Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in...
-
Upload
shauna-harper -
Category
Documents
-
view
215 -
download
1
Transcript of Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in...
![Page 1: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Dynamic Earth
![Page 2: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Part 1. Uplift
A. Rising of the Earth’s crust
B. Evidence1. Fossils of seashells in rocks on a
mountain
2. Observing sedimentary rock layers
![Page 3: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
I. Uplift
Faulted Layers
Tilted Layers
Folded Layers
Normal Layers
![Page 4: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Part 2. Earthquake
A. Vibrating, shaking or rapid motion of the Earth’s crust
B. Terms1. Focus – point where the break (fault)
happens
2. Epicenter – point on surface directly OVER the focus; EQ is strongest here
![Page 5: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
II. Earthquake3. Intensity – measure of the damage
caused by EQ
4. Magnitude – total energy released by EQ
5. Seismic Waves – energy waves sent through Earth during an EQ
6. Seismograph – used to record seismic waves and determine the magnitude of the EQ
![Page 6: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
II. Earthquake
![Page 7: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
II. EarthquakeC. Richter Scale – used to measure
energy of an EQ1. Each number shows increase of 10 times
![Page 8: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
EarthquakeD. Seismic Waves
1. P-Waves – primary waves; fastest moving; travel through solids AND liquids; particles move in same direction of travel
2. S-Waves – shear or secondary waves; slower than P; CANNOT travel through liquids; particles move in right angles to direction
3. The more dense the
material, the faster
the waves move
![Page 9: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
II. Earthquake
![Page 10: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Notice the vertical axis
This represents TIME (in minutes!)
Let’s enlarge a small section
Prepared by Mr. DeMarco
![Page 11: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Between each minute, we notice that there are 3 segments.
If there are 60 seconds in a minute, each one of these segments must be ________seconds.
Prepared by Mr. DeMarco
![Page 12: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
What would this time be?
Prepared by Mr. DeMarco
![Page 13: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Notice the horizontal axis
This represents DISTANCE (in thousands of
Kilometers!)
Let’s enlarge a small section
Prepared by Mr. DeMarco
![Page 14: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Prepared by Mr. DeMarco
![Page 15: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
There are also two curves on this chart that display the way different earthquake waves behave.
Prepared by Mr. DeMarco
![Page 16: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Prepared by Mr. DeMarco
![Page 17: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
This chart can be used for answering many different questions!
How long does it take an S-Wave to travel 5,000km?
Prepared by Mr. DeMarco
![Page 18: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Prepared by Mr. DeMarco
![Page 19: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
The recording station tells us it took 6 minutes and 20 seconds for the P-Wave to reach them. How far away from the epicenter of the earthquake must they be?
Prepared by Mr. DeMarco
![Page 20: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Prepared by Mr. DeMarco
![Page 21: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
I know that there was a 7 minute difference in the arrival of my P and S waves. How far away from the epicenter must I be?
Prepared by Mr. DeMarco
![Page 22: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Mark off 7 minutes on scrap paper…
Slide your scrap paper up until the tick marks match up with the curves…
Prepared by Mr. DeMarco
![Page 23: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Part 3. Finding Epicenter Distance
A. P-Wave arrives at 3:21
B. S-Wave arrives at 3:25
C. Difference in arrival times = 4 minutes
D. Using EQ chart…1. Epicenter Distance = 2.6x103 = 2600 km
![Page 24: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Part 4. Finding Origin Time
A. Origin Time – when EQ happens1. Find Epicenter Distance first (2600 km)
2. Use EQ chart to find a P-Wave travels 2600 km in 5 minutes
3. P-Wave Time – Travel Time = Origin Time
4. 3:21 – 5 minutes = 3:16 Origin Time
![Page 25: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
IV. Finding Origin Time
A. Example1. P-Wave arrived @ 5:35
2. S-Wave arrived @ 5:41
3. What time did EQ happen?
4. Difference = 6 minutes
5. Epicenter Dist = 4400 km
6. P-wave Travel Time = 7 min 40 sec
7. 5:35:00 – 00:07:40 = ?
8. 5:27:20
![Page 26: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
V. Locating an Epicenter
A. 3 seismographs are needed to locate an epicenter.
![Page 27: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
V. Locating an EpicenterB. Example
1. Station A = 2500 km
2. Station B = 1500 km
3. Station C = 500 km
A
C
B
Epicenter
![Page 28: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Part 1. Layers of Earth
A. Using Seismic waves, models have been made for Earth’s interior
1. Between 5 and 60 miles there is a sudden increase in speed of the waves
a. So density increases between 5 and 60 miles
b. This boundary is called Mohorovicic Discontinuity (Moho)
![Page 29: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Layers of Earth
B. Crust (Lithosphere)1. Less dense rock above the Moho; 5-60
miles thicka. Continental Crust – THICKEST under
continents; less dense; granite rock
b. Oceanic Crust – THINNEST under oceans; more dense; basalt rock
![Page 30: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Layers of Earth
![Page 31: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Layers of Earth
C. Mantle1. More dense rock below the Moho;
extends to 2900 km deepa. Asthenosphere – upper level of mantle;
moves and contains convection currents
b. Stiffer mantle – more dense and solid under the asthenosphere
![Page 32: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Layers of Earth
D. Core1. Outer Core – probably liquid; S-Waves
do NOT travel through this region
2. Inner Core – very center of Earth; acts like a solid due to extreme pressure
3. Core mainly made of iron and nickela. Learned from studying meteorites
![Page 33: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Layers of Earth
![Page 34: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Convection Currents
Depth in km
Pressure (1atm is pressure at surface)
Temperature
Densities
(continental < oceanic)
Melting Occurs HERE!
![Page 35: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
What is the pressure found at 3000 km?
1.5 million atm
![Page 36: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
What is the temperature found at 2000 km?
4200 ° C
![Page 37: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Part 2. Shifting of the CrustA. Continental Drift Theory
1. Proposed by Alfred Wegner in 1912
2. Continents had been moving for millions of years
![Page 38: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Shifting of the Crust3. Evidence
a. Continents seem to fit together (Pangea)b. Rock layers match on edges of continentsc. Similar fossils found along continental edges
4. Did NOT explain WHY they moved
![Page 39: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Shifting of the Crust
B. Sea Floor Spreading 1. Chain of underwater mountains found
near center of Atlantic Ocean (mid-Atlantic Ridge)a. Rock at center is YOUNGER than outside
rock
b. Higher temps found in rock along ridge
![Page 40: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Shifting of the Crust
![Page 41: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Shifting of the Crust
c. Center of ridge is a deep, steeply walled valley
d. Molten rock is pushed to surface, causing sea floor to spread (widen) as ocean is pushed apart along the ridge
![Page 42: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Shifting of the Crust
2. Paleo-magnetism – the switching of the magnetic poles follows a pattern that matches up on each side of the ocean ridges
![Page 43: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Shifting of the Crust
![Page 44: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Part 3. Plate Tectonics
A. Plates – rigid moving pieces that make up the crust of Earth; 12 major plates
B. As plates move, continents are carried with them
C. Plates are moved by convection currents within upper mantle (asthenosphere)
![Page 45: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Plate Tectonics
![Page 46: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Plate Tectonics
D. Plate Boundaries1. Types
a. Divergent – plates moving away from each other; mid-ocean ridges
b. Convergent – plates colliding with one plate sinking under the other; ocean trenches (subduction)
c. Transform – plates sliding past each other; San Andreas Fault
2. Most active areas of the crust (location of most EQs, volcanoes and mountain building)
![Page 47: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Plate Tectonics
![Page 48: Dynamic Earth Part 1. Uplift A.Rising of the Earth’s crust B.Evidence 1.Fossils of seashells in rocks on a mountain 2.Observing sedimentary rock layers.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649efc5503460f94c0f410/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)