Dynamic And Control Of Nature (2010)
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Transcript of Dynamic And Control Of Nature (2010)
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Dynamic and Control of Nature
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“Balance of Natur
e” “Chaos!”
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The Devine Power: Genesis
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BBA Part1_3 (Gajaseni, 2009)BBA Part1_3 (Gajaseni, 2009) 44
Dynamic of the Physical Earth: Plate Tectonic
Is the geological evolution still continuing?
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BBA Part1_3 (Gajaseni, 2009)BBA Part1_3 (Gajaseni, 2009) 55
Dynamic of Biological
EarthHow do they live How do they live together on the together on the
planet?planet?
Natural selection
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66
Man-made environmentMan-made environmentBiotic environmentBiotic environment
Physical environmentPhysical environment
Local Region Country GlobalDistance Distance FutureFuture
Intermediate Intermediate FutureFuture
PresentPresent
Ultimate goal???
Spatio-temporalSpatio-temporal dynamic of dynamic of
the environment!the environment!
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Solar capital Energy budgetEnergy in = Energy out
Earth capital
Water budget
Water up = Water down
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Environmental dynamic
at various spatio-temporal scales!
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The Gaia hypothesis (Lovelock,
1979)
‘The biosphere is a self-regulating entity with the capacity to keep
the Earth healthy by controlling the
chemical and physical
environment.’
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Can we “falsify” the
Gaia hypothesis by
“scientific method”?
Yes, no,
or
unlikely!
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Comparative study of the atmosphere of
the Earth, Venus and Mar
• 2 2Low CO and high O and N of the Earth VS. the reverse on Venuu and uuu
• uuu uuu uu uu uuu uuuuu uuuuuuuuuu022• uuuuuu uuuuuuuuu uu uuuuuuuuuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu: the builtup
2ofO and 2reduction of CO• uuuuuuu uuuuuuuu uuuuu uuu uuuuuuuuuu uu uuu uuuuu uuuuuuuu
- re wi thout l i fe Ni trogenFi xers
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Comparative study of the at mosphere
of the Earth, Venus and Mar (continue)• Without chemical transformation by
biotic community, soils and waters w ould be so acidic that only few organi -sms now on the Earth could survive
-no life support• A variety of specialized microorganis
ms keep the vital compounds movin g between organic and inorganic sta
tes,• Without “buffering capacities” by th
e biotic community, physical factors fluctuation and conditions on the Ear
-th would be similar to Venus very ho t, with no oxygen in the atmosphere.
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Gaia is Gaia is ““non-sense”!non-sense”!
Domination of the Earth by human mind or
“Noosphere!”
Vernadsky, 1945
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What would be the best survival
strategy? Non believer– business as usual
– if the hypothesis i s false - fine no p
roblem– if the hypothesis i
-s true face the j udgement day
Believer– Respect the Mother E
arth– Protect the Earth’s n
-orm biodiversity– if the hypothesis is fals
-e fine no problem– if the hypothesis is true
- the Mother Earth mi ght “buffer” the imp acts of global change
-s -Life support-Life support!
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Hierarchy of Nature
Ecol ogi cal hi erarchy
Biological hierarchy
-Chemical phy sical hierarc
hy
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Each level possess control mechanism! Deviation at higher level will be less! therefore, Higher level sets constrain to lower levels!
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Controls in Ecological Hierarchy
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Resilience vs. Resistance
Resilience: The ability of a system to
return to its original
position after disturbance.
Resistance: The ability of a system to
resist disturbance. “Which one we are very familiar with?”
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Control of Ecosystem b y Organisms
Top down vs. Bottom u p controls
Top down = predation
Bottom up = nu trients,
photosynthesis
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Feedback Controls: Positive and negative
Input Output
System
Input Output
System
1ry Sub-system
2ry Sub-system
OutputGoal
System
ControllerInput
Sub-system being controlled
Control specification
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Redundancy in functional
components
• Different components with similar function
• These components can compensate for one another
• Providing alternative pathways for energy flow and material cycling
• Achieve controlled response without feedback
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Conclusion
‘Because of the functional
redundancy in ecosystem, therefore,
decreasing in biotic
components will have no effect on control of
the ecosystem!’
Right or Wrong?
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Greenhouse gassesdisrupt energy balance!What would be the
consequences?