Dyspnea - IntermountainPhysician · 8/16/2010 · 39 year old with dyspnea-2 . 1. Asthma 2....
Transcript of Dyspnea - IntermountainPhysician · 8/16/2010 · 39 year old with dyspnea-2 . 1. Asthma 2....
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Dyspnea
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A 39 year old woman with new onset dyspnea
• Ms. Hernandez has been well until about 6 months ago when she started to get more short of breath.
• One day she felt particularly badly and went to a urgent care facility.
• Her vitals were normal and she was told that she had asthma and was given bronchodilators.
• She continued to have symptoms and the bronchodilators only helped a little.
• She presents to your clinic for an additional opinion.
• She has no fever and no significant cough
Initial presentation
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39 year old with dyspnea-2
1. Asthma
2. Pulmonary parenchymal disease
3. Dilated cardiomyopathy
4. Mitral stenosis
5. Type I pulmonary hypertension
6. Pulmonary thromboembolic disease
7. Any of the above
Differential diagnosis from history
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What is dyspnea?
• Difficult or labored breathing.
Merrium-Webster Dictionary
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What is dyspnea?
• Dyspnea is a term used to characterize a subjective experience of breathing discomfort that is comprised of qualitatively distinct sensations that vary in intensity. The experience derives from interactions among multiple physiological, psychological, social, and environmental factors, and may induce secondary physiological and behavioral responses.
American Thoracic Society
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Why do people feel short of breath?
• Dyspnea may be of neurogenic, respiratory, or cardiac origin, and may be associated with conditions such as anemia, deconditioning, or anxiety.
• It is not just a matter of hypoxia!
Not as straight forward as it would seem
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General Overview
• Cardiac
• Pulmonary
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However, there are other causes of dyspnea
• Anemia
• Metabolic acidosis
• Deconditioning
• Neuromuscular weakness
• Guillain-Barre syndrome
• Myasthenia Gravis
• Duchenne muscular dystrophy
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39 year old with dyspnea
• Vital signs are normal, Oxygen saturation is 95%
• Lungs are clear without rales, wheezes or rhonchi
• Cardiovascular exam: Regular rhythm with normal S1 and increased S2. There is a right ventricular precordial impulse. No significant murmurs, rubs or gallops
• The jugular venous pressure is elevated at 9 cm above the right atrium.
• There is no significant edema
Physical examination
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39 year old with dyspnea
• CBC, and BMP are normal
• The patient is found to have anti-phospholipid antibody
Initial laboratory data
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Most common causes of chronic dyspnea
• Asthma
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Interstitial lung disease
• Myocardial dysfunction
• Obesity/deconditioning
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There are a limited number of causes for sudden/ acute onset dyspnea
• Cardiovascular • Acute myocardial ischemia • Heart failure • Cardiac tamponade • Pulmonary embolus
• Respiratory • Bronchospasm • Pneumothorax • Pulmonary infection • Upper airway obstruction
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Approach to the patient with dyspnea Time to put on your “thinking cap”
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Approach to the patient with dyspnea
• Cardiovascular – History of CV disease? – Symptoms of heart
failure? – Risk factors for
pulmonary vascular disease?
– Abnormal Cardiovascular exam
– Signs of fluid overload?
• Pulmonary – History of lung
disease? – Signs and symptoms
of pulmonary infection?
– Abnormal lung exam
• Other – Bleeding history? – Metabolic disease? – Good exercise
program? – Signs of muscle
wasting?
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Approach to the patient with dyspnea Additional evaluation to consider
• Cardiovascular – CBC, CMP, TSH, – BNP – Possible troponin – Electrocardiogram – CXR – Echocardiogram – Possible stress test
• Pulmonary – CBC, CMP, TSH – CXR – Spirometry – Stress test or 6
minute walk test
• Other – CBC, CMP, TSH,
CPK – Stress test/
metabolic stress test with peak VO2
– Sleep study
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Advanced testing for suspected cardiovascular disease
• If stress test suggests the possibility of coronary artery disease, consider referral for cardiac catheterization
• If there is evidence of cardiomyopathy, coronary artery disease should be ruled out by either stress test, or catheterization if the suspicion of CAD is moderate or high
• If there is suspicion of pulmonary hypertension, right heart catheterization is needed to be certain and to determine the type of pulmonary hypertension that may be present
• If pulmonary hypertension present, additional evaluation may be needed to determine the cause
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History
• “When does the shortness of breath occur- at rest, with exercise or other?”
• “Can you climb a flight of stairs?”
• “Do you have a regular exercise program?”
• “When did it begin?”
Severity of dyspnea
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History
• Fever
• Cough
• Sputum
• Orthopnea
• PND
• Edema
• Chest Pain
Associated symptoms
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Physical examination • Abnormalities in the lung exam
– Wheezing – Rales – Rhonchi – Signs of effusion – Intercostal muscle retraction, etc
• Abnormalities in Cardiovascular Exam – Jugular Venous Pressure – Rate and Rhythm of pulse – Heart sounds – Murmurs – Apical impulse – Right ventricular lift or tap – Other evidence of arterial or venous disease
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Laboratory data
• Routine labs • CBC, Metabolic panel, Thyroid function • Type-B Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)
• Others based on differential diagnosis
• Troponin • ECG
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Patient with acute shortness of breath
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39 year old woman with dyspnea
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Echocardiogram
• Pulmonary artery pressure
• Valvular disease
• Ventricular function
Useful to evaluate
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Echocardiogram-pulmonary hypertension
Right heart abnormalities generally resolve in days post PEA
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Velocity of the tricuspid regurgitation can be used to predict right ventricular/ pulmonary artery pressure
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If suspicion for pulmonary hypertension is high, right heart catheterization is the most definitive way to assess PA pressure
• Can accurately measure PA pressure
• Measure PCWP
• Measure cardiac output/ pulmonary artery saturation
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Ventilation/Perfusion Scan
Ventilation
Perfusion
Normal Abnormal
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39 yo woman with anti-phospholipid antibodies
CT Angiogram with “few, distal abnormalities”
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Left Pulmonary Angiogram
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Right Pulmonary Angiogram
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Clot from same patient
Distal, type III disease
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Hemodynamics
• Pre-op hemodynamics:
• RA 6
• PAP 95/30 (52)
• TD CO 2.1, CI 1.1
• PVR 1783
• On Remodulin
• Post-op hemodynamics:
• RA 7
• PAP 37/12 (21)
• TD CO 5.3, CI 2.7
• PVR 211
• Off PH meds
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Easily missed cardiovascular causes of dyspnea
• Pulmonary hypertension
• Pulmonary emboli
• Chronic pulmonary thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension
• Valve disease
• Mitral stenosis
• Aortic or congenital pulmonic stenosis
• Congenital heart disease
• Atrial septal defect
• Diastolic dysfunction
• Pericardial disease