharashtra 260 15454.61
Odisha 461 73594.13
Rajasthan 3306 84140.69
Sikkim 3 96.32
Tamil Nadu 931 9765.52
Telangana 470 14748.46
Uttar Pradesh 23 3964.70
Uttarakhand 83 1272.85
West Bengal 45 414.07
Total 10982 454706.15
Source: Information received from respective state Governments
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18
Annexure – VI (B)
Mineral wise Summary of Lease Distribution as on 31/03/2014
Sl. No. Minerals No. of Leases Area (In Hect.)
1 Agate 3 59.62
2 Amethyst 4 10.63
3 Apatite 2 20.17
4 Asbestos 7 394.74
5 Ball Clay 88 1970.37
6 Barytes 160 2442.58
7 Bauxite 339 28613.60
8 Borax 1 159.00
9 Calcite 73 1223.23
10 Chalk 152 628.91
11 China clay 489 13304.07
12 Chromite 34 8955.19
13 Clay (others) 100 1191.25
14 Copper Ore 14 5324.67
15 Corundum 9 68.25
16 Diamond 2 275.96
17 Diaspore 11 77.38
18 Dolomite 543 7625.84
19 Dunite 1 14.28
20 Epidote 1 5.00
21 Felsite 6 102.29
22 Feldspar 1008 6099.36
23 Fireclay 235 4073.76
24 Flint Stone 2 11.87
25 Fluorite 9 1280.85
26 Garnet 94 1513.53
27 Garnet (Gem) 3 51.03
28 Gold 16 9869.36
29 Graphite 104 3510.60
30 Gypsum 107 14868.49
31 Iolite 11 104.35
32 Iron ore 664 86326.39
33 Jasper 2 10.00
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19
34 Kyanite 33 3138.10
35 Laterite 208 2549.59
36 Lead & Zinc ore 12 6997.28
37 Lime Kankar 7 37.18
38 Limeshell 26 3748.17
39 Limestone 1923 150906.80
40 Magnesite 34 1931.57
41 Manganese ore 308 20383.98
42 Marl 1 4.90
43 Mica 244 4417.21
44 Moulding sand 33 723.51
45 Ochre 157 1939.98
46 Perlite 1 144.88
47 Phosphorite 10 2120.90
48 Pyrophyllite 94 1231.23
49 Pyroxenite 11 95.39
50 Quartz 2427 18336.46
51 Quartzite 80 1423.62
52 Ruby 6 130.00
53 Sand (others) 44 3110.06
54 Sapphire 1 673.40
55 Shale 31 403.34
56 Silica sand 453 12461.06
57 Sillimanite 6 2823.26
58 Slate 17 627.82
59 Steatite 428 12808.30
60 Tin 16 324.66
61 Vermiculite 12 185.53
62 White clay 40 633.34
63 White shale 15 77.34
64 Wollastonite 10 130.67
Total 10982 454706.15
Source: Information received from respective state Governments
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20
Annexure - VII
Consumption of Important Minerals, 2011-12 to 2013-14
(In Tonnes)
Mineral/ Commodity 2011-12(R) 2012-13(R) 2013-14 (P)
Apatite & Rock Phosphate 4133400 4087000 4192000
Asbestos 104200 104200 104200
Ball clay 579600 585000 582500
Barytes 194500 186200 186200
Bauxite 10367400 11989400 12020600(e)
Bentonite 123600 73400 79700
Borax 23700 22800 22900
Calcite 81000 98200 127700
Chromite 2584100 2603300 2621600(e)
Coal (In Million Tonnes)** 535.29 569.76 569.76
Diaspore 23800 20800 20400
Dolomite 6554200 6786000 6794300
Dunite 41700 38800 48000
Felspar 460300 481600 496600
Fireclay 516400 493600 536400
Flourspar 61700 62900 62600
Garnet 1289500 773805 773805
Graphite 45700 52900 52800
Gypsum 8626300 9274200 8732500
Ilmenite* 190500 191800 191500
Iron ore 100572400 103588300 107879300
Kaolin (China clay) 1488100 1490400 1489300
Limestone 226568100 239642700 239578000
Magnesite 529800 490100 491000
Manganese ore 4005600 4177300 4185800
Ochre 975900 1255100 1650700
Other calcareous Materials 28805500 31003100 30940000
Potash 1421400 1316200 1310800
Pyrophyllite 12600 13300 13300
Quartz/Silica Sand 1873000 1713500 1770800
Quartzite 255400 293300 318100
Rutile* 24900 26100 26000
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21
Sillimanite 14000 19600 21100
Steatite/S.stone 368800 368400 368100
Sulphur 1774100 1960500 2005200(e)
Vermiculite 3800 1600 1600
Wollastonite 102990 140300 187300
Zircon* 12135 9210 9210
(P) Provisional, (e) Estimated, (R') Revised
* Department of Atomic Energy, Mumbai
** Dispatches from Coal Directory of corresponding years
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22
Annexure – VIII (A)
Exports of Ores & Minerals 2010-11 to 2014-15
(Value in Rs.'000)
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13(R ) 2013-14(P) 2014-15(P)
Unit Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value
All Minerals ** 1743703991 ** 1753095005 ** 1601012597 ** 1947835200 **
178076634
8
Abrasive (Natural) Ton 160639 1185000 49356 502710 41323 434150 16023 242884 31901 516071
Alabaster Ton 74 329 1 49 .... .... .... .... 21 140
Alumina Ton 2660432 41867818 886412 16437230 927800 18834156 1294651 25423465 1561612 32974205
Andalusite Ton 40 96 .... .... .... .... 5 244 4 127
Antimony Ores & Conc. Ton .... .... .... .... .... .... ++ 8 .... ....
Arsenic Sulphide (Natural) Ton .... .... ++ 145 .... .... .... .... .... ....
Asbestos Ton 231 1154 266 2862 78 727 96 487 393 12026
Ball Clay Ton 19611 63288 18037 62387 29497 131329 35694 158847 57557 194269
Barytes Ton 866236 3146360 1036798 5406455 1740203 11920378 1067755 8699416 651571 4525674
Bauxite Ton 116066 295202 401027 922326 4197804 6752047 3492546 6736456 6808588 14050662
Bentonite Ton 637692 1801785 1033552 2699338 1114907 3160993 1225568 3860451 1300083 3999734
Borax Ton 1354 53056 1765 85280 2489 122747 1623 125007 2655 164699
Building And Monumental
Stones Nes Ton 1270142 4364630 1630292 6311353 1540625 5806657 1686357 6268602 2519512 7771235
Calcite Ton 1373 6137 3240 14860 2169 18839 23222 187542 30768 192309
Chalk Ton 688 2496 759 3432 675 4198 418 3860 490 2978
Chromite Ton 172864 2860566 225084 4888205 196435 3107577 195125 3468440 25361 659259
Clay (Others) Ton 52526 241610 16811 126294 22019 179317 19604 172389 25515 217300
Coal(Ex Lignite) Tht 4272 11519939 2025 5869603 2511 8987175 2188 10843195 1220 7112051
Coal,Gas Water Etc.(Except
Gaseous Hydrocarbons) Ton ++ 22 59 365 83 814 9 891 32 7820
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23
Coal:Lignite Tht ++ 9179 1 14583 37 322476 1 55575 1 13882
Cobolt Ores & Conc. Ton 51 3741 .... .... 12 7661 253 47733 ++ 4
Coke Ton 728365 11645428 611517 11487428 1137549 5649295 150636 1478657 98043 1090634
Copper Ores & Conc. Ton 19701 1390065 20 80 30 3355 38912 3349917 1 10
Corundum (Natural) Ton 412 2527 .... .... .... 32 .... .... .... ....
Diamond ** 1343533791 ** 1342392353 ** 1266553169 ** 1581348137 **
148102467
7
Diatomite Ton 4647 39672 26886 230620 40608 335483 58265 521672 87845 778088
Dolomite Ton 26801 65184 40254 111825 29007 133290 32511 125328 44620 156629
Earth Clay Ton 2195 12667 4498 68972 13949 57455 7115 35053 8915 60466
Emerald (Cut & Uncut) ** 3634975 ** 5447525 ** 26787394 ** 21570148 ** 15945392
Felspar (Cut & Uncut) ** 12842 ** 58669 ** 42423 ** 22694 ** 26488
Felspar (Natural) Ton 351266 1187874 394277 1518048 401422 1890429 437144 2234475 589820 2876166
Fire Clay Ton 8624 22563 9622 30881 36148 58678 2100 16879 2503 16318
Flint Ton 1688 6320 968 2962 717 2883 2524 18156 484 3991
Fluorspar Ton 390 4293 484 10939 1195 22216 876 16549 561 20763
Garnet( Cut And Uncut) ** 18450 ** 42540 ** 49812 ** 39395 ** 31070
Garnet(Abrasive) Ton 228663 1726150 428716 3500974 505281 5108666 480774 6060269 448559 5673827
Granite Ton 4500060 55933193 4605078 63815357 6061302 79415582 6802309 98685772 6563271 98322398
Graphite(Natural) Ton 1205 79686 1683 101327 2304 155353 820 112370 2669 86578
Gypsum Ton 100918 137642 51732 78485 44142 102191 48924 109055 65645 158036
Iron Ore Tht 46890 214156853 47153 221844034 18122 89852116 16302 94811058 7491 32119579
Kaolin Ton 112016 423070 184734 582117 191953 736848 276165 1053487 258330 941752
Kieselguhr Ton 52 593 12 149 1 61 196 2984 137 2494
Kyanite Ton 3 42 1 11 53 784 52 1174 39 505
Lead Ores & Conc. Ton 39195 3891804 10226 1390485 14 336 7 201 509 22298
Limestone Ton 1034830 683781 2691026 2537858 2991810 2699327 2779074 3432311 3812679 4671420
Magnesite Ton 11052 203919 13369 175082 9503 148751 6118 127502 6612 120898
Manganese Ore Ton 98979 803225 75183 442305 72242 269610 66030 189342 11026 65399
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24
Marble Ton 521723 3265467 325241 3861834 371222 5434999 337937 5703435 325705 5990599
Mica Ton 126554 2258655 131777 2887096 127610 3460060 127882 3759755 140960 4258585
Molybdenum Ores & Conc. Ton 939 25412 4477 52488 107 1026 351 324538 24 17801
Natural Gas Ton 27244 1191530 22218 1384872 27736 1617704 4922 282766 138168 4901801
Nickel Ores & Conc. Ton .... .... 450 128258 86 1478 32 541 41 1452
Niobium Or Tantalum Ores &
Conc. Ton 25 42652 523 70506 32 24676 25 31537 24 24238
Ochre Ton 9275 115522 7741 126359 8378 104308 3550 72785 4034 92570
Other Minerals Nes Ton 127162 278774 130569 291719 204046 586194 855864 1180653 1768058 1773765
Petroleum (Crude) Tht ++ 595 21 722969 .... .... .... .... .... ....
Precious & Semi-Precious
Stones (Cut & Uncut): ** 10052664 ** 11636361 ** 11554162 ** 16965361 ** 12991334
Preciuos Metal Ores &
Concentrates Kg 66026 45968 1512154 5417948 78190 802698 36361 181906 10000 24
Quartz And Quartzite Ton 211253 1209795 214969 1513889 233274 1608025 308409 2233315 410483 2938718
Rock Phosphate Ton 712 5031 248 5810 21309 24477 948 7005 437 2916
Salt ( Other Than Common Salt) Ton 1854898 2075879 2712076 2598357 4597507 5282193 4956931 6562929 4776491 6390687
Sand (Excl. Metal Bearing) Ton 18218 208067 21044 377436 7342 455905 5444 369627 10751 342836
Sandstone Ton 304138 3212985 370238 3865872 443010 5157627 540874 7579286 627008 8523123
Silica Sand Ton 12451 162239 10020 80081 4689 43188 4497 33142 1216 9802
Sillimanite Ton 2202 29024 11829 108615 11151 133322 28152 148779 17304 141262
Slate Ton 117644 1530571 113257 1534802 108028 1463313 86090 1688206 100447 1867164
Steatite Ton 115581 837966 100562 913949 117568 1215354 149343 2028614 158405 2156562
Sulphur (Exc. Sublimed
Precipited& Colloidal) Ton 167113 979567 163372 1671782 369960 3367801 577695 3949918 397399 3714082
Tin Ores & Conc. Ton 33 9219 2 454 .... .... 8 1125 .... ....
Titanium Ores & Conc. Ton 1028108 5632999 912979 12442284 800730 14571902 687923 10412481 779598 7179648
Tripoli Earth Ton .... .... .... .... 1 334 .... .... .... ....
Tungsten Ores & Conc. Ton 32 19244 321 63393 93 9198 323 64205 175 29666
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25
Vanadium Ores & Conc. Ton ++ 1 1250 25841 178 18159 2 7386 .... ....
Vermiculite Ton 1497 10882 1139 10019 648 5502 737 8706 1044 9906
Witherite Ton 17 351 ++ 14 49 727 6 79 10 526
Wollastonite Ton 17759 208907 23759 297241 18765 281471 19033 310240 17864 288087
Zinc Ores & Conc. Ton 67501 2846743 5591 14156 75870 2957887 45660 1620063 41 744
Zirconium Ores & Conc. Ton 19535 408265 43532 1772097 31600 962127 18036 648740 12230 488129
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26
Annexure – VIII(B)
Exports of Metals and Alloys 2010-11 to 2014-15
(Value in Rs.'000)
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13(R ) 2013-14(P) 2014-15(P)
Unit Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value
All Metals and Alloys ** 940524476 ** 1024998008 ** 1406138832 ** 1531563802 ** 1671198494
Aluminium And Alloys Incl.
Scrap Ton 428253 56530539 506310 72024819 566662 87154851 707217 116253038 1033006 173770732
Antimony Alloys And Scrap Ton 954 464038 1410 872560 2123 1311070 1864 1063470 2371 1209763
Bismuth & Scrap Ton ++ 351 1 979 5 5460 ++ 703 ++ 2331
Boron Ton 48 12818 .... .... .... .... ++ 53 ++ 119
Cadmium (Incl. Waste & Scrap) Ton 20 11027 9 3304 15 3211 68 4553 74 4545
Chromium & Alloys Ton 18 12041 10 9236 20 21917 73 77559 94 72047
Cobalt & Alloys(Incl Waste And
Scrap) Ton 281 450877 298 424072 67 80649 111 32028 109 124799
Copper & Alloys (Incl. Brass &
Bronze) Ton 564164 201100005 334913 136844498 331478 157325127 333082 171115615 459468 205662295
Copper (Cement Copper
Precipitated) Ton 2 175 1 74 ++ 18 ++ 32 ++ 41
Ferro Alloys Ton 1554988 94468214 1532694 83992730 1676644 101504136 1727542 105054411 1623899 99837096
Gold (Non-
Monetory&Monetory): Kg 34595 4275544 169126 19799367 85349 241164115 70721 183513035 69894 172166206
Gold-Clad Metals/Base
MetalesNes Ton 1 862 ++ 1423 ++ 878 .... .... ++ 2
Iron & Steel Ton 8353454 505936539 9257059 606834662 10377748 723047018 11959782 833731286
1198243
4 869190611
Lead And Alloys Incl. Scrap Ton 48646 5153688 69629 9074327 47155 6339031 80865 11994067 76289 10617034
Magnesium & Scrap Ton 87 9232 303 43335 234 25839 280 65276 66 30471
Manganese & Alloys (Incl Waste Ton 143 118051 57 51592 138 88492 199 100365 134 111364
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27
& Scrap)
Mercury Ton 95 146840 69 121620 44 62034 83 270391 8 37675
Molybdenum & Scrap Ton 19 61006 27 67508 10 110819 77 161373 55 188842
Nickel And Alloys Incl. Scrap Ton 1429 1500386 5340 5886670 21615 22779944 26459 26246009 46771 55174050
Other Rare Metals Nes Ton 12 6915 10 25736 4 4405 2 17098 ++ 4203
Pig & Cost Iron (Incl.
Speigeliesen) Ton 807783 15412694 821428 27396836 433884 10218710 1113219 26350078 650353 15064847
Platinium Alloys & Related
Metals Kg 3367 231945 382 213170 1780 209126 1357 985444 78 83710
Platinium - Clad Base /Precious
Metal Kg 640 24653 1 362 397 556 152 524 11 625
Preciuos Metals / Metals Clad
With Preciuos Metals Ton 870 18962966 719 20176997 794 24478920 531 18900402 581 25052694
Selenium Ton 193 722450 184 1187692 192 879234 143 440707 124 350157
Silicon Ton 201 24020 247 23896 93 10506 84 17642 260 34175
Silver Ton 50 1063414 41 1296694 38 1928248 31 1127885 5 346251
Silver Clad Base Metals Kg 13953 224466 12055 33044 563 4616 2 42 22375 264220
Tantalum & Scrap Ton 5 23218 2 35834 7 78116 3 49216 5 93874
Tellurium Ton 58 13331 13 836 31 3478 24 6979 ++ 93
Tin And Alloys Incl. Scrap Ton 1900 403662 1673 413908 1504 329765 4102 5022785 2217 2372272
Titanium & Alloys(Incl. Waste &
Scrap) Ton 211 233571 399 338371 195 268751 118 163435 174 197302
Tungsten And Alloys Incl. Scrap Kg 430970 669662 638430 1423388 408664 1951349 745397 2265367 475385 1574148
Zinc And Alloys Incl. Scrap Ton 264251 32248477 295071 36266217 198676 24748100 194976 26530058 246395 37553145
Zirconium & Scrap Ton 26 6799 645 112251 1 343 3 2876 8 6755
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28
Annexure –IX(A)
Imports of Ores & Minerals 2010-11 to 2014-15
(Value in Rs.'000)
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13(R ) 2013-14(P) 2014-15(P)
Unit Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value
All Minerals ** 6690103839 ** 9444303312 **
1100800147
8 ** 12158267979 ** 10716891382
Abrasive (Natural) Ton 10082 139898 7940 86003 5850 79649 4312 56954 5775 80934
Alabaster Ton 1237 19920 1138 21525 798 16809 877 23975 912 24831
Alumina Ton 281285 6924573 548891 13215746 1113927 24589496 1169523 27542194 790305 21244790
Andalusite Ton 5515 104883 6121 131788 13767 262633 8738 187621 9350 201731
Antimony Ores & Conc. Ton 2547 446982 3712 1153868 4916 1361490 3464 888707 4711 1004076
Arsenic Sulphide (Natural) Ton 57 2104 21 1027 40 2621 8 576 31 2041
Asbestos Ton 365795 10025266 378122 11991739 460445 19004033 285870 13298986 396493 17168105
Ball Clay Ton 126695 637682 191310 1023647 156527 1044148 130804 915231 125384 957636
Barytes Ton 2843 37498 3720 656032 6174 112461 5687 144378 7484 146614
Bauxite Ton 63584 1201033 78980 1603329 66742 1494744 421612 3662474 1800689 8560886
Bentonite Ton 2301 74759 3956 122538 3245 130584 6071 201663 11002 316055
Borax Ton 112225 2427019 96994 2621167 95046 2980032 112775 3551233 146301 4474017
Building And Monumental
Stones Nes Ton 909936 1527459 1137648 1315295 1211434 1257775 958905 1147451 766721 1481235
Calcite Ton 143164 430793 260231 1215618 145966 652237 75863 427442 66450 369703
Chalk Ton 3185 17140 1884 15919 6003 36136 17172 108515 6714 47715
Chromite Ton 86456 904750 136204 2019641 216736 2503421 261336 3099722 242685 2871479
Clay (Others) Ton 11610 103765 13013 144418 14638 194203 17016 256640 14347 231877
Coal(Ex Ligbite) Tht 68918 415494801 102841 788268785 145790 868505454 166861 923353960 217785 1045125605
Coal,Gas Water Etc.(Except
Gaseous Hydrocarbons) Ton .... .... 2 172 6 616 ++ 306 ++ 1290
Coal:Lignite Tht ++ 310 ++ 474 ++ 5407 ++ 5629 ++ 11131
Cobolt Ores & Conc. Ton 5041 1515404 1196 1251501 443 548799 16 17358 272 366480
Coke Ton 1490210 31203551 2364688 47584537 3077258 56872490 4167206 67948149 3290324 43751479
Copper Ores & Conc. Ton 1902026 200234533 2124501 264510239 2296421 309704411 2048240 332267404 1702247 285028249
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29
Corundum (Natural) Ton .... .... .... .... ++ 27 2 96 .... ....
Diamond 182467772 1527908912 153033845 1322922157 135963926 1176986143 149916760 1349155094
1513597
10 1252140913
Diatomite Ton 1510 47906 1583 46753 3600 109400 6006 186713 2122 87085
Dolomite Ton 611833 1395183 1594573 2010748 1859996 2529066 2511602 3736522 2014760 3146097
Earth Clay Ton 83 4275 65 4751 196 10056 586 16862 4617 2979
Emerald (Cut & Uncut) 3996 4957091 7984 10627382 9880 37464291 8799 22328772 65176 63062394
Felspar (Cut & Uncut) 4 6531 75 3199 8 3590 2 12453 102 9639
Felspar (Natural) Ton 20409 64063 41627 168923 59956 252204 42448 212990 66749 242645
Fire Clay Ton 689 10920 269 5177 1610 22423 146 4473 4 137
Flint Ton 25 202 1 98 28 1086 .... .... 141 2257
Fluorspar Ton 161925 2333963 183662 4639660 98043 2241949 117254 2412179 155673 2967071
Garnet( Cut And Uncut) 24 16114 41 53509 49 117864 60 46894 243 68743
Garnet(Abrasive) Ton 357 7490 314 5519 1115 19800 626 10542 647 10297
Granite Ton 55554 1163349 64982 1600947 64739 1860578 71378 2402008 65265 2261146
Graphite(Natural) Ton 14348 460015 19287 944259 19485 1193505 22916 1235588 28549 1335288
Gypsum Ton 1697746 2212981 2776177 3979046 3218900 5009977 3231930 5252011 4421048 6747745
Iron Ore Tht 1867 10284802 978 6885850 3056 25778633 369 3423552 12093 65947416
Kaolin Ton 52663 636698 73647 1078287 87867 1095336 80204 1420872 93322 1662634
Kieselguhr Ton 156 5670 44 1415 1 55 20 717 20 804
Kyanite Ton 504 11318 260 14765 622 20765 394 13711 508 17006
Lead Ores & Conc. Ton 9722 342050 30282 1915093 56049 7590645 33405 3880931 39441 3846804
Limestone Ton 5035678 7043286 8557181 11890531 11139331 16672231 13214179 21580366
1383437
3 21961663
Magnesite Ton 54929 1590290 72475 2279369 79080 2770015 66001 2216905 102077 3327761
Manganese Ore Ton 1299643 17813482 1961396 20632696 2326729 25622446 2179334 28306272 3172858 34669120
Marble Ton 512169 10320860 635962 14466429 757793 20313010 757948 22107203 779325 23848492
Mica Ton 1687 411461 2458 599808 2285 557140 2049 563468 2240 703135
Molybdenum Ores & Conc. Ton 4382 6086645 5223 6496596 6863 7522354 5572 5558080 8093 8645534
Natural Gas Ton 9765763 146481792 13199608 328736293 13135869 411417374 13020689 516992878
1328915
5 563400559
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30
Nickel Ores & Conc. Ton 219 143868 41729 2008548 865 808473 1343 1207103 4185 3842487
Niobium Or Tantalum Ores
& Conc. Ton 11 9227 96 161086 93 182526 61 163720 115 179733
Ochre Ton 1324 141001 1359 66315 1223 61759 282 30443 176 25953
Other Minerals Nes Ton 40359 367542 61197 540836 58972 664668 52993 592588 74554 2286200
Petroleum (Crude) Tht 153120 4216162484 165712 6436885431 185534 7856017148 189176 8696574352 187911 7093749532
Precious & Semi-Precious
Stones (Cut & Uncut): 77711 7051601 8358 8304647 6272 8276623 9584 12574990 121156 14675050
Preciuos Metal Ores &
Concentrates Kg 167 298094 .... .... 840 240260 179 106977 101601 22252599
Quartz And Quartzite Ton 496 8699 578 11065 1652 26982 377 10924 215 10404
Rock Phosphate Ton 5194203 32110281 9729592 83149873 8160950 73098249 7160798 55177899 8258191 61803761
Salt ( Other Than Common
Salt) Ton 34148 82777 34208 85575 40274 98849 35591 120999 41300 114191
Sand (Excl. Metal Bearing) Ton 22379 28609 22811 53509 12785 42747 15688 61432 58237 98399
Sandstone Ton .... .... .... .... 42 643 .... .... ++ 18
Silica Sand Ton 93741 413702 129490 598457 54380 579833 97526 938842 76529 556336
Sillimanite Ton 1363 15992 14 2265 74 7401 110 14307 116 10754
Slate Ton 89 3678 201 9426 213 23025 850 23951 472 16814
Steatite Ton 10087 130423 5022 141498 2906 121394 2935 129217 3693 130505
Sulphur (Exc. Sublimed
Precipited& Colloidal) Ton 1356774 10977136 2037635 22832892 1547267 17358957 1289979 11002926 1626419 17446236
Tin Ores & Conc. Ton 195 86167 ++ 32 21 14088 1 380 .... ....
Titanium Ores & Conc. Ton 66759 861652 68501 1731291 77819 2842107 91775 1933433 51991 971521
Tripoli Earth Ton 19 486 42 593 22 1002 19 740 .... ....
Tungsten Ores & Conc. Ton 1 4424 327 5179 107 28762 17 28235 191 61582
Vanadium Ores & Conc. Ton 4 1182 109 10605 1 708 61 8674 19 1378
Vermiculite Ton 312 7519 222 8227 170 8263 176 8396 391 11486
Witherite Ton 3 52 78 1994 50 1364 344 7122 184 5268
Wollastonite Ton 2600 23913 806 12873 1288 24233 1305 30479 1948 32549
Zinc Ores & Conc. Ton 88171 3415929 63194 2396487 111912 4997266 33113 1562269 35696 1693837
Zirconium Ores & Conc. Ton 54312 2665929 44400 4320340 34652 3932536 50945 3772861 47656 3331466
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31
Annexure –IX(B)
Imports of Metals and Alloys 2010-11 to 2014-15
(Value in Rs.'000)
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13(R ) 2013-14(P) 2014-15(P)
Unit Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value
All Metals and Alloys ** 2868348244 ** 4183099235 ** 4465659420 **
321355992
2 ** 4012586073
Aluminium And Alloys Incl. Scrap Ton 881144 101220027 1108292 141716112 1325562 174463260 1348372 186322210 1595296 228778062
Antimony Alloys And Scrap Ton 543 256726 380 356570 769 555508 1307 806794 1024 583886
Bismuth & Scrap Ton 112 107370 117 140378 155 194490 180 224031 174 267473
Boron Ton ++ 1027 ++ 335 ++ 765 ++ 3801 1 2863
Cadmium (Incl. Waste & Scrap) Ton 655 122567 567 84058 690 75108 1531 211726 2862 339575
Chromium & Alloys Ton 706 404055 746 500440 674 486843 853 543400 1001 640994
Cobalt & Alloys(Incl Waste And
Scrap) Ton 726 1574437 994 1912305 677 1407209 758 1608803 865 2048322
Copper & Alloys (Incl. Brass &
Bronze) Ton 260108 85717042 350290 128268204 408141 159334900 411649 176031866 490179 196576602
Copper (Cement Copper
Precipitated) Ton 147 21437 30 5166 20 12245 ++ 1 5 3089
Ferro Alloys Ton 225263 25230287 278759 29752569 279509 35802706 258843 37308904 336575 47686136
Gold (Non-Monetory&Monetory): Kg 969738 1847287525 1078354 2699007054 1013703 2921528195 661715
166242620
0 915473 2106580447
Gold-Clad Metals/Base MetalesNes Ton ++ 522 ++ 1939 ++ 1915 1 411236 ++ 3959
Iron & Steel Ton 14401512 616497590
1738181
2 814625474
1930067
5 920848863 12257822 721849461
1743370
0 940528408
Lead And Alloys Incl. Scrap Ton 285662 27568237 240698 27100104 238633 27781629 238450 31338681 295474 38467363
Magnesium & Scrap Ton 11151 1566701 11976 2068338 14506 2606589 15753 2793578 19271 3167018
Manganese & Alloys (Incl Waste &
Scrap) Ton 13982 2028316 15890 2658100 20076 2803314 24114 3341014 30932 4232257
Mercury Ton 191 243129 177 582676 163 728392 149 855952 99 341691
Molybdenum & Scrap Ton 412 932478 826 1354032 487 1285590 339 1119658 373 1268948
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32
Nickel And Alloys Incl. Scrap Ton 33306 32130836 34787 39121536 54325 55154972 56322 54463252 76200 85078105
Other Rare Metals Nes Ton 44 164666 118 333218 144 247700 106 316440 231 543397
Pig & Cost Iron (Incl. Speigeliesen) Ton 48291 2316267 44156 2713997 53930 3129091 68502 4021121 68887 4591408
Platinium Alloys & Related Metals Kg 5072 8451719 6129 11732833 6186 12030962 6493 14017329 7818 15247930
Platinium - Clad Base /Precious
Metal Kg 5 405 7 1435 4 1416 27 3424 27 22865
Preciuos Metals / Metals Clad With
Preciuos Metals Ton 4 124220 ++ 209272 64 278034 ++ 99006 ++ 960
Selenium Ton 209 699503 194 1174174 232 1424362 264 1078360 263 867524
Silicon Ton 32055 3523172 35380 4256979 36882 4536760 37411 4682391 42296 5689328
Silver Ton 2656 89531561 4661 247042322 2021 107973660 6512 269736492 7708 276863750
Silver Clad Base Metals Kg 5 148 1174 32270 639 8230 5486 80226 2774 28253
Tantalum & Scrap Ton 14 22580 3 23755 3 31799 3 38257 3 55041
Tellurium Ton 3 35182 1 30262 2 25349 2 27583 6 42663
Tin And Alloys Incl. Scrap Ton 7494 7258073 8055 8789035 7804 9254270 11240 14965679 9423 12485758
Titanium & Alloys(Incl. Waste &
Scrap) Ton 822 1135500 1504 2149522 1273 2381849 1536 3161133 2008 3360378
Tungsten And Alloys Incl. Scrap Kg 404654 848380 637994 1634925 436356 1608465 530108 2150364 438233 1868711
Zinc And Alloys Incl. Scrap Ton 112228 11302210 131432 13704756 163884 17623504 148906 17453019 250182 34291939
Zirconium & Scrap Ton 12 24349 7 15090 11 31476 21 68530 9 30970
Source : DGCI & S, Kolkata; P : Provisional , R : Revised ; ++ : Negligible ** : Quantity not given due to partial
coverage, Value figures however have full coverage
