DYNAMICS OF ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP...

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DYNAMICS OF ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOUR AND PERFORMANCE WITH TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AS THE MODERATORS: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY IN KNOWLEDGE INTENSIVE SERVICE SECTORS THESIS SUBMITTED TO BHARATHIDASAN UNIVERSITY FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN MANAGEMENT By H. ANISA, M.B.A., M.Phil., UGC- NET., Ref. No. 19486 /Ph.D / Management /PT / July2011 / Date-08.07.2011 Research Supervisor CMA Dr. M. SHEIK MOHAMED, M.Com., M.Phil. , Ph.D., FCMA., PGDCA., FMSPI., PGDFM., Dip M.A., MBA., M.Phil. (Mgmt).,CIMA Advanced Dip MA(U.K)., Professor PG AND RESEARCH DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES JAMAL MOHAMED COLLEGE (Autonomous) TIRUCHIRAPPALLI, TAMIL NADU, INDIA JULY 2014

Transcript of DYNAMICS OF ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP...

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DYNAMICS OF ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOUR

AND PERFORMANCE WITH TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND

KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AS THE MODERATORS:

AN EMPIRICAL STUDY IN KNOWLEDGE INTENSIVE SERVICE SECTORS

THESIS SUBMITTED TO BHARATHIDASAN UNIVERSITY

FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

IN

MANAGEMENT

By

H. ANISA, M.B.A., M.Phil., UGC- NET.,

Ref. No. 19486 /Ph.D / Management /PT / July2011 / Date-08.07.2011

Research Supervisor

CMA Dr. M. SHEIK MOHAMED, M.Com., M.Phil. , Ph.D.,

FCMA., PGDCA., FMSPI., PGDFM., Dip M.A., MBA., M.Phil. (Mgmt).,CIMA Advanced Dip MA(U.K).,

Professor

PG AND RESEARCH DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES

JAMAL MOHAMED COLLEGE (Autonomous)

TIRUCHIRAPPALLI, TAMIL NADU, INDIA

JULY 2014

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In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

The rare a thing, the more its value increases, except knowledge:

the more diffused it is the more valuable.

Imam Ali (r.a)

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled ‘Dynamics of Organizational

Citizenship Behaviour and Performance with Total Quality Management and

Knowledge Management as the Moderators: An Empirical Study in

Knowledge Intensive Service Sectors’ is a bonafide record of original research

work done by Ms. H. Anisa in PG and Research Department of Management

Studies, Jamal Institute of Management, Jamal Mohamed College (Autonomous),

Tiruchirappalli as a Part-Time Research Scholar during the period 2011-2014 under

my guidance and supervision for the award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy

in Management.

I further certify that this work has not been the basis for any other degree /

Diploma/Associate ship/Fellowship or other similar title to any candidate of this or

any other university.

(Dr. M. Sheik Mohamed)

Research Advisor

Haji. CMA Dr. M. SHEIK MOHAMED, M.Com., M.Phil, Ph.D.,

FCMA., PGDCA., FMSPI., PGDFM., Dip M.A.,MBA., M.Phil. (Mgmt).,

CIMA Advanced Dip MA(U.K).,

Professor, Jamal Institute of Management

Former Principal, Jamal Mohamed College (Autonomous)

Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India.

Mobile: 94433 41035

Email: [email protected]

30, Samadh School Street

Khaja Nagar

Tiruchirappalli – 620020.

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H. Anisa, M.B.A., M.Phil., UGC-NET.,

Assistant Professor / Part Time Research Scholar

PG and Research Department of Management Studies

Jamal Institute of Management

Jamal Mohamed College (Autonomous)

Tiruchirappalli.

Date:

DECLARATION

I do hereby declare that the thesis entitled ‘Dynamics of Organizational

Citizenship Behaviour and Performance with Total Quality Management and

Knowledge Management as the Moderators: An Empirical Study in

Knowledge Intensive Service Sectors’ submitted to Bharathidasan University,

Tiruchirappalli for the award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Management

is a record of original and independent research work done by me during the period

2011-2014 under the supervision and guidance of Dr. M. Sheik

Mohamed, Professor, PG and Research Department of Management Studies, Jamal

Institute of Management, Jamal Mohamed College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli

and it has not been the basis for any other Degree /Diploma/

Associateship/Fellowship or other similar title to any candidate of this or any other

university.

(H. Anisa)

Research Scholar

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ABSTRACT

Purpose – This research attempts to establish the link of Organizational Citizenship

Behaviour (OCB), Total Quality Management (TQM) and Knowledge Management

(KM) with Overall Performance of the Organization (PERF).

Design/methodology/approach –This research uses both qualitative and quantitative

approaches of research. It is an empirical study which involves seeking relationships

between variables. Meta-analysis of literature was the basis for developing the metric

that included the screening of the variables constituting the hypothetical research

model. Goodness fit index, chi-square test, Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index (AGFI),

Tucker Lewis Index (TLI), and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA)

have been used to test the model fit of the metric. Pilot study was through a sample size

of 33 knowledge workers specifically chosen for their expertise in the area based on

convenience sampling chosen from the three knowledge intensive service

organizations: higher education, information technology and healthcare and the primary

data was obtained from a sample size of 742 based on standard equation. Questionnaire

has been prepared and validated using standard procedures of reliability and validity

tests. The questionnaire had 64 a priori items on a Likert 5-point scale (5-strongly agree

and 1-Strongly disagree). A set of 39 hypotheses have been developed and tested. The

tools used for hypotheses testing were t-test and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM)

with Partial Least Square Method (PLSM). Regression analysis has been used to fit the

mathematical model relating the exogenous and endogenous variables. Design of

Experiments (DOE) has been used to study the main effect and interaction effects of

the exogenous variables. Modelling and simulation has been performed using System

Dynamics (SD).

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Contributions and Findings – The research has contributed a validated and tested

metric for linking the parameters of interest in this research. A SEM model has been

developed that establishes the link between the variables of study. SD based model has

been developed for scenario planning under dynamic conditions. A holistic model has

been developed for enhancing the performance of the knowledge intensive service

sectors. Testing of the hypotheses has revealed that except for the moderating effects

of the TQM and KM and the influence of TQM on PERF all the rest of the hypotheses

stand supported. Based on the hypothesis testing and modelling and simulation results,

implications were drawn for the strategic planning managers to enhance performance

of the knowledge intensive service sectors.

Research limitations – The generalization of results may not be possible to the full

extent, as the study limits itself to the three service sectors. All the limitations of

statistical testing and modelling and simulation are applicable to this research.

Practical implications – OCB, TQM, and KM are being used as the strategic enablers

of performance since the past several decades, but there is no literature evidence of the

empirical model which links all these to performance. So, the outcome of this study has

practical implications for the strategic planners of the organizations to enhance the

overall performance of the organization.

Key Words: Organizational Citizenship behaviour, Knowledge Management, Total

Quality Management, Organizational Performance.

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DEDICATION

I dedicate this thesis to my dearest parents…

Mumma and Paappa.

Without your unstinting support, this long

cherished dream of mine would never have been

manifested into reality.

Thank You.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillah, praise be to Allah, the Most Compassionate and the Most Merciful,

for giving me the blessings, strength and courage to accomplish the task of my

Doctoral thesis. I did not travel alone on this journey, but have received assistance

from many people in this research.

I express my heartfelt thanks and gratitude to Janab. Dr. A.K. Khaja

Nazeemudeen Saheb, D.Litt. (USA), Secretary and Correspondent, Jamal

Mohamed College, Tiruchirappalli for giving me an opportunity to serve this

esteemed college.

I am also very much grateful to Haji. K.A. Khaleel Ahamed Saheb, Treasurer,

Jamal Mohamed College, Tiruchirappalli for his guidance.

My thanks are due to Haji. Dr. A. M. Mohamed Sindhasha, Principal, Jamal

Mohamed College, Tiruchirappalli for his invaluable encouragement, moral support

and being an outstanding mentor.

I feel highly indebted to my learned supervisor, Haji. CMA Dr. M. Sheik

Mohamed Saheb, M.Com., M.Phil., Ph.D., FCMA., PGDCA., FMSPI., PGDFM.,

Dip M.A., MBA., M.Phil. (Mgmt)., CIMA Advanced Dip MA (U.K)., Professor,

PG and Research Department of Management Studies, Jamal Mohamed College,

Tiruchirappalli for the great opportunity he provided me to pursue a Doctoral

degree; for his expertise in the area that has guided me throughout the study; and for

his advice, inspiration and constant encouragement for completing the Ph.D. He was

more than a supervisor in this whole journey and the early completion of this

research was possible only through his tutelage and timely guidance.

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I am also thankful to Rtn. Dr. K. Abdus Samad, M.B.A., M.Phil, FDPM (IIMK),

PhD. (DOMS.MKU), Director, Jamal Institute of Management, Jamal Mohamed

College, Tiruchirappalli for his encouragement and invaluable support during the

period of research.

I also thank Haji. Dr. R. Khader Mohideen, M.Com., M.B.A.,M.Phil., Ph.D,

Head, Jamal Institute of Management , Jamal Mohamed College, Tiruchirappalli,

for the excellent support during this program.

I also wish to extend my thanks to Dr. O. M. Haja Mohideen, Head, Department

of Business Administration, Khader Moideen College, Tanjore and Dr.

V. Selvaraj, Head, Department Commerce and Business Administration, Nehru

Memorial College, Puthanampatti, for being the panels for my Major Review. Their

insightful comments and suggestions were of immense value to this research.

I wish to place on record the efforts of respondents to this research who have given

their valuable time and shown interest to participate in the pilot and main study. The

useful response and valuable insights of these knowledge workers have given a

distinct identity to the most crucial part of this research.

I must give special acknowledgement to Er. S.A.W. Bukari, Dr. S.S. Sheik

Mohamed, Dr. S. Rajagopalan, Dr. U. Syed Aktharsha, Dr. S.A. Lourthuraj,

Prof. S. Dawood Ali, Prof. A.S. Thofiq Nishath, Prof. K.N. Mohamed Fazil for

always being very kind and supportive to me in my endeavour of doctoral research.

All the discussions we have had on the most critical issues of this research have

made me to elevate my research standards to greater heights and keep learning the

newer concepts and issues related to my field.

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I am also thankful to My Colleagues and Supportive Staff Members of my parent

department for their support throughout the research.

As a matter of fact, I owe my Ph.D. to my compassionate Father, Haji A.K

Hussain, who monetarily as well as morally supported me on this uphill task for my

age. I must acknowledge that he is the one who has built my research and teaching

career without whom I feel I am nothing. I believe that the everlasting prayer of my

mother, Hajiani Hasina Hussain, has been the strongest shield for my life. She has

been instrumental in making me what I am today.

I would like to express my appreciation to all my family members, especially My

Elder brothers Mohamed Siddique bha, Abdul Razak bha, and My sister in

law Tasneem Bhabi, for their love, prayers, courage and moral support they gave

me throughout the study. Research can be a daunting task at times and some

diversion is quintessential for rejuvenating the spirits. I was definitely blessed by the

presence of my little nephew whose presence has inevitably pulled me out of my

despondency. Thank you Mohamed Arham.

Finally, I acknowledge the supports from everyone in Jamal Mohamed College,

Tiruchirappalli.

May Allah bless you all for the kindness shown to me.

H. Anisa

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page

Certificate

Declaration … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

Abstract … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

Dedication … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

Acknowledgement … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

Table of Contents … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

List of Tables … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

List of Figures … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

List of Abbreviations … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

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1.0 INTRODUCTION ... … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 1-13

1.1 Background to the Research … … … … … … … … … … 01

1.2 Research Areas … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 02

1.3 Significance of the Research … … … … … … … … … … 02

1.4 Problem Statement … … … … … … … … … … … … … 03

1.5 Research Questions … … … … … … … … … … … … … 04

1.6 Objectives of the Research … … … … … … … … … … … 05

1.7 Rationale for the Research … … … … … … … … … … … 05

1.8 Methods … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 07

1.9 Basic Definitions … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ... 08

1.10 Research Contribution … … … … … … … … … … … … ...

1.11 Outline of the Thesis … … … … … … … … … … … … …

1.12 Summary … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

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2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ... … … … … … … … … … … … … … 14-57

2.1 Organizational Citizenship Behaviour … … … … … … … 14

2.1.1 Altruism … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

2.1.2 Courtesy … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

2.1.3 Sportsmanship … … … … … … … … … … … … …

2.1.4 Conscientiousness … … … … … … … … … … … …

2.1.5 Civic Virtue … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

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2.2 Knowledge Management … … … … … … … … … … … … 27

2.2.1 Knowledge Diagnosing … … … … … … … … … … 33

2.2.2 Knowledge Acquisition … … … … … … … … … … 34

2.2.3 Knowledge Generation … … … … … … … … … …

2.2.4 Knowledge Sharing … … … … … … … … … … …

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2.2.5 Knowledge Storing … … … … … … … … … … … ...

2.2.6 Knowledge Application … … … … … … … … … …

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2.3 Total Quality Management … … … … … … … … … … …

2.3.1 Customer Management … … … … … … … … … …

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2.3.2 Top Management Leadership … … … … … … … …

2.3.3 People Management … … … … … … … … … … …

2.3.4 Organizational Learning … … … … … … … … … …

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2.3.5 Process Management … … … … … … … … … … …

2.3.6 Continuous Improvement … …. … … … … … … …

2.3.7 Quality Information Management … … … … … … …

2.4 Overall Performance Management … … … … … … … ...

2.5 Summary and the Research Gap … … … … … … … … …

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3.0 THEORETICAL MODELS AND HYPOTHESES ... … … … … 58-71

3.1 The Hypothetical Research Models … … … … … … …. … 58

3.1.1 The Hypothetical Research Model – OCB dimensions

and KM … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

58

3.1.2 Hypothetical research model - OCB dimensions and

TQM … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

60

3.1.3 Hypothetical research model - OCB dimensions and

PERF … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

61

3.1.4 Hypothetical Integrated Model - OCB, KM, TQM and

PERF … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

63

3.1.5 Link between OCB and TQM … … … … … … … … 63

3.1.6 Link between OCB and KM … … … … … … … … 64

3.1.7 Link between OCB and Performance … … … … … 66

3.1.8 Link between KM and TQM … … … … … … … … 67

3.1.9 Link between TQM and Performance … … … … … 68

3.1.10 Link between KM and Performance … … … … … … 69

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3.1.11 Hypothetical research model – Main effect and

Interaction effect of OCB dimensions on PERF … …

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4.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... … … … … … … … … … … 72-144

4.1 Overview … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

4.2 Type of research and the variables … … … … … … … …

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4.2.1 Exogenous variable … … … … … … … … … … … 73

4.2.2 Endogenous variables … … … … … … … … … … 73

4.3 The research methods and tools … … … … … … … … … 74

4.4 Organizational profile … … … … … … … … ... … … … … 75

4.4.1 Healthcare Sector … … … … … … … … … … … … 75

4.4.2 Information Technology Sector … … … … … … … 77

4.4.3 Higher Education Sector … … … … … … … … … 78

4.5 The Research Framework … … … … … … … … … … … 80

4.6 The Metric … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 85

4.6.1 Development of the questionnaire … … … … … … 86

4.6.1.1 Organizational Citizenship Behaviour … …

4.6.1.2 Knowledge Management … … … … … …

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4.6.1.3 Total Quality Management … … … … …

4.6.1.4 Overall Performance … … … … … … …

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4.6.2 The Research Process … … … … … … … … … … 93

4.7 Statistical Methods and the Instruments … … … … … … …

4.7.1 Identification of the sample and rationale for its

selection … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

4.7.2 Reliability, Validity and Practicality of the Metric … …

4.7.2.1 Reliability … … … … … … … … … … …

4.7.2.2 Validity … … … … … … … … … … … …

4.7.2.3 Practicality … … … … … … … … … … …

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4.7.3 Statistical Analysis

4.7.3.1 Descriptive Statistics … … … … … … …

4.7.3.2 Inferential Statistics … … … … … … … …

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4.7.3.2.1 The t-test … … … … … … … …

4.7.3.2.2 Design of Experiments … … …

4.7.3.2.3 Multiple Regression Analysis …

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4.7.4 Structural Equation Modelling … … … … … … … … 107

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4.7.5 System Dynamics (SD) Modelling & Simulation … …

4.7.5.1 SD Modelling Procedure … … … … … …

4.7.5.2 Causal Loop Diagram … … … … … … …

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4.7.5.3 Stock and Flow Diagram … … … … … …

4.7.5.4 Model Validation Process … … … … … …

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5.0 ANALYSIS AND RESULTS... … … … … … … … … … … … …

5.1 Descriptive statistics … … … … … … … … … … … … …

5.1.1 Demographic Distribution of Respondents … … … ...

5.1.2 Skewness and Kurtosis … … … … … … … … … …

5.1.3 Overall perceptions … … … … … … … … … … …

5.1.3.1 Organizational Citizenship Behaviour … …

5.1.3.2 Knowledge Management … … … … … …

5.1.3.3 Total Quality Management … … … … …

5.1.3.4 Overall Performance … … … … … … …

5.1.4 Inter-sector comparisons … … … … … … … … …

5.1.4.1 Organizational Citizenship Behaviour … …

5.1.4.2 Knowledge Management … … … … … …

5.1.4.3 Total Quality Management … … … … …

5.1.4.4 Overall Performance … … … … … … …

5.2 Structural Equation Modelling … … … … … … … … … …

5.2.1 Measurement Model … … … … … … … … … … …

5.2.2 Structural Model … … … … … … … … … … … …

5.3 Hypothesis Testing … … … … … … … … … … … … …

5.3.1 Hypothesis testing OCB dimensions – KM … … …

5.3.2 Hypothesis testing OCB dimensions – TQM … … …

5.3.3 Hypothesis testing OCB dimensions – Operational

Performance … … … … … … … … … … … … …

5.3.4 Hypothesis testing OCB dimensions – Financial

Performance … … … … … … … … … … … … …

5.3.5 Hypothesis testing OCB dimensions – Non-Financial

Performance … … … … … … … … … … … … …

5.3.6 Hypothesis testing – Integrated Hypothetical

Research Model … … … … … … … … … … … …

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5.3.7 Hypothesis testing – Main effect and Interaction

effect of OCB dimensions on PERF … … … … … …

5.4 The Multiple Regression Model … … … … … … … … …

5.5 Modelling & Simulation … … … … … … … … … … … …

5.6 Analysis of Results, Discussions and Implications … … …

6.0 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS … ... … … … …

6.1 Overview … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

6.2 Research Findings … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

6.2.1 Empirical Study based Findings … … … … … … …

6.2.2 Modelling and Simulation based Findings … … … …

6.2.3 Implications to the Strategic Planning Managers …

6.3 The Holistic Model for Performance … … … … … … … …

6.3.1 Limitations of the Study and Scope for Future Work

... … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

6.3.2 Conclusions … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

REFERENCES … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

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Appendix I : Results of Pilot Study … … … … … … … ...

Appendix II : Designation of Respondents … … … … … …

Appendix III: Factor Loading before Reduction … … … …

Appendix IV: Questionnaire before Factor Reduction … …

Appendix V : Questionnaire after Factor Reduction … … …

Appendix VI: List of Publications … … … … … … … … …

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LIST OF TABLES

Table No Content Page No

2.1 Research in OCB and the Broad Areas … … ... … … … … … 16

2.2 Research in Knowledge Management … … … … … … … … 32

2.3 Research in Total Quality Management … … … … … … … … 41

2.4 Dimensions of TQM and the Analysis by TOPSIS … … … … ... 44

4.1 The Dimensions of OCB … … … … … … … … … … … … … 87

4.2 Dimensions of KM … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 89

4.3 Dimensions of TQM … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 90

4.4 Dimensions of PERF … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 92

4.5 Stages and Steps in Calculating the Basic PLS-SEM Algorithm 120

4.6 Tests for Assessment of Dynamic Models … … … … … … … 141

5.1 Demographic Distribution of the Respondents … … … … … … 145

5.2 Skewness and Kurtosis … … … … … … … … … … … … … 147

5.3 The OCB Perception Distribution … … … … … … … … … … 149

5.4 The KM Perception Distribution … … … … … … … … … … … 150

5.5 The TQM Perception Distribution … … … … … … … … … … 151

5.6 The PERF Distribution … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 152

5.7 Goodness of Test Results for Measurement Models … … … … 159

5.8 The Reliability Measures of the Data … … … … … … … … … 160

5.9 Inter-item Correlation and Discriminant Validity … … … … … 160

5.10 Factor Loading after Factor Reduction … … … … … … … … 160

5.11 The Regression Model – KM … … … … … … … … … … … 163

5.12 The Regression Model – TQM … … … … … … … … … … … 165

5.13 The Regression Model – OPERF … … … … … … … … … … 167

5.14 The Regression Model – FP … … … … … … … … … … … ... 169

5.15 The Regression Model – NFP … … … … … … … … … … … 171

5.16 t-statistic of Integrated Hypothetical Research Model … … … 173

5.17 Multivariate Analysis for the Interaction Effect of OCB

Dimensions… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

176

5.18 The Regression Model of Performance of the Organization… ... 180

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure No Content Page No

2.1 The Theoretical Model of OCB … … … … … … … … … … … 21

2.2 The Theoretical Model of KM … … … … … … … … … … … … 33

2.3 The Theoretical Model of TQM … … … … … … … … … … … 45

2.4 The Theoretical Model of PERF … … … … … … … … … … … 55

3.1 Hypothetical Research Model OCB-KM … … … … … … … … 59

3.2 Hypothetical Research Model OCB-TQM … … … … … … … … 60

3.3 Hypothetical Research Model OCB-PERF … … … … … … … ... 61

3.4 Integrated Hypothetical Research Model … … … … … … … … 63

3.5 Hypothetical Research Model OCB-PERF

(Main & Interaction effect) … … … … … … … … … … … … …

70

4.1 The Research Framework … … … … … … … … … … … … … 84

4.2 The Research Process … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 93

4.3 Stages in SEM Analysis … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 112

4.4 Stages in SEM Analysis … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 119

4.5 Overview of a System Dynamics Modelling Process … … … … 130

4.6 Causal Loop Diagram of Performance of Organization… … … … 135

4.7 Stock and flow – Knowledge Management … … … … … … … 136

4.8 Stock and flow – Total Quality Management … … … … … … … 137

4.9 Stock and Flow – Performance of the Organization … … … … 137

5.1 The OCB Perception Distribution … … … … … … … … … … … 149

5.2 The KM Perception Distribution … … … … … … … … … … … 150

5.3 The TQM Perception Distribution … … … … … … … … … … … 151

5.4 The PERF Distribution … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 152

5.5 Inter-sector Comparison of OCB … … … … … … … … … … … 153

5.6 Inter-sector comparison of KM … … … … … … … … … … … ... 154

5.7 Inter-sector comparison of TQM … … … … … … … … … … … 155

5.8 Inter-sector comparison of PERF … … … … … … … … … … … 156

5.9 Residual Plots for KM … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ... 163

5.10 Residual Plots for TQM … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 165

5.11 Residual Plots for OPERF … … … … … … … … … … … … … 167

5.12 Residual Plots for FP … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 169

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5.13 Residual Plots for NFP … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 171

5.14 Path Coefficients of the Proposed Model … … … … … … … … 174

5.15 t-values of the Proposed Model … … … … … … … … … … … 175

5.16 Influence of OCB on KM … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 182

5.17 Influence of OCB on TQM … … … … … … … … … … … … … 183

5.18 Influence of OCB on PERF … … … … … … … … … … … … … 184

5.19 Influence of Altruism on PERF … … … … … … … … … … … ... 185

5.20 Influence of Courtesy on PERF … … … … … … … … … … … 185

5.21 Influence of Sportsmanship on PERF … … … … … … … … … 186

5.22 Influence of Conscientiousness on PERF … … … … … … … … 186

5.23 Influence of Civic Virtue on PERF… … … … … … … … … … … 187

6.1 The Holistic Model of Performance of Knowledge Intensive

Service Sectors … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ...

208

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ALT Altruism

AGFI Adjusted Goodness Fit Index

AVE Average Variance Extracted

ANOVA Analysis of Variance.

AHP Analytic Hierarchy Process

COU Courtesy

CVI Civic Virtue

CON Consciousness

CI Continuous Improvement

CM Customer Management

DOE Design of Experiments

FL Factor Loading

FP Financial Performance

IR Item Reliability

KD Knowledge Diagnosis

KA Knowledge Acquisition

KG Knowledge Generation

KS Knowledge Sharing

KST Knowledge Storage

KAP Knowledge Application

KM Knowledge Management

MRM Multiple Regression Model

NFP Non-Financial Performance

OCB Organizational Citizenship Behaviour

OL Organizational Learning

PERF Overall Performance of the Organization

PM Process Management

PLM People Management

PLSM Partial Least Square Method

QIM Quality Information Management

RMSEA Root Mean Square Error of Approximation

SEM Structural Equation Modelling

SPT Sportsmanship

SD System Dynamics

TQM Total Quality Management

TML Top Management Leadership

TOPSIS Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution