Dynamic Models of Investment - WordPress.com · Prof George Alogoskoufis, Dynamic Macroeconomic...
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Prof George Alogoskoufis, Dynamic Macroeconomic Theory, 2015
DynamicModelsofInvestment
ConvexAdjustmentCostsandtheDeterminantsofInvestmentunderCertaintyandUncertainty
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Prof George Alogoskoufis, Dynamic Macroeconomic Theory, 2015
TheOp>malCapitalStock• Sofarwehavebeenassumingthatfirmschoosetheircapitalstocksothatthemarginalproductofcapitalequalstheusercostofcapital,asdeterminedbytherealinterestrateandtherateofdeprecia>on.
• Thistheoryinfactdeterminestheop>malcapitalstockandnottheamountofinvestment.
• Investmentspecifieshowquicklyafirmmovesfromitscurrenttotheop>malcapitalstock.Whenfirmscanadjusttheircapitalstockimmediatelyandwithoutcost,theflowofinvestmentisnotdefined,asthecapitalstockjumpsimmediatelytoitsop>mallevel.
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Prof George Alogoskoufis, Dynamic Macroeconomic Theory, 2015
AdjustmentCostsandtheInvestmentFunc>on
• Infact,however,thechangeofthecapitalstockinvolvesadjustmentcosts.
• Afirmthatchoosestoraiseitsstockofproduc>vecapitalshouldrentorbuyaddi>onalspace,buyandinstallnewequipment,andtrainemployeestousetheextraequipment.Inaddi>onaltherearedeliverylagsandinstalla>oncosts,makingitmorecostlytoadjustthecapitalstockquickly.Allthesecostsarebeyondthecostofbuyingaddi>onalcapitalgoods.
• Inaddi>on,itistobeexpectedthattheseadjustmentcostswillbeconvex,i.e.theywilldependonthesizeofthenewinvestment.Thehigherthesizeofnewinvestment,thegreaterwillbetheaverageadjustmentcostofinstalling(orde-installing)anaddi>onalunitofcapital.
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Prof George Alogoskoufis, Dynamic Macroeconomic Theory, 2015
TheJorgensonModeloftheFlexibleAccelerator
• Jorgenson(1963)assumedthat,preciselybecauseoftheexistenceofadjustmentcosts,firmsarenotimmediatelybutonlygraduallyadjus>ngtheirstockofcapitaltowardsits“op>mal”level,asdeterminedbytheusercostofcapitalandthemarginalproductofcapital.
• Hethuspostulatedaninvestmentfunc>onwhichdeterminedcurrentinvestmentasafrac>onofthedifferencebetweenthecurrentandthe“op>mal”(desired)capitalstock.
• However,Jorgensondidnotderivethespeedofadjustment,andthustheflowofinvestment,fromafullydynamicop>miza>onproblem.ThiswasaccomplishedlaterbyLucas(1967),Gould(1968)andTreadway(1969),who,insteadofpostula>ngtheinvestmentfunc>on,asJorgensenhaddone,solvedfortheop>malinvestmentfunc>onfromthedynamicproblemofafirmmaximizingthepresentvalueofitsprofits,subjecttoconvexcostsofadjus>ngitscapitalstock.
• Soona]erwards,LucasandPresco_(1971)extendedthisframeworktoexaminethedetermina>onofinvestmentunderuncertainty.
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Prof George Alogoskoufis, Dynamic Macroeconomic Theory, 2015
TheqApproachofTobin:MarketValuetoReplacementValueofInstalled
Capital• Tobin(1969)comparedthera>oofthemarketvalueofinstalledcapitalofafirm,tothereplacementcostofcapital,namingthisra>oq.
• Tobinarguedthatifthealreadyinstalledcapitalstockofafirmhasahighervaluethanthecostofreplacingthecapitalgoodsthatcomposeit,i.e.ifqisgreaterthanone,thenitwillbeprofitableforthefirmtoinvest,i.e.purchaseandinstallnewcapitalgoods.
• Tobinarguedthattherateofinvestmentwillbeanincreasingfunc>onofq,i.ethera>oofthevalueofthealreadyinstalledcapitalstocktoitsreplacementcost(“Tobin’sq”).
• However,muchlikeJorgenson,Tobindidnotderivehisinvestmentfunc>onfromadynamicop>miza>onproblemeither.
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Prof George Alogoskoufis, Dynamic Macroeconomic Theory, 2015
TheAbelandHayashiSynthesis:AdjustmentCostsandtheDetermina>onofq
• Abel(1982)andHayashi(1982)showedthatTobin’s“qtheory”andthetheoryof“adjustmentcosts”forinvestmentofJorgenson,asmodeledbyLucas,Presco_,GouldandTreadway,canbecombinedinaunifiedframework.Thissynthesisofthetwotheoriesisnowconsideredasthemainneoclassicaldynamicmodelofinvestment.
• Thefirmdoesnotchoosethelevelofitscapitalstock,byequa>ngatany>methemarginalproductofcapitaltothesumoftherealinterestrateandthedeprecia>onrate,butitchoosestheamountofinvestment,takingintoaccounttheadjustmentcostsofthecapitalstock.Sincemarginaladjustmentcostsincreasewiththeamountofinvestment,investmentresultsinagradualadjustmentofthecapitalstocktowardsitssteadystatevalue.
• Ontheadjustmentpath,thefirmtakesintoaccountboththecurrentandfutureeffectsofitsinvestmentdecisions.Thus,investmentdependsonbothcurrentandexpectedfuturedevelopmentsinthevalueofthemarginalproductofcapitalandtheusercostofcapital.
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Prof George Alogoskoufis, Dynamic Macroeconomic Theory, 2015
ASimpleDynamicModelofInvestmentinthePresenceofConvexAdjustmentCosts
Weconsideracompe>>vefirmproducingagoodY.Theproduc>onfunc>onofthefirmisgivenby,
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Y (t) = AF K(t)( )
whereAistotalfactorproduc>vityandKthecapitalstock.Theproduc>onfunc>onischaracterizedbydiminishingreturns.Themarketpriceofoutputandthecapitalstockisequaltounity.
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Prof George Alogoskoufis, Dynamic Macroeconomic Theory, 2015
ASimpleDynamicModeloftheDetermina>onofInvestment
Inordertochangeitscapitalstock,thefirmmustundertakegrossinvestmentI.Thechangeinitscapitalstockisthusdeterminedby,
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whereδ>0isaconstantdeprecia>onrate.
Weassumethatthecostofgrossinvestmentforthefirmisequalto,
I(t) = K•(t)+δK(t)
I(t)+ψ I(t)( )whereψisaconvexfunc>on,forwhichψ(0)=0,ψ’>0καιψ’’≥0.
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Prof George Alogoskoufis, Dynamic Macroeconomic Theory, 2015
TheInstalla>onCostofInvestment
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Prof George Alogoskoufis, Dynamic Macroeconomic Theory, 2015
TheOp>malChoiceofInvestment
Assumethata>me0thefirmchoosesaninvestmentpaththatmaximizesthepresentvalueofcurrentandfutureprofits.Assuminganinfinite>mehorizon,thepresentvalueoftheprofitsofthefirmisequalto,
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V (0) = e−rt Y (t)− I(t)−ψ (I(t))( )t=0
∞
∫ dt
ristherealinterestrate,assumedexogenousandconstant.Thepresentvalueismaximizedundertheconstraintoftheproduc>onfunc>onandtheinvestmentrela>onwhichlinksgrossinvestmenttotheaccumula>onofcapital.ThecurrentvalueHamiltonianisdefinedby,
AF K(t)( )− I(t)−ψ (I(t))( )+ q(t) I(t)−δK(t)( )whereq(t)isthemul>plierofthecapitalaccumula>onconstraint.q(t)istheshadowvalueofanaddi>onalunitofcapitalatt.
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Prof George Alogoskoufis, Dynamic Macroeconomic Theory, 2015
FirstOrderCondi>onsfortheOp>malChoiceofInvestment
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Interpreta:on:theshadowvalueofanaddi>onalunitofcapitalqisequaltothemarginalcostofinvestment.Thisisequaltothepurchasepriceofcapitalgoods(assumedequaltounity),plusthemarginalinstalla>oncostψ΄(I(t)).
Interpreta:on:Thefirmwillinvestun>ltheusercostofcapital(onthele]handside)isequaltothemarginalproductofcapital(ontherighthandside).Theusercostofcapitalistherealinterestrate,plusthedeprecia>onrate,minustheexpectedapprecia>onrateofthecapitalstock,mul>pliedbytheshadowvalueofcapital.
q(t) = 1+ ′ψ I(t)( ) = 1+ ′ψ K•(t)+δK(t)⎛
⎝⎞⎠
r +δ − q•(t)q(t)
⎛
⎝⎜⎜
⎞
⎠⎟⎟q(t) = A ∂F K(t)( )
∂K(t)= AFK K(t)( )
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Prof George Alogoskoufis, Dynamic Macroeconomic Theory, 2015
TheCaseofZeroAdjustmentCosts
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Thesearetheusualfirstordercondi>onswehaveu>lizedsofar.
ThevariablesqandKjumpimmediatelytotheirequilibriumvalues.
Theshadowvalueofcapitaliscon>nuouslyequaltounity,i.e.thepurchasepriceofcapitalgoods,andthecapitalstockadjustsimmediatelytothelevelwherethemarginalproductofcapitalisequaltotherealinterestrateplusthedeprecia>onrate,r+δ.
Thereisnoinvestmentflow,asthecapitalstockadjustsimmediately.Withoutadjustmentcosts,thismodeldoesnotdeterminegrossinvestment,butonlytheequilibriumcapitalstock.
q(t) = 1
AFK K(t)( ) = r +δ
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Prof George Alogoskoufis, Dynamic Macroeconomic Theory, 2015
TheInvestmentFunc>oninthePresenceofAdjustmentCosts
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Grossinvestmentdependsonlyonthedifferenceoftheshadowpriceofinstalledcapitalqfromunity,asassumedbyTobin.
Thisdependenceisposi>vebecausethemarginalcostofinvestmentisposi>ve.
Forthisreason,thetheorythatdependsonarisingadjustmentcostoninvestmentisreferredtoastheqtheoryofinvestment.
Inthegeneralcase,wherethereisastrictlyconvexadjustmentcostfunc>onforthecapitalstock,investmentisaposi>vefunc>onofq-1.Solvingthefirstordercondi>onforI,wegetthat,
I(t) = ′ψ( )−1 q(t)−1( )
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Prof George Alogoskoufis, Dynamic Macroeconomic Theory, 2015
TheDeterminantsofMarginalq
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Thisisafirstorderlineardifferen>alequa>onwithvariablecoefficients,whosesolu>onis,
qisequaltothemarginalcostofinvestment.Wehavealreadyusedthiscondi>ontoderivetheinvestmentfunc>on.Toanalyzethedeterminantsofq,wemustlookintothesecondfirstordercondi>onfortheusercostofcapital.Thiscanbere-wri_enas,
q•(t) = (r +δ )q(t)− AFK K(t)( )
q(t) = e−(r+δ )(s−t )As=t
∞
∫ FK K(s)( )dsqisthepresentvalueofallfuturemarginalproductsofcapital.Asaresult,qdependsnega>velyontherealinterestrateandthedeprecia>onrate,aswellasfactorsthatreducethemarginalproductofcapital,suchasthecapitalstock.qdependsposi>velyonfactorsthatincreasethemarginalproductofcapital,suchastotalfactorproduc>vity.
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Prof George Alogoskoufis, Dynamic Macroeconomic Theory, 2015
TheDynamicEvolu>onofqandtheCapitalStockΚ
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Foraconstantshadowpriceofcapitalq,thesecondofthecondi>onsimpliesthat
Thedetermina>onoftheshadowpriceofanaddi>onalunitofcapitalq,andthestockofcapitalK,canbeinferredfromthetwofirstordercondi>ons.Sincebothofthesearenonlineardifferen>alequa>onsarenonlinear,theirsolu>oncanbedescribedbyaphasediagram.
ForaconstantcapitalstockKthefirstofthecondi>onsimpliesthat,
Thesteadystateisdeterminedattheintersec>onofthetwocurves.Thissteadystateequilibriumisasaddlepoint,sinceqisanonpredeterminedvariableandKisapredeterminedvariable.Theadjustmentpathisunique.
q = 1+ ′ψ δK( )
q = 1r +δ
AFK (K )
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Prof George Alogoskoufis, Dynamic Macroeconomic Theory, 2015
TheDynamicAdjustmentofqandtheCapitalStockΚ
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Prof George Alogoskoufis, Dynamic Macroeconomic Theory, 2015
EffectsofaPermanentIncreaseintheRealInterestRate
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Prof George Alogoskoufis, Dynamic Macroeconomic Theory, 2015
EffectsofaPermanentIncreaseinTotalFactorProduc>vity
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Prof George Alogoskoufis, Dynamic Macroeconomic Theory, 2015
InvestmentandAdjustmentCostsfortheCapitalStock
• Wehaveanalyzedthebasicneoclassicalmodelofinvestmentwithconvexadjustmentcostsofinvestment.
• Thismodelcanbegeneralizedsothattheadjustmentcostfunc>ondependsnotonlyongrossinvestment,butalsoonthestockofcapital.Itcanalsobegeneralizedtosimultaneouslyanalyzeinvestmentandlabordemand.
• Itcanalsobegeneralizedtoallowforproductmarketimperfec>ons.
• Finally,itcanbegeneralizedtothecaseofuncertainly(LucasandPresco_1971).
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Prof George Alogoskoufis, Dynamic Macroeconomic Theory, 2015
TheAppropriateDiscountRateforChoosingOp>malInvestmentunderUncertainty
• Justasundercertainty,weshallassumethatthefirmchoosesitsinvestmentpathinordertomaximizeitsvaluetoitsowners.Thevalueisequaltothepresentvalueoftheprofitsthatthefirmgenerates.
• Whereasundercertaintytheproblemofthemaximiza>onofthepresentvalueoftheprofitsofthefirmiseasilydefined,underuncertainty,theques>onthatarisesiswhatshouldbethediscountrateatwhichfirmsshoulddiscountfutureprofits.
• Inprac>ce,itiso]enassumedthatfirmsmaximizethepresentdiscountedvalueofprofitsbyusingadeterminis>cdiscountrate.,butthiscanonlybejus>fiedunderveryspecificassump>ons.
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Prof George Alogoskoufis, Dynamic Macroeconomic Theory, 2015
MaximizingtheValueofaFirmunderUncertainty
LetusassumethatVtisthevalueofthefirminperiodt,andΠtisitsperperiodrevenue,netofinvestmentexpenditures.Thentherateofreturn1+πtfromholdingthefirmforoneperiod,willbegivenby,
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1+π t =Vt+1 +Πt+1
VtForaconsumerthatinvestsinthefirmunderuncertainty,therateofreturnfromholdingthefirm1+πt,andhenceVtandΠtmustsa>sfy,
′u (Ct ) =1
1+ ρEt 1+π t( ) ′u (Ct+1)⎡⎣ ⎤⎦ =
11+ ρ
EtVt+1 +Πt
Vt
⎛⎝⎜
⎞⎠⎟
′u (Ct+1)⎡
⎣⎢
⎤
⎦⎥
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Prof George Alogoskoufis, Dynamic Macroeconomic Theory, 2015
TheAppropriateDiscountFactorandtheMarginalU>lityofConsump>on
• Thiscondi>onisthesameasthefirstordercondi>onforinves>ngina“risky”asset,intheconsumerproblemunderuncertainty.
• Thereturnsgeneratedbythefirmineachstateofnatureareweightedbythemarginalu>lityofconsump>oninthatstate.
• Thus,thediscountfactorthatmustbeappliedmusttakeintoaccountthecorrela>onofthefirm’sprofitswiththemarginalu>lityofconsump>onateachstate.
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Prof George Alogoskoufis, Dynamic Macroeconomic Theory, 2015
TheValueoftheFirmunderUncertainty
Solvingthefirstordercondi>onrecursivelyforward,assumingawaybubbles,wegetthe“fundamentalsolu>on”forthevalueofthefirmVtas,
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Vt = Et1
1+ ρ⎛⎝⎜
⎞⎠⎟s=1
∞∑s
′u (Ct+s )′u (Ct )
Πt+s
⎛
⎝⎜
⎞
⎠⎟
Thevalueofthefirmisequaltothepresentdiscountedvalueofexpectedfutureprofits.Thediscountrateforeachperiodandforeachstateofnatureisthemarginalrateofsubs:tu:onbetweenconsump>onat>metandconsump>onatthatperiodandthatstateofnature.Thehigherthecorrela>onbetweenafirm’sprofitsandconsump>on,thehigherwillbethediscountfactorapplied,andthelowerthevalueofthefirm.
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Prof George Alogoskoufis, Dynamic Macroeconomic Theory, 2015
MaximizingtheValueofaFirmUsingaDeterminis>cDiscountRateInprac>ce,itiso]enassumedthatfirmsmaximizethepresentdiscountedvalueofprofitsbyusingadeterminis>cdiscountrate.Inthiscase,
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Vt = Et1
1+ rt+zz=1
s∏⎛⎝⎜⎞⎠⎟s=1
∞∑ Πt+s
⎛
⎝⎜⎞
⎠⎟
wherert+zisadeterminis>cinterestrateinperiodt+z.Althoughwidelyused,aspecifica>onsuchasthisisgenerallyinappropriate,becauseitsuggeststhatateachdate,thesamediscountfactorisusedtoevaluatereturnsindifferentstatesofnature.Thiscanonlybejus>fiedunderveryspecificassump>ons.
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Prof George Alogoskoufis, Dynamic Macroeconomic Theory, 2015
TheCaseofRiskNeutralityOnesetofassump>onsthatcanbeusedtojus>fyitistheassump>onofriskneutralityonthepartofconsumers.Ifconsumersareriskneutral,sotheiru>lityislinearinconsump>onandtheirmarginalu>lityofconsump>onisconstant,thenthediscountrateisnotonlydeterminis>c,butalsoconstant,andequaltothepurerateof>mepreferenceρ.Thus,inthecaseofriskneutralitythevalueofthefirmsimplifiesfurtherto,
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Vt = Et1
1+ ρ⎛⎝⎜
⎞⎠⎟s=1
∞∑s
Πt+s
⎛
⎝⎜
⎞
⎠⎟
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Prof George Alogoskoufis, Dynamic Macroeconomic Theory, 2015
TheCaseofIndependencebetweenInvestmentDecisionsandtheRela>veDistribu>onof
ReturnsAcrossStatesofNature
Anothersetofassump>onsthatcanbeusedtojus>fyadeterminis>cdiscountrateistoassumethatinvestmentdecisionsdonotaffecttherela>vedistribu>onofreturnsacrossstatesofnature,butonlythescaleofthefirm.Inthiscasethefirmcanuseaconstantdiscountrate,equaltotheriskfreerate,plusariskpremiumthatreflectsthespecificriskassociatedwiththefirm’sac>vi>es.
Bothsetsofassump>onsareunlikelytoholdingeneral,buttheyareo]enusedasconvenientapproxima>ons.Itisworthno>nghoweverthattheyaregoodapproxima>onsonlywhenconsidera>onsofriskaversionarenotcentraltotheproblemanalyzed.
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Prof George Alogoskoufis, Dynamic Macroeconomic Theory, 2015
TheLucasandPresco_ModelofInvestmentunderUncertainty
Wenextturntoanexamina>onoftheinvestmentdecisionsofacompe>>vefirmunderuncertainty,assumingthattheobjec>veofthefirmistomaximizevaluewithadeterminis>cdiscountrate.
Themodelweanalyzeisalinearquadra>cvariantoftheclassofmodelsintroducedbyLucasandPresco_(1971),andissimilarinmanyrespectstotheqmodelweanalyzedundercertainty.
Weshallusethismodeltoderiveaggregateinvestmentinara>onalexpecta>onsequilibrium.
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Prof George Alogoskoufis, Dynamic Macroeconomic Theory, 2015
TheInvestmentDecisionofaCompe>>veFirm
Weassumeacompe>>vefirmithattakesmarketpricesasgiven.Itsprofitinperiodtisdefinedby,
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Πit = ptYit − Iit −ψ2Iit( )2⎛
⎝⎜⎞⎠⎟
Outputisproducedusingcapital,throughalinearproduc>onfunc>onoftheform,
Yit = AKit
Theevolu>onofthecapitalstockisdeterminedby,
Kit+1 = Iit + (1−δ )Kit
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Prof George Alogoskoufis, Dynamic Macroeconomic Theory, 2015
TheIndustryandtheRepresenta>veFirm
iiscon>nuousintheinterval[0,1].Industryoutputisthusgivenby,
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Yt = Yiti=0
1
∫ di
Sinceallfirmsfacethesametechnologyandthesamemarketprices,theoutputofallfirmswillbethesame.Thus,fromnowonwetreatYastheoutputoftherepresenta>vefirm.Thesamegoesforallothervariables,suchasinvestmentandthecapitalstock.
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Prof George Alogoskoufis, Dynamic Macroeconomic Theory, 2015
TheProblemoftheRepresenta>veFirm
Therepresenta>vefirmmaximizesitspresentvalue,
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Vt = Et11+ r
⎛⎝⎜
⎞⎠⎟s=1
∞∑s
Πt+s
⎛
⎝⎜⎞
⎠⎟= Et
11+ r
⎛⎝⎜
⎞⎠⎟s=1
∞∑s
pt+sAKt+s − It+s −ψ2It+s( )2⎛
⎝⎜⎞⎠⎟
⎛
⎝⎜⎞
⎠⎟
subjecttothesequenceofaccumula>onequa>onsoftheform,
Kt+1 = It + (1−δ )Kt
Thestochas>cprocessesdrivingthemarketprice,therela>vepriceofcapitalgoodsandtotalfactorproduc>vityaretakenasgiven.
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Prof George Alogoskoufis, Dynamic Macroeconomic Theory, 2015
TheLargangianandtheFirstOrderCondi>ons
TheLagrangianfortheproblemoftherepresenta>vefirm,
31
Et11+ r
⎛⎝⎜
⎞⎠⎟s=1
∞∑s
pt+sAKt+s − It+s −ψ2Iit+s( )2⎛
⎝⎜⎞⎠⎟ + qt+s It+s + (1−δ )Kt+s − Kt+s+1( )⎛
⎝⎜⎞⎠⎟
⎛
⎝⎜⎞
⎠⎟
Fromthefirstordercondi>onsforamaximumwegetthetwofamiliarfirstordercondi>ons,withthefamiliarinterpreta>ons.
qt = 1+ψ It
(1+ r)qt − (1−δ )Etqt+1 = Et pt+1A
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Prof George Alogoskoufis, Dynamic Macroeconomic Theory, 2015
TheDetermina>onofqandindustryinvestmentI
Thetwofirstordercondi>onsimplythat,
32
It =1ψ
qt −1( ) qt =11+ r
Et1−δ1+ r
⎛⎝⎜
⎞⎠⎟s=0
∞∑s
pt+s+1A
Investmentdependsposi>velyonthedifferenceofqfromunity,whichisthepurchasepriceofinvestmentgoods.
qturnsouttobethediscountedvalueofallexpectedfuturevaluesofthemarginalproductofcapital.Itdependsposi>velyontheexpectedfutureevolu>onoftherela>vepricefortheproductofthefirmandthemarginalproduc>vityofcapitalA.Italsodependsnega>velyonthediscountraterandthedeprecia>onrateδ.
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Prof George Alogoskoufis, Dynamic Macroeconomic Theory, 2015
TheDeterminantsofInvestmentandtheCapitalStock
Subs>tu>ngforq,investmentthusdependsposi>velyonthediscountedvalueofallexpectedfuturechangesinthevalueofthemarginalproductofcapital,andnega>velyontherealinterestrate,thedeprecia>onrateandtheadjustmentcostparameterψ.
33
Fromthedefini>onofinvestment,thecapitalstockthusevolvesaccordingto,
It =1ψ
1(1+ r)
Et1−δ1+ r
⎛⎝⎜
⎞⎠⎟s=0
∞∑s
pt+s+1A⎛
⎝⎜⎞
⎠⎟−1
⎛
⎝⎜
⎞
⎠⎟
Kt+1 = (1−δ )Kt +1ψ
1(1+ r)
Et1−δ1+ r
⎛⎝⎜
⎞⎠⎟s
s=0
∞∑ pt+s+1A⎛
⎝⎜⎞
⎠⎟−1
⎛
⎝⎜
⎞
⎠⎟
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Prof George Alogoskoufis, Dynamic Macroeconomic Theory, 2015
FromIndustryDemandtoEquilibriumPrices
Althoughforeachcompe>>vefirmthepriceofoutputistakenasgiven,fortheindustry,themarketpricewillbedeterminedendogenously,fromtheequa>onoftotaldemandforitsproductandindustrysupply.Industrysupplywilldependoninvestmentandtheevolu>onofthecapitalstock.Thisallowsustosolvefortheequilibriumpriceendogenously,asafunc>onofthecapitalstock,andcharacterizingtheevolu>onofthecapitalstockandtheequilibriumpriceinara>onalexpecta>onsequilibrium.
Assumethatindustrydemandislinearinthepriceandgivenby,
34
Yt = D − bpt + vt
pt =1bD −Yt + vt( ) = 1
bD − AKt + vt( )
Then,theoutputpriceisdeterminedby,
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Prof George Alogoskoufis, Dynamic Macroeconomic Theory, 2015
TheDeterminantsofInvestmentinRa>onalExpecta>onsEquilibrium
Wecanusethepriceequa>ontosubs>tutefortheexpectedequilibriumpriceinthecapitalaccumula>onequa>on,andsolvefortheevolu>onofthecapitalstockasafunc>onofonlyexogenousshocks.Thisresultsin,
35
where,λ<1,and,
λ + µ =ψ (1+ r) 1+ (1−δ )2( )+ A2
ψ (1+ r)(1−δ )> 2 λµ = 1+ r
Kt+1 = λKt +λ
ψ (1−δ )(1+ r − λ)ADb
− (r +δ )⎛⎝⎜
⎞⎠⎟ +
Ab
λψ (1−δ )(1+ r)
Etλ1+ r
⎛⎝⎜
⎞⎠⎟s
vt+s+1s=0
∞∑
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Prof George Alogoskoufis, Dynamic Macroeconomic Theory, 2015
TheDeterminantsofEquilibriumInvestmentandtheCapitalStock
Theevolu>onoftheindustrycapitalstockinra>onalexpecta>onsequilibriumdependsoncurrentexpecta>onsaboutthewholefuturepathofdisturbancestoindustrydemandv,andparameterssuchasthediscountrater,theproduc>vityofcapitalΑ,theadjustmentcostparameterψ,thedeprecia>onrateδ,thesizeofthemarketDandthepriceresponsivenessofindustrydemandb.
1-λ,thespeedofadjustment,dependsonlyonthediscountrateandtechnologicalparameters.
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Prof George Alogoskoufis, Dynamic Macroeconomic Theory, 2015
TheStructureoftheLucasandPresco_Model
• Therepresenta>vefirmchoosesinvestment,andimplicitlythecapitalstockandoutput,tomaximizethepresentvalueofitsprofits,takingasgiventhemarketpriceofitsoutput,theexogenousrela>vepriceofcapitalgoodsandexogenousproduc>vityA.
• Inordertocomputethefullequilibrium,onceinvestmentandoutputoftherepresenta>vefirmaredetermined,industryoutputisreplacedintheindustrydemandfunc>ontosolvefortheequilibriumpriceintermsoftheexogenousstochas>cprocessdrivingindustrydemand.
• Thefullequilibriumisthusdescribedbyapairofinterrelatedcapitalaccumula>onandpriceequa>ons,whichareconsistentwithcon>nuousmarketclearing.
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