外国語...B: （ 2 ）In fact, some companies have a dress code and require women to wear high...

次の会話文を読んで、 1 ～ 5 までの（　　　）内に入れるのに最も適切な文を、下の 1～ 7

から一つずつ選び、その番号をマークしなさい。

Ａ:　You’ve got new shoes, haven’t you? They look nice.

Ｂ:　Thanks. （ 1 ）

Ａ:　For your job hunting? But they are flat shoes. Don’t you have to wear high heels?

Ｂ:　（ 2 ）In fact, some companies have a dress code and require women to wear high

heels.

Ａ:　（ 3 ）

Ｂ:　Don’t you think it’s unfair that only women have to wear painful high heels?

Ａ:　I’m sorry, but as a man, （ 4 ）

Ｂ:　I don’t blame you because I can’t imagine how uncomfortable it is to wear a necktie on

such a hot day.

Ａ:　（ 5 ）I will look for a company where I can enjoy “Cool Biz”; that’s jacket- and tie-free

at their office.

1　Now you are talking.

2　I needed them for my job hunting.

3　I know what you mean.

4　You have worn high heels.

5　I can’t imagine how painful it is.

6　I see, but I have never heard such a thing.

7　Then why haven’t you got a pair?

Ⅰ

《外国語》 ◆全国入試◆

zer0tech

長方形

zer0tech

長方形

次の 6 ～ 10 の（Ａ～Ｅ）から四つの文を選び、一つの対話としてまとまるように並べたとき、

最も適切な配列はどれですか。以下の選択肢から一つ選び、その番号をマークしなさい。ただし、

この対話では、最初に設定された文に続けて、二人の話者が（Ａ～Ｅ）のいずれか一つの文を、交

互に発言するものとします。

You look happy today.

Ａ: I’ll be watching the Olympics on television.

Ｂ: I just got tickets for the Olympics.

Ｃ: I want to get tickets too.

Ｄ: Which sports are you going to watch?

Ｅ: I’ll be watching judo and weightlifting.

1　Ａ―Ｅ―Ｄ―Ｃ 2　Ｂ―Ｄ―Ｅ―Ａ 3　Ｃ―Ｂ―Ｅ―Ａ

4　Ｄ―Ｂ―Ｃ―Ａ 5　Ｅ―Ｄ―Ａ―Ｂ

Where were you yesterday?

Ａ: No. I just felt really tired.

Ｂ: Well, your health is the most important thing.

Ｃ: I decided to take the day off.

Ｄ: Why? Were you sick?

Ｅ: You should not be absent when you are not sick.

1　Ａ―Ｂ―Ｄ―Ｃ 2　Ｂ―Ｄ―Ｃ―Ａ 3　Ｃ―Ｄ―Ａ―Ｂ

4　Ｄ―Ｅ―Ｂ―Ａ 5　Ｅ―Ｂ―Ａ―Ｃ

Have you read that book about American politics?

Ａ: It’s written by a Harvard University professor.

Ｂ: Which book are you talking about?

Ｃ: Oh, I think I heard something about it.

Ｄ: I’m learning a lot from this book.

Ｅ: I’m very interested in American politics.

1　Ａ―Ｃ―Ｂ―Ｅ 2　Ｂ―Ａ―Ｃ―Ｄ 3　Ｃ―Ｂ―Ｄ―Ｅ

4　Ｄ―Ｂ―Ｅ―Ｃ 5　Ｅ―Ｂ―Ｃ―Ｄ

Ⅱ

6

7

8

Did you ever find your missing wallet?

Ａ: Really? Was there money in your wallet?

Ｂ: I see. Actually, I never save receipts.

Ｃ: No. There were just a few receipts.

Ｄ: Yes. I found it at the bottom of my bag.

Ｅ: Oh, don’t worry about it.

1　Ａ―Ｄ―Ｅ―Ｂ 2　Ｂ―Ｅ―Ｃ―Ａ 3　Ｃ―Ａ―Ｄ―Ｂ

4　Ｄ―Ｃ―Ｅ―Ａ 5　Ｅ―Ａ―Ｃ―Ｂ

Do you do anything for exercise?

Ａ: Yes. I play basketball with my friends every Saturday.

Ｂ: I play in a league tournament.

Ｃ: No. We just play for fun.

Ｄ: That sounds like good exercise.

Ｅ: Do you play in a league?

1　Ａ―Ｅ―Ｃ―Ｄ 2　Ｂ―Ｃ―Ｅ―Ｄ 3　Ｃ―Ｄ―Ｂ―Ａ

4　Ｄ―Ａ―Ｂ―Ｅ 5　Ｅ―Ｄ―Ｂ―Ｃ

9

10

次の 11 ～ 20 の英文の（　　　）内に入れるのに最も適切な語（句）を下の 1～ 4からそれぞれ

一つ選び、その番号をマークしなさい。

The president resigned （　　　） pressure from within and outside the company.

1　below 2　in

3　under 4　with

If I （　　　） any money, I would lend her some.

1　had 2　has

3　have 4　having

The house （　　　） east, so we get the morning sun.

1　look 2　looked

3　looking 4　looks

When planning a trip overseas, it is important to take （　　　） of the local climate.

1　account 2　care

3　charge 4　time

That party was great, but this one will be even （　　　）.

1　as good as 2　best

3　better 4　good

Neither the driver （　　　） the passengers were hurt.

1　and 2　but

3　nor 4　or

Some countries are developed, （　　　） others are developing.

1　before 2　since

3　unless 4　while

The stairs were full of smoke and dust, （　　　） prevented people from escaping.

1　what 2　where

3　which 4　whom

Ⅲ

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

（　　　） to our small flat, his house seemed like a palace.

1　Compare 2　Compared

3　Comparing 4　Comparison

There （　　　） be a shorter route to the station than the one we usually take.

1　has 2　need

3　must 4　ought

19

20

次の英文（Ａ～Ｅ）において、それぞれ 1～ 6の語を並べかえて空所を補い、最も適切な文を完

成させなさい。解答は 21 ～ 30 に入れるものの番号をマークしなさい。

Ａ: Her new job has a （　　 21 22 　　）.

1　do 2　English 3　lot

4　to 5　using 6　with

Ｂ: The trouble with these children is （　　 23 24 　　） others.

1　along 2　cannot 3　get

4　that 5　they 6　with

Ｃ: It was almost impossible for me to （　　 25 26 　　） the place on time.

1　and 2　crowd 3　get

4　reach 5　the 6　through

Ｄ: What kinds of （　　 27 28 　　） economic development?

1　been 2　created 3　by

4　have 5　problems 6　rapid

Ｅ: Japan could not （　　 29 30 　　） and food imports from other countries.

1　economic 2　enjoy 3　natural

4　resources 5　success 6　without

Ⅳ

次の英文の空所（ 31 ～ 35 ）に入れるのに最も適切なものを次のページの 1～ 0からそれぞれⅤ

「著作権の都合で開示できません」

(Swimming the Amazon: 3,274 Miles on the World's Deadliest River by Tim Ferriss, from tim.blog, Jul 1, on the Worldʼs Deadliest River （excerpt from The 2008)

2　hands 3　matured

6　lasted 7　arm

4　make

8　stimulating

1　success

5　would have been

9　took 0　would not have been

次の英文を読んで、その内容に基づいて 36 ～ 40 の答えとして最も適切なものを、次のペー

ジの 1～ 4から一つ選び、その番号をマークしなさい。

Among the typical items one finds at one’s feet while walking many of the world’s

beaches is the dried white external skeleton of a flat sea urchin that is referred to in English

as a “sand dollar” ― a name that makes one wonder if there also exist “sand dimes,” “sand

nickels” or “sand pennies.” The connection seashells have with the history of money is a long

and fascinating one, best known to Americans as wampum: shell beads used for trading by

indigenous peoples. The ancient legacy of shell money is preserved for us linguistically in

Chinese characters that employ the “small shell” radical＊ for money-related words, such as

wealth （財）, poverty （貧）, gambling （賭）, and many others. Certainly, in distant times a fully

formed seashell fresh off a beach would have had value in places where there were only

mountains and valleys occupied by people who would never see the ocean even once in their

lifetime.

The reality of the sand dollar as a once living thing is revealed when it becomes a “half

（sand） dollar.” The bit that looks so much like a large coin is known as a test （an actual

scientific term for the shell of certain types of sea creatures, having nothing to do with what

you are taking now）. Split the test into two pieces and the cutaway＊ view shows the space

once occupied by a living organism. Imagine a tortoise shell without its owner.

The living, breathing part has a life much shorter than its attractive exterior, usually six

to ten years. Still, because the hard shell protecting them makes them so difficult to get to

and there’s so little meat on them in the first place, matured sand dollars tend to live out their

lives naturally without becoming a meal. When alive the sand dollar shell is nothing like what

we might step on with our bare feet on some sandy beach. It would be purplish in color and

covered with spines, not to mention much heavier. The star-like pattern we see on a long

dead one would be hidden on a live one. The difference is considerable enough that we would

be surprised to think they were even the same animal.

In the case of the California variety （Dendraster excentricus） the lonely image of a single

dead sand dollar is in direct contrast to the reality of its life as a social animal. As many as

650 can live within the area of a square meter. This behavior relates to their reproductive

habits of releasing eggs and sperm into the water for fertilization. The young at the larval＊

stage can also clone themselves, something biologists didn’t know until 2008. This is done in

part as an act of defense against any hungry fish swimming nearby. The more there are to

eat, the better chance of the community surviving.

In evolutionary terms the sand dollar is a masterwork of adaptability to water flow

Ⅵ

（hydrodynamics） and structurally looks much like that which enables a bird to fly through

the air. Because they can swallow sand to increase body weight, smaller sand dollars are not

scattered by fast currents. When motionless, sand dollars use their spines like shovels to dig

themselves a secure burrow in the sand, usually leaving a body part exposed for catching

mobile food such as plankton or baby crabs. They convey their catch to their mouth using

body hair called cilia. The mouth is known as “Aristotle’s lantern” because Aristotle famously

described it well over two thousand years ago in his Historia Animalium. It is nothing like a

human mouth, requiring five jaws and 60 muscles for tasks that include scraping nutrients off

the surface of fine grains of sand.

The bones of the jaw have been described as five white “doves” as well, and because the

total of shell holes and “petals” on the outside flower pattern each tend to number five ― the

sand dollar exists as God’s way of whispering “five” into the ears of those believers who are

eager to celebrate a special religious or folk significance. Christians have long drawn a

symbolic parallel between the sand dollar and the five wounds Christ suffered on the cross.

What was in life the arrangement of tubes through which this heartless, brainless creature

drew its breath is, in its death, an outline of a single blossom resembling an Easter lily, symbol

of purity and hope.

Next time you are at the beach, drop into a souvenir shop and see how many sand dollars

are in the “bank” of human creativity. Artists find their surfaces easy to paint and there will

be no limit to the variety of images you can find: Mexican folk art skull sand dollars, Santa

Claus sand dollars, seascape-with-palm-trees sand dollars, peacock sand dollars, and stunning

geometric design sand dollars. But there is still nothing as amazing as the real thing in all its

vital purple plainness, countless worm-like purple tubes carpeting its underbelly, propelling it

in slow motion across the sand in shallow waters, like a submerged＊ robot vacuum cleaner

that has run away from home.

（注） radical 部首 cutaway 一部を切り取った；内部が見える

larval 幼生の、幼虫の　　　submerged 水中に隠れた

Who gave the sand dollar its name?

1　Indigenous peoples of the Americas.

2　The Chinese.

3　Mountain people.

4　The answer is not given.

36

What is said about the “half （sand） dollar”?

1　That a white sand dollar is what is left of a dead animal.

2　That sand dollars were once valuable as money.

3　That animals with shells don’t always need them.

4　Tortoises and sand dollars are closely related.

On what point does the article spotlight the California variety?

1　The food it eats.

2　The crowd it needs.

3　The body it has.

4　The length of life it has.

What, besides a coin, can a dead “sand dollar” most resemble?

1　A baby crab.

2　Aristotle’s lantern.

3　A flower.

4　A runaway vacuum cleaner.

In nature, what exactly is a sand dollar?

1　A worm.

2　A sea urchin.

3　A crab.

4　A fish.

（以上で問題は終わりです。解答番号 41 以降は使用しません。）

37

38

39

40



Ａ:　I went to a family restaurant yesterday. To my surprise, I found no straws at the drink

bar corner.

Ｂ:　（ 1 ）

Ａ:　No, it seems to be one of the measures to reduce ocean plastic pollution.

Ｂ:　I see. （ 2 ）

Ａ:　We also get harmed because we might eat polluted fish.

Ｂ:　（ 3 ） We should hurry to reduce plastic from our lives.

Ａ:　Did you know that grocery stores will charge you for plastic bags at the checkout from

next April?

Ｂ:　No, I didn’t. That’s a good idea. （ 4 ）

Ａ:　I think so. （ 5 ） My bag, my chopsticks, my bottle, my..., well, what other “my items”

can you think of?

1　Has the restaurant sold out the straws?

2　Do you mean somebody took them all home?

3　That’s scary.

4　We shouldn’t catch polluted fish.

5　I guess more customers will bring their own bags.

6　I will prepare “my bag”, too.

7　I’ve heard that microplastic in the ocean is harming marine life.

Ⅰ

《外国語》◆A日程1期◆

2月7日

zer0tech

長方形

zer0tech

長方形





Where did you get those shoes?

Ａ: I want to buy those shoes too.

Ｂ: It’s a new company which just started making shoes this year.

Ｃ: I haven’t seen that brand before.

Ｄ: These shoes are sold at my company.

Ｅ: I got them at my favorite sports shop.

1　Ａ―Ｅ―Ｄ―Ｃ 2　Ｂ―Ｅ―Ｃ―Ｄ 3　Ｃ―Ｂ―Ｅ―Ａ

4　Ｄ―Ｂ―Ｃ―Ａ 5　Ｅ―Ｃ―Ｂ―Ａ

Do you want to go to Asakusa on Saturday with me?

Ａ: I’m going to be a volunteer guide for foreign tourists.

Ｂ: Oh, that sounds interesting.

Ｃ: Why? What are you planning to do there?

Ｄ: I think I can speak English pretty well.

Ｅ: We need people who can speak English or another foreign language.

1　Ａ―Ｂ―Ｄ―Ｃ 2　Ｂ―Ｃ―Ｄ―Ａ 3　Ｃ―Ａ―Ｂ―Ｅ

4　Ｄ―Ａ―Ｂ―Ｃ 5　Ｅ―Ｂ―Ａ―Ｃ

I’m going to a concert next Friday night.

Ａ: Sandy Smith, the singer-songwriter.

Ｂ: I love Sandy Smith’s singing.

Ｃ: She was a backup singer for many groups, but now she sings solo.

Ｄ: Who is Sandy Smith? I’ve never heard of this person.

Ｅ: Who are you going to see?

1　Ａ―Ｃ―Ｂ―Ｅ 2　Ｂ―Ｃ―Ｄ―Ａ 3　Ｃ―Ｅ―Ｄ―Ａ

4　Ｄ―Ａ―Ｅ―Ｃ 5　Ｅ―Ａ―Ｄ―Ｃ

Ⅱ

6

7

8

Have you seen the manager today?

Ａ: No. I heard that she is at the company headquarters now.

Ｂ: There is a sales meeting at the headquarters every month.

Ｃ: I don’t know.

Ｄ: Really? What is she doing there?

Ｅ: Well, I guess we’ll find out at tomorrow’s staff meeting.

1　Ａ―Ｄ―Ｃ―Ｅ 2　Ｂ―Ｅ―Ｃ―Ａ 3　Ｃ―Ａ―Ｅ―Ｂ

4　Ｄ―Ｃ―Ｅ―Ａ 5　Ｅ―Ｃ―Ｄ―Ｂ

Have you finished making the pamphlet yet?

Ａ: Do you think you can have it ready by the end of the week?

Ｂ: Okay. I’ll present it to the customer next Monday.

Ｃ: I’m hoping to wrap up the work by Friday afternoon.

Ｄ: I’m almost finished with it.

Ｅ: The pamphlet is already finished.

1　Ａ―Ｅ―Ｃ―Ｂ 2　Ｂ―Ｃ―Ｅ―Ｄ 3　Ｃ―Ｅ―Ｂ―Ａ

4　Ｄ―Ａ―Ｃ―Ｂ 5　Ｅ―Ａ―Ｂ―Ｃ

9

10



He was （　　　） to know that my sister was single at that time.

1　interest 2　interested

3　interesting 4　interests

What influence have the experiences in her life had （　　　） her novel?

1　at 2　in

3　on 4　to

They were very angry when they heard （　　　） had happened.

1　why 2　what

3　where 4　which

He followed a strict diet and （　　　） on exercise programs, but nothing seemed to work.

1　go 2　going

3　gone 4　went

Everything was explained in perfect （　　　）.

1　clear 2　clearly

3　clarity 4　clearing

Whenever he finds coins in his pocket, he puts （　　　） in his wooden piggy bank.

1　it 2　ones

3　theirs 4　them

（　　　） her busy schedule, the actress still finds time for reading.

1　Apart from 2　Despite

3　Thanks to 4　Unlike

They （　　　） of abusing and neglecting the children.

1　accuse 2　accused

3　were accused 4　were accusing

Ⅲ

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

I stayed home all day （　　　） going out with my friends.

1　as to 2　because of

3　due to 4　instead of

The number of people booking hotel rooms online （　　　） higher than that in the same

period last year.

1　are 2　be

3　is 4　were

19

20



Ａ: My sister （　　 21 22 　　） spoken English.

1　at 2　expressing 3　good

4　herself 5　in 6　is

Ｂ: In the United States, Thanksgiving Day （　　 23 24 　　） 1863.

1　an 2　annual 3　been

4　holiday 5　has 6　since

Ｃ: Ignorance of foreign （　　 25 26 　　） our relationships with foreigners.

1　cause 2　customs 3　in

4　may 5　misunderstandings 6　serious

Ｄ: What you need to do is to （　　 27 28 　　） to the fullest.

1　how 2　learn 3　life

4　live 5　to 6　your

Ｅ: If you （　　 29 　　 30 　　） you purchase, store, and prepare food, you can reduce

food waste.

1　changes 2　make 3　simple

4　in 5　the 6　way

Ⅳ

次の英文の空所（ 31 ～ 35 ）に入れるのに最も適切なものを次のページの 1～ 0からそれぞれ

一つ選び、その番号をマークしなさい。ただし同じ番号を二回以上選んではいけません。なお文

頭に置かれるべき語も、小文字で始まっています。

Personality defines us and how we interact with the world. Though there are different

theories about what personality really is and how our basic personality traits are first formed,

the general agreement is that personality is shaped by early life experiences and tend to stay

stable over time.

（ 31 ）, personality changes can still occur depending on new life experiences. People

who have experienced severe emotional stress or life-changing events can experience

significant personality changes. Even the kind of social roles we take on can change

personality. First-time parents or people heavily invested in new jobs can find themselves

becoming more responsible as their new roles force them to change how they think, feel, and

behave in general. People in new romantic relationships can find themselves becoming more

caring about their partners’ well-being as their view of the world changes. As our lives

change, （ 32 ） our personalities.

But do most people really want to change their personalities? While we tend to admire

people who are more active and confident than we are, how many of us are really willing to

put in the effort to make the kind of long-term changes that can alter personality traits?

According to a recent research study by psychologists at the University of Illinois, most

people are dissatisfied with their own personality and wished to change in a more positive

direction. Only thirteen percent reported being satisfied with themselves as they were.

As for whether people really can alter their personality traits, the evidence is a little

more controversial. Though many people try to change their personalities, either through

counseling or by developing their own self-improvement program, such as taking public

speaking courses to become more social and outgoing, it’s still debatable how effective these

approaches （ 33 ）. With this in mind, Nathan Hudson and R. Chris Fraley of the University

of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign conducted a study to see whether research subjects could

change measurable aspects of their personality.

What the researchers found was that participants were able to make significant

personality changes. For example, people who wanted to become more extroverted＊ tested

as being higher in extroversion by the end of the study period. （ 34 ） in how they

responded to personality testing, they also reported significant changes in their daily

behaviour, which matched the personality changes they wanted to make. As one example,

people who described themselves as being more extroverted by the end of the study also

Ⅴ

reported interacting more easily with other people and doing daily activities that matched

their more extroverted nature.

And what do these results suggest? Recognizing that personality can be changed can

lead to more effective treatment for people with personality problems as well as helping to

overcome resistance to change. （ 35 ） frequently, patients insist that they are incapable of

change when actually they are either unwilling or afraid to try.

Despite their positive findings, Hudson and Roberts warn that their results are based on

self-report and that the length of time involved was likely too brief to ensure permanent

personality changes in many people. Still, people appear capable of altering personality traits

if they are motivated to do so and receive the right psychological support.

So spare a thought for what you would like to change about your own personality.

Saying “I can’t help myself” may not be a valid excuse after all.

（注） extroverted：外向的な、社交的な

1　despite 2　that spoken 3　all too

4　so are 5　along with changes 6　so do

7　in spite of 8　are in the long run 9　that said

0　are in the long distance

("Can You Change Your Personality?" by Romeo Vitelli from Psychology Today, 2015. Reproduced with permission of the author.)



While it is a matter of personal taste whether one knows or not the names of the great

composers of so-called classical music, almost anyone called upon to mention a few will come

up with “Big Daddy” Bach, Wolfgang Mozart or Ludwig van Beethoven. A more challenging

question would be naming a living composer in the same tradition. （The Estonian Arvo Pärt,

84, is currently ranked the most popular.） More challenging still would be the names of any

women composers, for they have existed throughout history and, had they been men, would

most likely be more famous than they are today.

A traveler exploring Germany’s scenic Rhine River who visits the city of Bingen will be

directed to the history museum there, which features front and center the amazing career of

Saint Hildegard, who became a saint only as recently as 2012 （in an act known as

canonization）. She was in every sense a renaissance woman, born a little more than three and

a half centuries before the greatest Renaissance man Leonardo da Vinci （1452-1519）.

Hildegard was not only a composer of church music, but also a mystic, a poet, a playwright, an

early feminist and a sharp observer of natural phenomena on earth and in the skies.

Ironically, she had been a sickly child and her aristocrat father did not hold much hope for her

future should she choose a normal life. He felt her only possibility of personal happiness

would be in the service of God as a nun, isolated from the stresses of daily decision-making.

Fortunately for Hildegard, Jutta von Spanheim, her mentor, saw in her an unusual ability, and

Hildegard was able to develop it to such a high degree that she became famous in her long

lifetime of eighty-one years, even going on tours throughout Europe to promote her ideas and

professed God-given visions.

Hildegard was a member of the Benedictine Order. That meant a life of balanced sleep, a

vegetarian diet, regular prayer and lots of hard work. Her first book, Liber Scivias （Know the

Ways）, would be a widely read description of the cosmos based on ancient Greek ideas. It

was believed to be a divinely inspired work in its time and would not be matched by any man

for centuries. The short biographies on Hildegard do not always detail her musical

compositions, if even mention them, but Hildegard composed noteworthy liturgical pieces

（works for public religious ceremony）. She also pioneered in developing the musical morality

play concept where the main character of a story is presented with a dilemma of choice

between good and evil which will determine whether he or she is granted entry into heaven

in the next life.

Fast forward to Venice, Italy, and the year 1619. It was the time of the Baroque, light-

Ⅵ

hearted dance music and obsessively fancy art and architecture. Johann Sebastian Bach

would not be born for another six decades and six years. Barbara Strozzi entered the world

of the educated elite, daughter of the poet Giulio Strozzi and his servant, and was destined to

enjoy a high degree of fame in her own lifetime; but the similarities with Hildegard, born a

little over half a millennium earlier, tend to end there. Even without listening to their music,

their individual portraits tell us much about their differences. The serious nun Hildegard

looks like a cartoonish storybook character on the page of the Scivia where she is shown

dictating a sacred vision to a scribe. What is widely believed to be a portrait of Strozzi

realistically reveals a confident businesswoman with a mannish face, baring a breast just so

that there is no mistaking her sex, and posing with a viola da gamba, just so there is no

mistaking her abilities. Strozzi was not the only woman composing music in Venice in her

day, but was the most productive of all of the composers there, men or women, generating a

large body of work which consisted mainly of secular （non-religious） works. She provided

many opportunities for sopranos to show off their vocal gymnastics and acting skills, a kind of

performance that was far from the solemn tones that Hildegard created for the sacred spaces

of Bingen.

Hildegard today has a large number of fans who are as excited about her ideas

concerning nutrition and natural food as they are about her music. The compact disc of her

music entitled “The Feather on the Breath of God” is one of recording history’s best-selling

CDs at 260,000 copies. Even though Strozzi’s era is significantly closer to our own time, her

music does not have the simpler New Age “healing” appeal of Hildegard’s sounds. Tastes will

have to change for Strozzi to match this, and good luck, too, to the other 367 women listed in

Mary McVicker’s exhaustive compilation of biographies entitled Women Composers of

Classical Music.

What does the author suggest about how people in general regard classical music?

1　They will know something about it even if they don’t always like it.

2　They will be eager to know what is new.

3　They will like any woman composer.

4　They find history challenging.

36

Which year comes closest to when Hildegard of Bingen died?

1　1130.

2　1160.

3　1180.

4　1210.

What is suggested about Hildegard’s musical output?

1　It was inspired by ancient Greek ideas.

2　It was just one of her many varied and extensive achievements.

3　It was written to inspire pioneers in musicals.

4　It encouraged immorality.

What is true about the portrait of Barbara Strozzi?

1　It looks more like a photograph than the one of Hildegard.

2　It contains obvious symbols of monetary success.

3　She is trying to look like a man.

4　She has no musical instrument.

Which of the composers listed below is the most popular among listeners of classical

music?

1　Hildegard of Bingen.

2　Barbara Strozzi.

3　Leonardo da Vinci.

4　Jutta von Spanheim.


37

38

39

40



Ａ:　I’ve made it, arriving in time.

Ｂ:　I thought you would be late today because of the train accident.

Ａ:　（ 1 ）

Ｂ:　Your grandpa? Isn’t he over 80? Does he still drive?

Ａ:　Yes, he does. （ 2 ）

Ｂ:　Oh, is that right? （ 3 ）

Ａ:　I guess so, but he scratched his car against a wall last week.

Ｂ:　Oh, no! My grandma loves driving. （ 4 ） Still, I worry.

Ａ:　I heard the government is planning a new type of drivers’ license for elderly people.

Maybe she should get this license.

Ｂ:　Do you think so? （ 5 ）

1　Wasn’t that a hard decision for him to make?

2　Yes, my grandpa was late for the train.

3　But she is not good at driving.

4　Actually, she is a good driver.

5　Luckily, my grandpa gave me a ride.

6　I wonder how the new license limits elderly drivers.

7　But he’s going to return his drivers’ license next week.

Ⅰ


2月8日

zer0tech

長方形

zer0tech

長方形





What’s the score now?

Ａ: It’s already eight to six.

Ｂ: I love watching ice hockey.

Ｃ: That’s pretty high scoring for an ice hockey game.

Ｄ: Well, it certainly makes an exciting game for the fans.

Ｅ: Yes, both teams are quite weak on defense.

1　Ａ―Ｃ―Ｅ―Ｄ 2　Ｂ―Ｅ―Ｃ―Ｄ 3　Ｃ―Ｂ―Ｅ―Ａ

4　Ｄ―Ｂ―Ｃ―Ａ 5　Ｅ―Ｃ―Ａ―Ｂ

I’m helping foreign children learn Japanese on Saturdays.

Ａ: They range from five to twelve.

Ｂ: I teach at our local community center.

Ｃ: The children can speak Japanese very well.

Ｄ: That’s great. Where do you do this?

Ｅ: How old are the children?

1　Ａ―Ｂ―Ｄ―Ｃ 2　Ｂ―Ｄ―Ｃ―Ａ 3　Ｃ―Ｂ―Ａ―Ｅ

4　Ｄ―Ｂ―Ｅ―Ａ 5　Ｅ―Ｂ―Ａ―Ｃ

I have to visit customers this afternoon.

Ａ: I think I will only need about two hours.

Ｂ: It will take four hours.

Ｃ: How long will it take?

Ｄ: I have to return to the office and write a report on my visits.

Ｅ: What will you do afterwards?

1　Ａ―Ｃ―Ｂ―Ｅ 2　Ｂ―Ｃ―Ｄ―Ａ 3　Ｃ―Ａ―Ｅ―Ｄ

4　Ｄ―Ａ―Ｅ―Ｃ 5　Ｅ―Ｂ―Ｃ―Ｄ

Ⅱ

6

7

8

Do you have any brothers or sisters?

Ａ: Do they live near you?

Ｂ: They live in the same town in America.

Ｃ: No. One lives in England and the other in Australia.

Ｄ: I have two younger sisters.

Ｅ: I guess you don’t see them very often.


4　Ｄ―Ａ―Ｃ―Ｅ 5　Ｅ―Ｃ―Ｄ―Ｂ

I wonder if I passed today’s test.

Ａ: I’m sure you passed the test.

Ｂ: Didn’t you study enough?

Ｃ: I thought I had, but there were some tricky questions.

Ｄ: Next Wednesday.

Ｅ: When will you get the results?

1　Ａ―Ｅ―Ｃ―Ｄ 2　Ｂ―Ｃ―Ｅ―Ｄ 3　Ｃ―Ｄ―Ｂ―Ａ

4　Ｄ―Ａ―Ｂ―Ｅ 5　Ｅ―Ａ―Ｂ―Ｃ

9

10



The law of averages （　　　） that if you flip a coin 100 times, 50 flips will be heads and

the other 50 will be tails.

1　to say 2　say

3　saying 4　says

He visited many famous historical places （　　　） his stay in London.

1　as 2　during

3　to 4　when

We have （　　　） noisy neighbors that we never sleep well.

1　so 2　such

3　very 4　well

She has carefully （　　　） the possibility of running for mayor.

1　considerable 2　consideration

3　considered 4　considering

This new printer produces a much higher quality image （　　　） the previous one.

1　except 2　for

3　instead 4　than

If it （　　　） your help, I could not have succeeded.

1　be not for 2　being not for

3　had not been for 4　has not been for

After I walked （　　　） minutes, I came to the shop.

1　a few 2　a little

3　much 4　little

Her true kindness drew him to express （　　　）.

1　him 2　himself

3　her 4　itself

Ⅲ

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

We were working against the clock to （　　　） the deadline.

1　miss 2　meet

3　seek 4　take

She never fails to write a letter （　　　） her mother once a week.

1　in 2　of

3　over 4　to

19

20



Ａ: Can （　　 21 22 　　） the environment?

1　be 2　damaging 3　economic

4　growth 5　maintained 6　without

Ｂ: Mr. White was （　　 23 24 　　） his job search.

1　certain 2　he 3　in

4　succeed 5　that 6　would

Ｃ: There was a loud explosion just （　　 25 26 　　） the place.

1　about 2　as 3　I

4　leave 5　to 6　was

Ｄ: Most Americans are expected to become financially （　　 27 28 　　） time

they finish college.

1　by 2　independent 3　parents

4　of 5　the 6　their

Ｅ: Cooperative learning is the practice of （　　 29 　　 30 　　） them work together

to complete assignments.

1　and 2　groups 3　having

4　into 5　placing 6　students

Ⅳ


一つ選び、その番号をマークしなさい。ただし同じ番号を二回以上選んではいけません。なお文

頭に置かれるべき語も、小文字で始まっています。

What could happen if you gave the poor the power to help themselves? In the way of

“teaching a man to fish,” Muhammad Yunus has spent much of his life tackling the problem of

poverty with socially-focused economics. Yunus is a hero of creativity, innovation and

economic good will.

Yunus was born in East Bengal （now Bangladesh） on June 28th, 1940. As a youth, he

was able to travel to Pakistan, India, and Canada with the Boy Scouts. This increased his

interest in cultural activities and motivated him to attend Chittagong College for Drama. Soon

after, Yunus （ 31 ） to economics and earned his MA in economics by 1961. After an early

success with a packaging factory, he was awarded a Fulbright scholarship to earn his Ph.D. in

Economic Development at Vanderbilt University in the United States. After graduating,

Yunus became an assistant professor at Middle Tennessee State University.

In 1974 a famine＊ caused great suffering across the land. “We tried to ignore it,” Yunus

said. “But then skeleton-like people began showing up in the capital, Dhaka. Soon hungry

people were everywhere. Often they sat so still that one could not be sure whether they

were alive or dead.”

Unable to connect the theories and methods of standard economics he had learned in

school, Yunus stepped out of the academic world and into the suffering. He began

researching the famine and became involved in poverty reduction efforts. He worked with

the government to establish village councils as a form of independent aid. Yunus also noticed

that the poor had almost no access to usable cash. Traditional banks avoided the high risk

loans altogether and moneylenders charged the poor high interest rates. （ 32 ） the

majority of the poor’s profits went back to the lenders.

After running through many ideas with his students, Yunus decided to lend $27.00 （USD）

of his own money to 42 women in one of the poorest villages. He believed that given the

chance and right support, the poor would be able to repay if they didn’t face high interest

rates. Yunus also knew that women who were poor were often isolated from each other, had

low self-esteem and were at higher risk of domestic violence. All of the women were able to

make a profit and repay their loans. This experience led Muhammad Yunus to pioneer the

development of microcredit and microloans in the surrounding communities.

Yunus named his organization the Grameen Bank （Village Bank） and worked to secure

loans from much larger banks. In order to ensure payback, he introduced a system of

Ⅴ

informal “solidarity groups” that would apply for loans together, support and （ 33 ）

responsible. The system is built upon trust rather than written legal contracts. In addition to

reducing poverty, these groups also improved the social position of women in their homes and

communities. In less than 6 years Yunus was able to hand out thousands of microloans and

support the self-advancement of over 28,000 villagers.

Though no economic model is without its faults and limitations, the Yunus experiment-

turned-program has been received as a success. The programs and organizations of the Bank

have expanded to include educational, energy and community development programs. More

like a credit union than a bank, 94% of the organization is owned by the borrowers who number

over 3 million members, while （ 34 ） is owned by the government which is a major donor.

So what happens when you give the poor the economic ability to help themselves?

Thousands are able to （ 35 ） extreme poverty. Muhammad Yunus is recognized as a

moral hero for stepping out of the academic safety zone into the famine and impoverished

world around him. His pioneering vision of microcredit and innovative economic effort on

behalf of the poor has improved the conditions of countless villagers and families throughout

the region.

（注） famine 飢饉

1　the rest 2　this meant 3　switched his focus

4　because of 5　hold each other 6　escaping

7　got interested 8　help each other 9　others

0　work their way out of

(Muhammad Yunus, from MoralHeroes.org, Dec 13, 2010 http://moralheroes.org)



The captivity narrative is a genre of writing that predated the times of Mary

Rowlandson, but after her classic 1682 book A Narrative of the Captivity, Sufferings and

Removes of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson, it grew in popularity as something peculiarly American.

It basically confirmed the positive stereotypes that white society held toward their own “pure”

Christian women against the “savagery＊” of non-white captors. The book was read widely in

British colonies where her true story took place, and, of course, in England, where it appealed

to a general curiosity about strange and exotic America. So what happened to Mrs.

Rowlandson?

It was on a cold Massachusetts morning in February 1675, one hundred and one years

before the birth of the United States of America. A tiny community of British colonists living

in a place called Lancaster was attacked by the region’s original inhabitants, nowadays

referred to as First Nations, confusingly as Native Americans, and altogether inaccurately as

Indians. For the purpose of this discussion, we will refer to the attackers by their tribal name,

the Wampanoag. The attack consisted of burning property, killing and the taking of

prisoners. Among those prisoners were Mary Rowlandson and her three children. Rowlandson

and her youngest child Sarah were wounded, but other family members were not so lucky

and lost their lives. The two older children who survived, a daughter and son, were not

allowed to join Mary as she and little Sarah were taken against their will into the deep forest.

Mary and Sarah were in great pain as they were forced to move further and further

west. Over a period of a week things went from bad to worse. Sarah died and Mary learned

she had been sold to a relative of the local chief named “King Philip” of the Wampanoag from

whom the war ― King Philip’s War ― took its name, though his real name was Metacomet.

Her captors remained at war with the British and brought back items stolen from

households across the region. One of them was a Bible taken in a town called Medfield; the

holy book was given to Mary, a devout＊ Christian. Throughout her struggle she derived a

great inner peace from having a Bible to read.

Mary was again on the road and the speed of the marching intensified. This suggested to

her that possible rescuers, British soldiers, might be right behind. While her suspicion was

correct, the soldiers could not keep up with the native Wampanoag who knew the shape of

the territory better than the British.

Once Mary crossed the Connecticut River she was in King Philip’s village. Here she

encountered no great cruelties and found herself ordered to make clothes. There was still no

Ⅵ

sign of the war ending. She wondered if she could be traded for gunpowder＊, but the

Wampanoag resumed dragging her across the wooded landscape with no sign of hope she

would ever see her home or loved ones again.

At last the Wampanoag showed a willingness to free Mary thanks to an Englishman

named John Hoar for whom they had great respect. In the end, after spending three months

in captivity and walking more than 240 kilometers through wilderness, Mary Rowlandson was

reunited with her husband and, in time, with her son and daughter as well.

Not surprisingly, other narratives followed Rowlandson’s, some of them heavily

fictionalized. Scholars have been fascinated by the patterns that they reveal. Often the victim

is a woman. A male rescuer, a heaven-sent “hero,” is involved, but he may not appear before

the woman has had time to fall in love with a member of the “evil” group that has deprived＊

her of her freedom.

Scholars will also note some similarity with another type of captivity narrative that

occurs in the United States more than elsewhere in the world: that of UFO abduction. The

late great astronomer and non-fiction writer Carl Sagan was highly skeptical of these

incidents, wondering why each report followed the same storyline with physical evidence

always being “just around the corner.” Might not these honest and well-meaning people be

the victims of their own hallucinations＊? Those claiming the experience of being abducted by

space aliens can write as much as they like about their special nightmare, but they have yet

to achieve the level of credibility of Mary Rowlandson’s 337-year-old tale.

（注） savagery 残忍さ

devout 信心深い

gunpowder 火薬

deprived ～を奪う

hallucinations 幻覚

How did the people in England respond to Mary Rowlandson’s story?

1　They thought it unfairly stereotyped “savages.”

2　They wanted to read more as it was so different and exciting.

3　They thought Rowlandson wanted to be captured.

4　They thought it strange and unappealing.

36

～奪った

Which term below is most problematic for this discussion?

1　First Nations.

2　Native Americans.

3　Indians.

4　Wampanoag.

During most of her captivity, how did Mary deal with her stress?

1　By making clothes.

2　By reading the Bible.

3　By begging for her freedom.

4　By falling in love.

How was Mary treated in King Philip’s village?

1　　She was allowed her freedom in exchange for gunpowder.

2　She was given a task.

3　She was allowed to reunite with her daughter and son.

4　She took part in looting.

How does the Mary Rowlandson story compare with stories of recent times that claim

abduction by space aliens?

1　It is identical.

2　It is poorly written.

3　It is less believable.

4　It is more believable.


37

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Ａ:　What’s wrong? （ 1 ）

Ｂ:　My pet cat, Tama, has been missing since last night.

Ａ:　Oh, no. That’s too bad. （ 2 ）

Ｂ:　Thanks. I made some missing cat posters. Will you go to some neighborhood stores and

ask them to put them up on their bulletin boards?

Ａ:　Sure. No problem. （ 3 ） There are many stray cats in the park.

Ｂ:　They are not stray cats. They are called “community cats.”

Ａ:　Community cats? What do you mean?

Ｂ:　（ 4 ） And some animal doctors give operations to female cats to control the

population.

Ａ:　So the cats are returned to the park after the operation as community cats?

Ｂ:　Yes, you are right. （ 5 ）

1　Let me help you find her.

2　I’m glad to hear that your cat was a stray.

3　I will also search in the park nearby.

4　You look worried.

5　Come to think of it, maybe Tama would be happier if she became a community cat.

6　What did you do with your cat?

7　Some volunteers in this community take good care of the stray cats.

Ⅰ


2月9日

zer0tech

長方形

zer0tech

長方形


最も適切な配列はどれか。以下の選択肢から一つ選び、その番号をマークしなさい。ただし、こ

の対話では、最初に設定された文に続けて、二人の話者が（Ａ～Ｅ）のいずれか一つの文を、交互

に発言するものとします。

I was thinking about moving into an apartment.

Ａ: Why? What’s the problem?

Ｂ: Well, actually I’m having second thoughts about it.

Ｃ: The apartments near the university are too expensive.

Ｄ: I’ll move into an apartment next week.

Ｅ: When will you do it?

1　Ａ―Ｅ―Ｄ―Ｃ 2　Ｂ―Ｅ―Ｃ―Ｄ 3　Ｃ―Ｂ―Ｅ―Ａ

4　Ｄ―Ｃ―Ａ―Ｂ 5　Ｅ―Ｂ―Ａ―Ｃ

I can’t find my white necktie.

Ａ: Why don’t you just buy a new white necktie?

Ｂ: Why do you need a white necktie?

Ｃ: I’m going to attend my older brother’s wedding ceremony.

Ｄ: Oh, it was about five years ago.

Ｅ: When did you last wear the tie?

1　Ａ―Ｂ―Ｄ―Ｃ 2　Ｂ―Ｃ―Ｅ―Ｄ 3　Ｃ―Ｂ―Ｅ―Ａ

4　Ｄ―Ａ―Ｂ―Ｅ 5　Ｅ―Ｂ―Ａ―Ｃ

My job at the convenience store is really tough.

Ａ: You are not responsible for ordering stock, are you?

Ｂ: Yes. Customers complain if items are out of stock.

Ｃ: Have you had some trouble?

Ｄ: I do all the ordering of new items.

Ｅ: No. That’s the manager’s job.

1　Ａ―Ｃ―Ｂ―Ｅ 2　Ｂ―Ｅ―Ｄ―Ａ 3　Ｃ―Ｂ―Ａ―Ｅ

4　Ｄ―Ａ―Ｅ―Ｃ 5　Ｅ―Ｂ―Ｃ―Ｄ

Ⅱ

6

7

8

I wonder if I need an umbrella today.

Ａ: That’s a good idea. I’ll buy one this morning.

Ｂ: You don’t need an umbrella today, in my opinion.

Ｃ: The TV news said it might rain in the afternoon.

Ｄ: Well, the weather is rather changeable these days.

Ｅ: Why don’t you carry a folding umbrella?


4　Ｄ―Ｃ―Ｅ―Ａ 5　Ｅ―Ｂ―Ｄ―Ａ

What do you feel like having for dinner?

Ａ: I’d like something spicy.

Ｂ: It’s just a five-minute walk from the station.

Ｃ: Good idea. Where is it?

Ｄ: I feel like eating dinner right now.

Ｅ: Why don’t we try that new Indian restaurant?

1　Ａ―Ｅ―Ｃ―Ｂ 2　Ｂ―Ｃ―Ｅ―Ｄ 3　Ｃ―Ｄ―Ｂ―Ａ

4　Ｄ―Ａ―Ｂ―Ｅ 5　Ｅ―Ａ―Ｄ―Ｃ

9

10



The policeman （　　　） by the door looked at me and smiled.

1　stand 2　standing

3　stands 4　stood

She was leaning on the bar （　　　） a drink in her hand.

1　besides 2　by

3　for 4　with

（　　　） the driver driven more carefully, those people would not have been killed.

1　As 2　Had

3　Just 4　Since

He stood there （　　　） staring at the top of the mountain.

1　on silent 2　silence

3　silences 4　silently

Imports of tea （　　　） steadily increasing in Britain in the early nineteenth century.

1　are 2　has been

3　was 4　were

Internet-based communications enable more and more people （　　　） at home.

1　to work 2　to working

3　work 4　worked

（　　　） you are leaving last, please turn out the lights.

1　Since 2　That

3　Though 4　Until

The lack （　　　） finance is the most serious obstacle to developing the company.

1　at 2　with

3　of 4　under

Ⅲ

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

Customers are advised to （　　　） seat reservations well in advance.

1　conduct 2　make

3　meet 4　inspect

The house of his family （　　　） in front of the park.

1　be located 2　is located

3　is locating 4　locates

19

20



Ａ: Dance styles often change and （　　 21 22 　　） dances.

1　classify 2　difficult 3　it

4　makes 5　this 6　to

Ｂ: Even experienced （　　 23 24 　　） their students.

1　dealing 2　difficulty 3　have

4　may 5　teachers 6　with

Ｃ: The （　　 25 26 　　）, the worse your situation will get.

1　about 2　complain 3　more

4　problem 5　the 6　you

Ｄ: Try to approach every day as （　　 27 28 　　） goals.

1　a 2　achieve 3　new

4　opportunity 5　to 6　your

Ｅ: If you want to participate in volunteer activities more actively, you can

（　　 29 　　　　 30 　　） various nongovernmental organizations.

1　apply 2　by 3　contacting

4　for 5　programs 6　various

Ⅳ


一つ選び、その番号をマークしなさい。ただし同じ番号を二回以上選んではいけません。

Healthcare for the elderly is a big deal, as are the issues surrounding them and the places

where they live. As we have reported here at Health Impact News previously, over-medication

of the elderly in care facilities such as nursing homes is an all too real issue that many （ 31 ）

today. About 47.5% （997,500） of the elderly in the US are taking medicines for depression,

which are known to make bones weaker. Additionally, 10 of 24 health warnings issued by

drug companies on the use of antipsychotic＊ drugs were specifically for the elderly and the

increased risk of stroke and/or death.

Yet there are better ways of dealing with common health issues for the elderly besides

antipsychotic drugs. Animals such as dogs, cats, and other domesticated animal companions

are very common in many households across the globe as a part of the human family. What

you may not realize however is how much of a powerfully positive influence these animals can

be in one’s life, especially for the elderly.

Pets have been known to:

1. Improve Mental Health

It’s hard to feel lonely, depressed, upset, stressed, or bored when there’s a happy, cheerful

animal always happy to see you. Touch, another form of communication and known stress

reducer, is also used more when interacting with animals. Pets and Mental Health by Odean

Cusack gives a powerful example of the effect pets can have on one’s mental health: an elderly

man lost his wife, and soon after, his cat. As a result, he was alone for （ 32 ） and not

eating enough to stay healthy （a common effect of depression）. However, after the adoption

of a new cat, both his mood and eating habits improved quickly.

2. Improve Sociability

Grandmothers and grandfathers, moms or dads may dislike too many visitors, but the

common love of animals can （ 33 ） the social gaps. Studies have shown that having

animals in nursing homes encourages the elderly to talk more, smile, and be more attentive.

3. Reduce Doctor’s Visits

In the Presence of Animals by Sarah Burke noted that nursing home residents who had

interaction with companion animals had fewer doctor’s visits than their fellow residents

Ⅴ

without animals in their lives. A positive outlook is crucial to health, and pets have been

known to （ 34 ） and reduce stress. In a 10-month study in which participants acquired a

new pet, they reported a significant improvement in minor health issues in the first month

with their new animals. Dog owners held on to these improvements for the entire 10 months

of the study.

4. Improve Heart Health

（注） antipsychotic＝精神病治療の薬

1　carried away 2　worry 3　face

4　linking 5　bridge 6　carried out

7　improve attitudes 8　almost always 9　behave better

0　most of the time

Multiple studies on the connection between the heart health of people with pets and those

without have been （ 35 ）. A 3-year study with 5,741 participants conducted by the Baker

Medical Research Institute （Melbourne） showed that pet owners had less known risk factors

for heart disease, including low blood pressure.

With my 8-week-old kitten lying on my lap, spreading warmth, it’s hard to not believe

that animals can have a real, lasting, and healing touch on human lives.

("The Healing Power of Pets for the Elderly" by Sarah Shilhavy from Health Impact News, 2014. Reproduced with permission of Health Impact News.)



An argument can be made that the Internet is the greatest research tool since the

invention of the printing press. It has made a vast universe of information accessible at

lightning speed. There is, however, a downside to any progress. No professional Internet

“librarian” is on duty around the clock to maintain a degree of quality control throughout the

World Wide Web. While disciplined self-correction is a definitive ideal of information relating

to science, technology, engineering and mathematics （the so-called STEM subjects）, the

believability of online sources can be quite a different story for the humanities.

Consider the history student who wants to search the Internet for sources pertaining to

the topic of slavery in the United States, and more specifically those slaves who had been

inventors. The precautionary＊ thing to do would be to consult printed sources first in order

to determine who the experts are on the subject. The student will learn important names and

issues, and because the source is a standard ink-on-paper publication quite possibly from a

university press, the student will be assured that the source has passed through a process of

expert editing and review.

On occasion what is packaged as “history” is propaganda, persuasive communication that

generally omits facts or ideas that contradict its core message. It generally aims for an

emotional effect, calling on the message’s target to feel pride or disgust, love or hatred. It

may not necessarily be a bad message, but propaganda of any kind rarely stands up to cold

analysis.

For example, February has officially been Black History Month in the United States since

it was designated such in 1976, the year of the 200th anniversary of the nation’s founding.

Black History Month commemorates scientific, political or cultural achievements by a

historically oppressed＊ American minority who trace their roots to the African continent. We

know Black History Month is an exercise in propaganda because not much is said of any

“bad” black people who are an undeniable part of “black history.” Not all black Americans

think Black History Month is a good idea, especially because there is no White History Month

or any other color “history month” for that matter. Black history, they declare, is American

history, something to think about all year and not just during the shortest month. Supporters,

however, point to the importance of the occasion as a time for recognizing noble achievements

despite the humiliations of two and a half centuries of enslavement and the widespread racial

discrimination afterwards that robbed black Americans of citizen’s rights.

Black History Month is typically a time for talking about black innovators in technology.

Ⅵ

The contributions of slaves to the story of American technology are particularly interesting

because slaves were not considered citizens and therefore were unable to take out United

States patents. A patent is a legal right for an inventor to have control over his or her

invention. Usually a patent is where we look for proof that such an inventor created such an

invention. The argument over slavery between North and South boiled so intensely by 1857

that even slave masters were no longer able to take out a patent on what their slaves had

created. Therefore, what we know about slave contributions to major inventions must be

learned through slave-owning family records and letters. This is the case with Jo Anderson, a

slave who worked on the McCormick Reaper,＊ an invention of Cyrus McCormick, the “Father

of Modern Agriculture.” McCormick would go on to become a prominent Chicago-based

businessman, but his roots were in slavery-era Virginia.

How about inventions of black Americans after slavery? One group contends America

would be a completely different and difficult place to live in if not for the existence of black

inventors and their contributions, which include the mop, the ironing board, the refrigerator,

the pencil sharpener and the traffic light, to name a few. Another group asserts that these

claims are half-truths or outright lies driven by political motives. Clearly, inventions do not

wait to be created by a specific individual of any skin color, male, female or in-between. Often

they come into being due to efforts by a number of different minds working independently

and at the same time.

Young researchers interested in the current connection between race and innovation in

the United States can refer to data collected by think tanks such as the Information

Technology & Innovation Foundation. Searching the United States Patent and Trademark

Office for similar data will prove a wasted effort, however, as the government considers the

race of its patent holders a meaningless matter.

（注） precautionary 予防の

oppressed 迫害されている

reaper 刈り取り機

What is the writer’s view of the Internet for doing research?

1　Its scientific articles tend to be more reliable.

2　It needs greater speed and better librarians.

3　It is an even greater invention than the printing press.

4　Its value is going progressively down.

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What is a typical feature of propaganda according to the writer?

1　It is a presentation of balanced arguments.

2　It falls apart when questioned scientifically.

3　It is never a good thing.

4　It always contradicts itself.

Why are slave inventors more of a mystery than the free black inventors?

1　They are probably a myth created by propagandists.

2　No white person ever wrote a thing about them.

3　There are no official documents as proof of their inventions.

4　The interest level in slave inventors is low.

What is concluded about the argument that America would be a different and difficult

place to live in without the contributions of black inventors?

1　That it is fundamentally correct because these inventors were uniquely talented.

2　That it is fundamentally correct because Black History Month tells us they should be

recognized and celebrated.

3　That it is fundamentally incorrect because the achievements of black inventors are

exaggerated and generally untrue.

4　That it is fundamentally incorrect because these inventions would probably be

developed by somebody else eventually.

Ultimately, which of the below would the writer agree was the best place to look first for

information on race and technical innovation in the United States?

1　The Information Technology & Innovation Foundation.

2　The United States Patent and Trademark Office.

3　The Black Inventor Online Museum.

4　A university library.


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