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E-bombs, Gravity and Particle Accelerators Nature of Code / ITP October 2, 2006 Michael Ang, Heather...
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Transcript of E-bombs, Gravity and Particle Accelerators Nature of Code / ITP October 2, 2006 Michael Ang, Heather...
![Page 1: E-bombs, Gravity and Particle Accelerators Nature of Code / ITP October 2, 2006 Michael Ang, Heather Dewey-Hagborg, Chris Kucinski, Jadie Oh, Roy Vanegas.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013012/5697bf9a1a28abf838c92120/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
E-bombs, Gravity and Particle Accelerators
Nature of Code / ITPOctober 2, 2006
Michael Ang, Heather Dewey-Hagborg, Chris Kucinski, Jadie Oh,
Roy Vanegas
![Page 2: E-bombs, Gravity and Particle Accelerators Nature of Code / ITP October 2, 2006 Michael Ang, Heather Dewey-Hagborg, Chris Kucinski, Jadie Oh, Roy Vanegas.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013012/5697bf9a1a28abf838c92120/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Electronic Warfare
![Page 3: E-bombs, Gravity and Particle Accelerators Nature of Code / ITP October 2, 2006 Michael Ang, Heather Dewey-Hagborg, Chris Kucinski, Jadie Oh, Roy Vanegas.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013012/5697bf9a1a28abf838c92120/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Electronic Warfare
• “…is the use of the electromagnetic spectrum to deny its use by an adversary.” -wikipedia.org
![Page 4: E-bombs, Gravity and Particle Accelerators Nature of Code / ITP October 2, 2006 Michael Ang, Heather Dewey-Hagborg, Chris Kucinski, Jadie Oh, Roy Vanegas.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013012/5697bf9a1a28abf838c92120/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Electronic Warfare
• “…is the use of the electromagnetic spectrum to deny its use by an adversary.” -wikipedia.org
• Employs technology to interfere or jam an adversary’s communications system
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Electromagnetic Bombs, or E-Bombs
![Page 6: E-bombs, Gravity and Particle Accelerators Nature of Code / ITP October 2, 2006 Michael Ang, Heather Dewey-Hagborg, Chris Kucinski, Jadie Oh, Roy Vanegas.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013012/5697bf9a1a28abf838c92120/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Electromagnetic Bombs, or E-Bombs
• A form of electronic warfare
![Page 7: E-bombs, Gravity and Particle Accelerators Nature of Code / ITP October 2, 2006 Michael Ang, Heather Dewey-Hagborg, Chris Kucinski, Jadie Oh, Roy Vanegas.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013012/5697bf9a1a28abf838c92120/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Electromagnetic Bombs, or E-Bombs
• A form of electronic warfare• Employs electromagnetic force, one of the
four fundamental forces
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The Vircator
• Virtual Cathode Oscillator
![Page 9: E-bombs, Gravity and Particle Accelerators Nature of Code / ITP October 2, 2006 Michael Ang, Heather Dewey-Hagborg, Chris Kucinski, Jadie Oh, Roy Vanegas.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013012/5697bf9a1a28abf838c92120/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The Vircator
• Virtual Cathode Oscillator• Most popular of the various HPM, or high-
powered microwave, devices
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The Vircator
• Virtual Cathode Oscillator• Most popular of the various HPM, or high-
powered microwave, devices• Vacuum tube
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The Vircator Deployed in a Bomb
• Wide “lethal” range
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The Vircator Deployed in a Bomb
• Wide “lethal” range• Its electromagnetic pulse can be generated without the need for a nuclear explosion
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The Vircator Deployed in a Bomb
• Has the ability to render useless any electronic equipment exposed to its pulse
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Defending Against The Vircator And Other HPM Devices
• The Faraday cage
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Defending Against The Vircator And Other HPM Devices
• The Faraday cage• Prevents the electromagnetic field from
gaining access to protected equipment
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Vulnerability of The Faraday Cage
• Protected equipment must be linked with the outside world: data and power
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Vulnerability of The Faraday Cage
• Protected equipment must be linked with the outside world: data and power
• Data: fiber optics; power: ongoing problem
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Gravity
Newtonian Gravity
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Gravitational Attraction of the Earth
• Object with weight fall down to the Earth• Reason for the existence of the Earth, the Sun,
and other celestial bodies• Responsible for keeping the orbits for planets
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Newton’s Law of Gravitation
• F = the magnitude of the gravitational force between the two point masses
• G = the gravitational constant• m1 = the mass of the first point mass• m2 = the mass of the second point mass• r = the distance between the two point masses
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• The closer the object is to the Earth, the stronger the gravity is.
Object Falling Down
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An example of a sports using gravity and acceleration
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Problems with Newtonian gravity
• Describes gravity as an instantaneous force (violates speed of light)
• Difference between predicted behaviour and experimental observation of precession of Mercury’s orbit
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General Relativity
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• Published by Einstein in 1915
• Gravitation is not a force but curvature of spacetime
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Spacetime
• Matter determines how space curves
• Curved space determines how matter moves.
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Spacetime
• 4-dimensional combination of 3D space + time
• Curvature produced by mass, energy and momentum
• Can’t think of time as independent from space and motion
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Some predicted effects
• Gravitational time dilation– Time runs slower in a deep gravity well– Confirmed by experiment
• Gravitational lensing– Light bends in gravity well
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More predicted effects
• Expansion of the universe– Einstein didn’t believe,added “cosmological
constant” fudge factor (similar to previous factors added to Newtonian gravity)
– Later confirmed by Edwin Hubble!
• Black Holes- Einstein didn’t believe in them
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Status
• Passes experimental tests given to it
• More advanced tests in progress
• Black holes still feel problematic
• Doesn’t talk about quantum effects
• Best so far but there will be better!
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Loop Quantum Gravity
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Quantum Mechanics
• Study of the very small
• Matter and energy quantized
• Discrete packets – “quanta”
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The Problem
• Nothing about the structure of matter
• Nothing about how gravity is generated
• Global not local• Black holes, the big
bang
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Loop Quantum Gravity
• Attempts to reconciles QM, GR• Alternative to string theory• Quantum space is granular, 10-35 meters • Spacetime links connecting these chunks
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Loops
• Links form braided loops
• Loops are elementary particles
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Twists determine charge
• Each twist 1/3 electron charge
• Clockwise negative
• Counter-clockwise positive
• Electron 3 clockwise twists
• Positron complement
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The Universe
• Turbulent, fluctuates 10-44 seconds
• A giant quantum computer
• The chunks are qubits• Qubits preserve
braids
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Space does not exist
• Space is a web of information
• Humans are mere tangles
• No fundamental building blocks
• Matter emerges as network of relationships
• Loops not in space, loops are space
• Requires new quantum theory without background
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Particle Ac c e l e r a t o r
Generally relate to the weak and strong nuclear and electromagnetic interactions.
1. Generate and accelerate sub-atomic particles close (>99.99999%) to the speed of light
2. Smash them into fixed targets or other particles to generate significant energy densities
3. Gather data about which particles were generated
4. Optional - repeat experiment, shooting G.I. Joe’s with particles
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Interactions table
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particlesaksdfjhalsd
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Types of Accelerators
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Argonne National Laboratory, near Chicago, Illinois
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Linac, Cyclotron, Storage Ring, and Experiment Halls
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Hydrogen Bubble Chamber
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LEP at CERN
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OPAL Calorimeter
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DELPHI TPC
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Muon Detector
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Experiment Conditions
• Gravity acting on experiments– Times of day– Seasons– Times of day #2
• Mass in volts! – E=mc2
• an electron and a positron, each with a mass of 0.511 MeV/c2, can annihilate to yield 1.022 MeV of energy.
• 1 GeV/c2 = 1.783×1027 kg• Concrete
– 0.2mm change• Electricity
– Advanced Photon Source at Argonne requires ~18 megawatts of electrical power
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Experiment Findings• The energy density attained at LEP corresponds to a temperature of one trillion
degrees, 1015K– Universe took only a tenth of a billionth of a second, 1010s, to "cool" to this
temperature
• Evolution of the Universe since 1043 seconds after it began – Particles of matter and antimatter
• Existed in equal amounts• Constantly annihilating to produce radiation and being recreated from that
radiation. • Universe was opaque
• All the fixin’s for a Blackhole– Not possible due to Hawking Radiation (??)– Cosmic Rays
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Serious Names• Microtron• Advanced Photon Source• Spallation Neutron Source• Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider• Super Photon Ring
• Cyclotron• Synchrotron• Synchrocyclotron• Betatron • Bevatron
1940 University of Illinois accelerator naming contest entries:• Inductron• Rheotron• Ausserordentlichhochgeschwindigkeitelektronenentwickelndenschwerarbeitsbeigollitron
(German for "extraordinarily high-speed electron generator, hard work by golly-tron”)• Bevatron
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E-bombs, Gravity and Particle Accelerators
Q & A
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References – E-Bomb• http://science.howstuffworks.com/e-bomb1.htm• http://www.globalsecurity.org• http://www.wikipedia.org• http://www.answers.com• http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/forces/funfor.html• The Economist, 30 January 2003• The Electrical Nature of Storms, Donald MacGorman and W David Rust
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Names – Loop Quantum Gravity
• Abhay Ashtekar http://cgpg.gravity.psu.edu• Lee Smolin http://www.qgravity.org/• Carlo Rovelli http://www.cpt.univ-mrs.fr/~rovelli/• Sundance Bilson-Thompson • Fotini Markopoulou• David Kribs http://www.uoguelph.ca/~dkribs/
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References – Particle Accelator• http://particleadventure.org/particleadventure/index.html• http://keyhole.web.cern.ch/keyhole//main/Main_Screen.html• http://www-elsa.physik.uni-bonn.de/accelerator_list.html• http://www.aps.anl.gov/About/APS_Overview/index.html• http://pdg.lbl.gov/fireworks/intro_eng.swf• http://www.cerncourier.com/main/article/44/9/22• http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/forces/funfor.html• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Electron_Positron• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeV
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E-bombs, Gravity and Particle Accelerators
Nature of Code / ITPOctober 2, 2006
Michael Ang, Heather Dewey-Hagborg, Chris Kucinski, Jadie Oh,
Roy Vanegas