Dx gzZw q e$ŠZÐZ ZgZ Štâu€¦ · XåòZg IÐ~œ, z18 ~y!*i~m,ôZaÆνZã¨KZ¸Xì"Mankind"...

14
] æ ] Ê Ó ^ * i Z @ œ & h / Y z h + Z º Z » g ~ 2 u â t Š Z g Z : Z Ð Z Š e $ » q w Z z g £ x D (Capitalist Subjectivity) 2 X u â t Š Z g Z : Z Ð Z Š e $ Z [ ë Š B Ð ā u â t Š Z g Z : ª ñ Š { f ! d $ » ¬ x ! * ° { Z + Z z g q w Æ Y Š » D g ì X « œ ~ { ~ Æ M y Ò J - 9 | Ç V ä Z y Z + Æ Z q - { à g Š Š c * j V | ] [ m Z ? x ä Û â ð Z z g Î Z ê j Z g - V ñ ä J w H å X Š z u ~ Ð a Š ð , œ ~ { ~ J - Å f ! | á | ] [ (Renaissance m Z ? x Z z g - * * ã Z ° g » Z q - % Ô 0 ˆ X q - K > U * 6 Z z g q - Z & b è < Ø ä \ Z + à ½ ã å î g 6 , g Š Š c * Z z g - * * ã Z + z Z ° g Å Z q - \ = ô 7 and Reformation) Z z g x \ V ä ) 4 1 ( Å X Z z [ Û Z ÷ Æ ˆ Z k ª C Ù ~ ú | ð » g ~ Ã Ì F , u Š c * Š H Š C Ù e $ Æ Z + Å z » ª Õ Å ° Z Å ) ÿ - g 8 ú Z x 6 , Z W , Z 0 + Z i ƒ ð X - g 8 ú Z x » Û Â å Ð ¸ p \ x ] Æ i k , Z W , Œ Û z y z V ~ z { ˆ Z z g Š C Ù e $ Ð Š g } ô p g ì Z z g Z y ~ e $ » Z ˆ k ñ Š g ; Í ā t Z ˆ k Ü s è I Z ñ g J - ö z Š å X Z V g z , œ ~ Æ M y Ò J - t Z ˆ k . e $ ê z b ƒ Š H Z z g à - g 8 ú Z x » Z Ï o { Z z g ) 5 1 ( x Z z g » . $ Æ V ä e $ à " Š 4 Æ M i Z Š ~ ª Œ z ] (frustration / Z ˆ k ¯ Š c * X - V Z q - ¬ x - g 8 » q w Z z g £ x p s ƒ Š H X Z k Å i 0 + Ï ~ Z C Z g ä Z E y Å ( á à Z z g z { e $ Æ £ x Ð ¤ / è I Š Z ] , } ~ Ì } . Z » ! * © 0 Š H X Z k anxiety) % Z Å z z t ā Z q - ¬ x - g 8 » . $ Z z g x z ) { Æ V 6 , Z Ï § b Z Z y á M c * T § b Z q - X z Z ã g x e ā » . $ Z z g x Æ V Æ â ˆ Z Å 3 š 5 é E G C G z 2 Ì ) 6 1 ( | ð Z g 6 , Z Z y g r ì Z y Æ Z ˆ ] 6 , : ā Ë Š â © Ò Æ Û Z ë Š { Ø Z @ Z z g Š Ñ b 6 , ì ¸ X u â t Š Z g Z : , Å Z Ï Z Š Z g : M i Z Š ~ Ô ) z Z ] Z z g F , ¹ » ã ~ ¦ g (Enlightenment) Z Ò Š 6 , 4 6 , F F f ! Æ % œ / ~ Š J g } ª q - à k , » F , À L L Z ¨ K + M ó ó * * ß ì X L L Z ¨ K + M ó ó » Š g Ó Z ô m , ~ F , À "Humanity" ì X "Humanity" ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ( Z ~ 2 1 0 2 6 1 ) ] Ö m à ä â x ) ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ [email protected] *

Transcript of Dx gzZw q e$ŠZÐZ ZgZ Štâu€¦ · XåòZg IÐ~œ, z18 ~y!*i~m,ôZaÆνZã¨KZ¸Xì"Mankind"...

Page 1: Dx gzZw q e$ŠZÐZ ZgZ Štâu€¦ · XåòZg IÐ~œ, z18 ~y!*i~m,ôZaÆνZã¨KZ¸Xì"Mankind" ìŠg~Vs yZ»g¦Æ+M¨KZ Humanity XìŠgÅg¦Æ+Móó¨KZLLg ¦»"Humanity" »human

�…]æ]ÊÓ^…

* iZ@œ&h / Yzh+ZºZ»g~

2 uâtŠZgZ:ZÐZŠe$»qwZzg£xD

(Capitalist Subjectivity) 2XuâtŠZgZ:ZÐZŠe$Z[ëŠBÐāuâtŠZgZ:ªñ�Š{f!�d$»¬x!*°{�Z+ZzgqwÆYŠ»DgìX«œ~{~ÆMy�J-9|ÇVäZy�Z+ÆZq-{ÃgŠ™Šc*jV|][mZ?xä�ÛâðZzgÎZêjZg-VñäJwHåXŠzu~ÐaŠð,œ~{~J-Åf!|á|][

(Renaissance mZ?xZzg-**ãZ°g»Zq-%“�0¶X’q-¶K>U*6Zzg’q-Z&bè<Øä\�Z+ýãåîg6,gŠ™Šc*Zzg-**ã�Z+zZ°gÅZq-\=ô7 and Reformation)

Zzg‘x‰\Vä )41( ÅXZz[�ÛZ÷ƈZkªCÙ~ú›|ð�»g~ÃÌF,u™Šc*ŠHŠCÙe$Æ�Z+Åz»ªÅ�°ZÅ™)ÿ-g8úZx6,ZW,Z0+ZiƒðX-g8úZx»�ÛÂåиp\

x]Æik,ZW,ŒÛzyzV~z{ZzgŠCÙe$Њg}ôpgìZzgZy~†e$»Zˆkñ�Šg;ÍātZˆkÜsèIZñgJ-„özŠåXZVgz,œ~ÆMy�J-tZˆk.e$êzbƒŠHZzg

Ã-g8úZx»Z‚Ïo{Zzg )51( ‘xZzg».$Æ�Vä†e$Ã"Š4™ÆMiZŠ~ªŒz](frustration / Zˆk¯Šc*X-VZq-¬x-g8»qwZzg£xpsƒŠHXZkÅi0+Ï~ZCZg

äZEyÅ(áàZzgz{†e$Æ£xФ/™èIŠZ],}~Ì}.Z»!*©0ŠHXZk anxiety)

%Z‡Åzzt¶āZq-¬x-g8».$Zzg‘xz){Æ�V6,ZϧbZZyáMc*T§bZq-XzZãgxe’ā».$Zzg‘xÆ�VÆâZÅ‹3š5é EGCGz2Ì )61( |ðZg6,ZZyg‚rì

ZyÆZˆ‚]6,:āËŠâ©ÒÆ�ÛZ뙊{ØZ@ZzgŠÑb6,‡ì¸X

uâtŠZgZ:,ÅZ‚ÏZŠZg:MiZŠ~Ô)zZ]ZzgF,¹»ã~¦g (Enlightenment) ZÒŠ6,46,FFf!�Æ%œ/~ŠJg}ª’q-àk,

»F,ÀLLZK+Móó™**ßìXLLZK+Móó»Šg„�Zôm,~F,À "Humanity" ìX "Humanity"

³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³ (Z~2102 61 ) ]]]]ÖÖÖÖ����††††mmmmÃÃÃÃääää âx) ³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³

[email protected] *

Page 2: Dx gzZw q e$ŠZÐZ ZgZ Štâu€¦ · XåòZg IÐ~œ, z18 ~y!*i~m,ôZaÆνZã¨KZ¸Xì"Mankind" ìŠg~Vs yZ»g¦Æ+M¨KZ Humanity XìŠgÅg¦Æ+Móó¨KZLLg ¦»"Humanity" »human

ìX¸ÂZKãZ½ÎÆaZôm,~i!*y~81z,œ~ÐIgZòåX "Mankind"

ZK+MƦg»ZysV~gŠì Humanity »¦gLLZK+MóóƦgÅgŠìX "Humanity"

» human being Æ_. Kant †e$Zzg+CÒ3©3ïGE

GGGG»ZßiZzgngŠìX human being āªpŠZgZŠe$ZzgpŠ

+CÒ3©3ïGE

GGGGìXZKyZLg[ÆZgZŠ}» "autonomy" ãCŠ~z�ZzgZkÅZÝpŠZCg[ƒ@*ìZzgz{�eLìZЙ¦/gä»�&ìX human being .ƒ@*ì²

äTŠgÃ�ÛŠ»Ñz�ŠŒÛZgŠc*z{åMiZŠ~XMiZŠ~¾Ð?}.ZÅÈÏÐX humanity Oç¦gMiZŠ~ÅÔÇgZÐZŠe$HeSì?tā�exeìe{NhZzgZÐqÝ™ä»hXMiZŠ~»

ÈìZgZŠ{ZKãÆZÖgÆLhóÃLíó6,EŠbªízÑ»ç™ä»)z~hCÙZKyÃ**e’âzgZñZkÐāZKyZkhÃZEw™ÆZLnízÑ»ÃKe:ð™@*ìYèZÝí¸ìāZKypŠízÑð™ä»�zWiƒXOç�ÛŠZKF,¶]Å�ÌF,KM%A$™}Çz„ZnníƒÇXZ¤/{~í1ÃZKi0+ϻѯá¸ZnníƒÇÔZ¤/Z',Zg‰»gàCeL

ì¸ZeíƒÇZzgZ¤/†ZvK»ZâxàCeLìÂtZeíƒÇXZºnZÝ!*]t7āz{ZKMiZŠ~þ§bZEw™@*ìÉZÝítìāz{ZLnízÑð™ä»hZEw™ä~MiZŠƒX

)�exeƒVe{Nh»h(ÔªÃð¿ choice of choice Šzu}/V~MiZŠ~»Èì°$©pî EEZYc*',Z7Zzg:„‘ðÆZgZŠ}Æ´z{ÃðZ(e:ì)fg)Ë¿c*ÚÅŠg

£gZ]ízÑpŠ³™@*ìX human being ³ÅYnÔ (value)

ÃZkÎZw»�Z[ŠbecāHz{¿ human being Æ_.ízÑÆçÆa Kant

»3ƒYìc*7ÔªHÓxZ�ÛZŠÃZk¿ÅZYi]Š¶Æ (Universalisation) ÚMÃEÌZk¿Ã™**eƒÇc*7?ZkZßwÆ_.Zq-�ÛŠ»CÙz{÷ZzgpZé‡â;Y,ì&z{pZ÷]~”ZƒaZK%ÓxZKâVÙäÅZYi]Š¶6,»gƒYìX».$ÆZßwŧb

äÌŠgÆç»Zq-e:7HìZzgz{ì”]¯] (Utilitarianism) ÃtZÊe$X}Z¤/{~i**™äÐic*Š{ZzgÂ[7,"ÐÁ¯]qÝ™@*ì (Intensity of Pleasure)

z{i**Ã$+gzÂ[ic*Š{ŠgŠ}ÇpZÐ(»tht™**ƒÇāz{Â[7,"ÐqÝ”{¯]Ãi**WiZŠ human being ÐqÝ”{¯]Æ£¨~ic*Š{ŠgŠ}XçŠgÆZyŠzâV¦gZ]~

human ìāz{ŠgÃZLZgZŠ{Æ_.³™}ÔpŠg»çZk§iÐHYñÇāCÙÊg»çZLZgZŠ}Æ_.™ä»Z(gq݃X being

¦§ZÐZŠe$MiZŠ~ƈTŠgÃ%œ/~ZÌŠîìz{ì)zZ] Humanist zZãƒZāÔªtâ'āaèCÙ�ÛŠÃthqÝìāz{ZLnŠg»�e:eìð™áÔ®ZCÙ (Equality)

³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³ (Z~2102 71 ) ]]]]ÖÖÖÖ����††††mmmmÃÃÃÃääää âx) ³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³

Page 3: Dx gzZw q e$ŠZÐZ ZgZ Štâu€¦ · XåòZg IÐ~œ, z18 ~y!*i~m,ôZaÆνZã¨KZ¸Xì"Mankind" ìŠg~Vs yZ»g¦Æ+M¨KZ Humanity XìŠgÅg¦Æ+Móó¨KZLLg ¦»"Humanity" »human

¿ÆatÑixìāz{ŠzuzVÆZk)z~hÃt™}āz{ÌZKi0+Ï~íZzgÑ»�e:÷T»ÈtƒZāCÙ (Equal) e÷ð™BZzgZk!*]ÃâäāízÑÆÓx£gZ])z~

¿ÆçŠgÅF,KMÃ7VZÌŠ~YñZzgËÌ�ÛŠÆ£gízÑZzgZŠZg~F,¶]ÅF,KMûCÙ (autonomy) ËŠzu}ÅF,KM6,¯E7Š~Yãe’X:pŠZgZŠe$ZzgpŠ

+CÒ3©3ïGE

GGGG

7V�ìZzguâtŠZgZ:,ÅyÆaÜsWiZŠ~»°7É)z~ human being

(empty ÃtHY**¢zg~ìX¥xƒZāMiZŠ~¼7Ét°x¡ (equal freedom) WiZŠ~ìÔªtÜsZkL&¢Aó»**xì�=÷~LCÙe>ØóqÝ space OR nothingness)

™Nh»�¯Š}ÔâzgZñZkÐāz{e>ØHìX‘ðc*uâtŠZgZ:ZÐZŠe$HeSì?tā:āÃðºme>ØÔ (preference for preference itself) L~�exeƒVe{Nh»hó

Yè�4~˺me>ØÃZKfZ]»"gzѯ@*ƒVMiZŠ~»ƒYCì&-VÒy™DX/ge$ "his self can possess ends but cannot be constituted by them" ÷ā

uâtŠZgZ:ZÐZŠe$Æ(ÏZÖg»**xìäÑZ+gc*4�È~�ÛZë™**ì)fg)CÙ¿Ænteƒnāz{�exeìe{NhZzgZÐqÝ™Nh»�ƒYñXZ%f!�d$»tŠú~āuâtŠZgZ:Âxi0+Ï~CÙ�ÛŠÃthqÝìāz{L�óexeìe{nZq-ÑN*Šú~ìYè�ÛŠÃMiZŠ~ªuâtŠZgZ:Âxi0+ÏgŠ™ä»hqÝ7ƒ@*X~Z¤/Í“�3**eLƒVÂeƒVÔ!z‰ÜoeLƒVÂeƒVÔ1~Z(¼7e{YTÐZßwMiZŠ~ªŠzuzV»ZKe>Øe�ZzgZÐqÝ™ä»htƒYñX}~t7e{YāË¿ÃѦ”G)}i**(ÐgzuŠzVYè�4~ZKZke>Ø6,¿™@*ƒVZßwMiZŠ~ÅÜszgi~ƒÏZzg/g~gc*„�=Z(

XOç�ÛŠZL˺m¦gí}ZÖgèQ6,L�gZq-hó )71( ™äÐ&+g=]gzuŠ}Ͽ™Yì1ZЊvÓx¦gZ]í6,¸™ä»ZgZŠ{7™YāZ(™**ZßwMiZŠ~ÆÜsìZzgZ¤/ZßwMiZŠ~„gŠ™Šc*ŠHÂQ÷Zthā~�exeƒVe{YƒVpŠlŠZƒYñÇX®ZuâtŠZgZ:Âxi0+Ï~CÙ�ÛŠZKZK+MF,u™Æ‘ð“W6,6gƒ@*ìÔz{MiZŠ~ÆÎZYZzg¼7e{YX�ÛŠÅCÙz{pZé‡â;ZzgZÜC**Y,Zzg‡.Þ;ì�ZßwZÖgMiZŠ~ÆÜsƒª)Ë

HìāèIMiZŠ~Ã_²x Rawls ~ŠzuzVÅMiZŠ~e�ÅpZé~÷h+ƒCƒX�g_w®Ænç{“WÅZYi]7Š~Y$ËÔz{èIÃc*]�_wMiZŠ-V)ª�ÛŠÆ”ízÑÆh(»

Zïg™,ZyÃnÊbZÚ„¢zg~ìAZ%Znû™**¢zg~ìXZâY6,™ human ZLZgZŠ}Ã) human being )z~WiZŠ~Æ�ÛzrÆa¢zg~ìā

ZKyZzg¡~¸' human ñ�ŠZ]~) human ™ÆZ7ZLZgZŠ}»@*,™})Zy)

³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³ (Z~2102 81 ) ]]]]ÖÖÖÖ����††††mmmmÃÃÃÃääää âx) ³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³

Page 4: Dx gzZw q e$ŠZÐZ ZgZ Štâu€¦ · XåòZg IÐ~œ, z18 ~y!*i~m,ôZaÆνZã¨KZ¸Xì"Mankind" ìŠg~Vs yZ»g¦Æ+M¨KZ Humanity XìŠgÅg¦Æ+Móó¨KZLLg ¦»"Humanity" »human

c*F,¹ë÷�uâtŠZgZ:ÂÄ progress ZgZŠ}ÆZk»ÑCºÃ Human ŠzâV÷áï÷(X»fg=uâtÅ(,ðF,~ìX·âgâe-u&¼-£é FGwòä Progress i0+ÏZzgZÐZŠe$ÅŠ~ZëŠgìX

"Rivalry in Wordly uâtÂW,Æz¹ìZzgZLF,ÀŒÛMy~‚W,ÆZôm,~pÒy�Ûâñ÷Xuât~(,ðF,~WiZŠ~Æ�ÛzrÅi^ìXZk»ÈtìāZ# Increase"

(maximum ƒäÃt™@*ìÂz{pZ÷]Åic*Š{Ðic*Š{Š human Zq-¿ZLÃѧ]Æîg6,Jw™@*ìZzgZgZŠ{ZKãŸ$4-<é EGXŠF,¹»�CÙìXz{ satisfaction)

uâtÅ(,ðF,~ÃZKi0+ÏÆZzAÑÆîg6,Jw™@*ìāWiZŠ~»È„uâtÅ(,ðF,~ìZk»ÃðŠzuZÈ7Ô�¿WiZŠ~»pZ;Vìz{Ñi˜ZLZgZŠ{ÐZŠZgÅz{F,KM³™}ÇTÆË~ZkÅWiZŠ~~ZŸ†ƒYèuât„z{Úì�÷~Zk&¢A~ZŸ±Ãe¯@*ìā~�exeƒVe{jVXF,¹Šg|z{§iì)fg)MiZŠ~Zzg)zZ]»ZÖgeƒ@*ìÔªZ¤/ÃðçÑ{MiZŠ~Zzg)zZ]ÆZßw6,i0+Ϧ/Zg**eLìÂz{zZu§i)Ë~CÙ�ÛŠ

ZKpZ÷]ÅF,KMð™äZzgZÐqÝ™Nh»�0YìF,¹ªuâñ~ÑözŠZŸ†Åi0+Ï~Üseg£œZÝíƒD human being Hìā Rawls ™äÅ].z4ìX

÷(absolute goods) ÷Ô)Z(ŠzªÔ)2(MæãÔ)3(¸]Zzg)4(Z(gX¸ZŠZgíÇZzgZy~ZŸ±Å].z4„qÝi0+ÏìXOçuâñ~ÑözŠZŸ±Æ´z{ZzgÃðZ(Ñ

ì„7&uâtŠZg~ÆZ0+gD�ÛZëHYYƒX¸z{zZuÚì�CÙ¦gíÆK‰ÆZk**]ƒ@*ìz{uâñ~ÑözŠZŸ±Å (committed) e¯Cì®ZZÝíTÐCÙ‘ðÝ

pZéìZzgZÏcz{ZC@ðŠïƒ�¼zZgŠêìXCÙ¦gíÆK‰ÆñZµ~ZŸ†ƒ@*ì (end in itself) /g~gc*„�»ZÝÑ (maximization of opportunities)

âzgZñZkÐāz{ñZµ¾ÚÆZÖgcZEwƒgì÷XñZµÆ$+2gZŸ±ÆZk¿»(Å»g™ŠÏÅßg]~**0*Y@*ì�tCD economic indicators ZÖgåçÙZ°ZŠzÑg)

÷āuâñ~ZŸ±»ù¦¿¾gëgÐ(,|g;ìXñZµZzguâñ»ZŸ†„ZgZŠ{¡ÆZÖg»zZueZzgY,§iìX

uâtŠZgZ:,)‘ðK(»£gÒ

6āZz6,zZãHŠHāŠâ©Òªy�ŠºmZˆ‚]„Ã�g£g=Jw™CìÔuâtŠZgZ:ÒÆ4,Šq-ÌÒ»£gMiZŠ~Ðâpf”{Zˆ‚]÷XOçDçâ]�ÛŠÃt!*zg

Æfg)™@*ìªz{Î (Consumption) ™Z@*ìāz{ZKZÐZŠe$)c*MiZŠ~(»ZÖg¿Üs(Consumer) ™@*ìZâ„ic*Š{pZ÷]Åú™YìZzgZq-™gs (Consume) ZâYÜs

³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³ (Z~2102 91 ) ]]]]ÖÖÖÖ����††††mmmmÃÃÃÃääää âx) ³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³

Page 5: Dx gzZw q e$ŠZÐZ ZgZ Štâu€¦ · XåòZg IÐ~œ, z18 ~y!*i~m,ôZaÆνZã¨KZ¸Xì"Mankind" ìŠg~Vs yZ»g¦Æ+M¨KZ Humanity XìŠgÅg¦Æ+Móó¨KZLLg ¦»"Humanity" »human

ic*Š{Ðic*Š{pZ÷]Åú°™YìZ#ZkÆ0*kic*Š{Ðic*Š{ZâYy�h+äÆaMæãÅpZ÷]ÑözŠ human being ƒXZϧbçâ]»*ytÌHìā (Income)

ƒãeÂZzgz{Z77gZ™ä»�ÌìX1aèZypZ÷]Ã7gZ™äÆfgZù (Infinite)

ÑözŠ7÷Ô®Zic*Š{Ðic*Š{pZ÷]ÅŠÆa¢zg~ìā�ÛŠZLfgZùÃZLz�ŠÅÂuJ-(,JäÅÃÒ~ÎgìZzgfgZù~ic*Š{Ðic*Š{ZŸ†™äÅZkpZé„ÃâCÙ+çâ]

z„ì�uâñ~ÑözŠ (Rational agent) »£gë÷ÔªW¿ (Rationality)Ò

Ðt»Ÿ™Cìāz{ZKpZ÷]à human being ZŸ±ÅpZég‚rƒXuâtŠZgZ:ÒCÙÅ].z4uâtÅ(,ðF,~Æ�Ûzr~@Zzgçzy (realisation) Zk§b%A$™}āZyÆ”w

ƒXpZ÷]ÅCÙz{F,KM�ZKyÃuâtÅ(,ðF,~Æ¿»W!»g7¯CÔZkÒÆÜsìªìX¥xƒZāuâtŠZg:ZÐZŠe$»ÑXŠzãCŠ~ZŠZgzZˆ‚]Ð;ƒ@*ìz{ irrational

wmZzgŠ÷XªuâtŠZgZ:£gÒÆ_.�ÛŠÃCÙz‰ÜZC£gi0+Ï—™äcic*Š{Ðic*Š{âŠ~fgZùÆ”wÅpZéZzgÃÒ™Dgxe’Ô2aèuâtŠZgZ:çÑ}~CÙ¿ÑözŠpZ÷]ÅŠcözŠfgZùÆ”w~u™ŠZVì®Z”wfgZùcCÙ�ÛŠŠzu}¿

Ð)“~zsgìX�ۊáic*Š{ÅpZé6,Zr7™**e’ÉLŠzu}Ðic*Š{óÃZK].z4»"g¯**e’XZÚ„7āZ�ÛZŠ¡¿‚W,)Š(~zsƒVÉz{Zk¿Ð̯]qÝ™,ZzgZk¿Ã!*¯Z]ÑZzgW~»»Ÿ−XwmzŠ»�Ûzr„uâtŠZgZ:Ò»ZÝ

i`^Êè]ÖË¡‰Ëä ÆÓxhVÅãCŠìX6āZâxçZàòä human being znìZzgZ4»�ÛzrÆhuman being ~�Ûâc*āÒÆFYh:¦gZ]÷ÔuâtŠZgZ:Òz{Yh:Òì�

™CìZzgCÙ (presume) ZgZŠ{¡)ªuâtÅ(,ðF,~(ÃZÝZÑßwZzgZÝÑÆîg6,�Ûn¿ZzgÚÅŠgZkÇZzg!*ëÑ)ªuâtÅ(,ðF,~(Æ”wÆfg=ÅwÅãCŠ6,³™CìX1uâtŠZgZ:ÒŠg|˜ªì6āZâx™r#ò�ÛâD÷āW~Â}.Z»ps

ªZv»psŠZøq~Å—F,+aKìX …]Œ]ÖvÓÛèÚí^Êè]Ö×ä ìXug$Ñp~Zg÷ኃZuâtŠZgZ:,)‘ðK(Æ©]

ƒY今ú~ (autonomous or self-sufficient) Š·ygìāMiZŠ~»ÈìpŠÓªÓx©]ÅÔ™**XaèuâtŠZgZ:ZÐZŠe$pZ÷]ÅÓxF,¶]Ã',Z',t™Cì )81( ™**

2Zn0*kpZ÷]ÅŠg³™ä»Ãðe:ñ�Š7Ô®Zt›ZzgfZ]~Ñ•�ÅÔ™CìX›c¢zg~ìāŠzu}ÅpZ÷]ÃZC1YñZzgtA$„eìāZ#pZ÷]~F,ß»e:‡ì™**eƒXx]ZmCYÆÎZYÑÆ0*kZ(Ãðe:zZßwñ�Š7,ãCŠ6,z{pZ÷]Ã

³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³ (Z~2102 02 ) ]]]]ÖÖÖÖ����††††mmmmÃÃÃÃääää âx) ³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³

Page 6: Dx gzZw q e$ŠZÐZ ZgZ Štâu€¦ · XåòZg IÐ~œ, z18 ~y!*i~m,ôZaÆνZã¨KZ¸Xì"Mankind" ìŠg~Vs yZ»g¦Æ+M¨KZ Humanity XìŠgÅg¦Æ+Móó¨KZLLg ¦»"Humanity" »human

YõnXMiZŠ~Å6,*gZÐZŠe$)ÃZC7$ËYèz{zWÐzWF,Zq©~ZKg1šM‡ì™**eSìX®ZŠzuZ�ÛŠÑi˜LZe)óìZzgZysV~Zeæ£.Þìā)»z�ŠZkÅMiZŠ~)�

)ª3 'hell is other people' (Sartre) exeìe{NhÅpZé(Å÷h+™@*ìX–w‚gF,HìÔ÷}´z{Šzu}ßv„÷~3÷(XuâtŠZgZ:ZÐZŠe$Æ0*kZL‰Šzu}Z�ÛZŠ

XtZÐZŠe$pŠZLM\ )91( »¦gƒ@*ì (contract) Æ‚B…c©]ÆOñç@}(Æîg6,T„ ahistorical and asocial anonymous individual ZzgŠzuzVÃLêŠ�ÛŠó)

(identity) ì:āâV0*[Ô¸ðÇÔZ*Š÷á¤/ŠÔxVç~Ô7,zÏz){ÆXZk�ÛŠêŠÆ0*kTyÅZÝãCŠfZCZ¾ZnƒC÷Ôªz{t¦g™@*ìā÷~§bCÙ�ۊƼfZC¢ŠZ]÷Zzgøg}

»”wƒ@*ìZzgƒ**Ìe’XZyZ¾Zn (self-interests) ©]ÅãCŠZzgÑZLZL¢ŠZ]ƒC÷ZzgZ7 (interests) ÅŠcz{ç@}6,FF©]Z2Zg™@*ìjãCŠZkÅZKZ¾Zn

Z¾ZnZzg£tÆDÅ{§z{].z4™@*ìXOçZkÅçÑ]~CÙ¿ZL¢ŠZ]ÆDz)Z¾Zn6,FF¤/z{(¯@*ìÔ}âgLÌVÔ'׊zg interest-groups ”wcZKZ¾ZnÅãCŠ6,

°ÔZ‚E+{z¥°Ô™g@z@*�zVÅ-2ÔúgÂVZzg”VÆ£tÅ°zŠvZ+YZziz){ZnZÖgÆZ§j÷˜V©]ÅãCŠ,g·c*›7ÉZéZ¾ZnƒC÷XfZCZ¾ZnÅ

Šg|›ÅÔìXuâtŠZgZ:ZÐZŠe$Šzu}¿ÐÜsZÏz‰ÜZzg (rationality) f†ZÚ„m‡ì™Cì�ZkÅZKZ¾Zn7g~™ä»!*)FXZq-èIçÑ}~Z*Š»mZL÷á¤/ŠÐ!*\Zzg%!»ƒ@*ìÔZkÆ£«~âgL)c*uâtŠZgZ:(΂Ì~tmeZ&+gZzg

»ƒ@*ìªZ*Š¡Zq-{mnÅ}.#Ö½™äzZѲ (demander and supplier) aJ¤DigÅZq-Hg{lZgÆúnZk}.#Ö»ÔÇgƒ@*ìZzg'X÷á¤/ŠÐ:heÆ´z{Z*ŠÃZkÅi0+Ï~ÃðŠp7ƒCZzg¸qw÷á¤/Š»ƒ@*ìXCÙz{mTÅãCŠÔzg‡

Ågzb6,Z2Zg:ƒuâtŠZgZ:çÑ} (money and finance) Zzgig (demand and supply)

ƒ@*ìXuâtŠZgZ:£gÒÆ_.= (irrational) ~ѪԷÔ"Šgz7Zzg)[ZÏ»**xìāM\fZC¾nÅãCŠ6,m‡ì™,Xç@Z]6,FFtçÑ] (rationality) q~

{0+ZyÃn{z',!*Š™ŠîìYè{0+ZyZzg',ZŠg~ÅãCŠ›z,g·ì:āfZCZ¾ZnÅŠXÑixåāëuâtŠZgZ:çÑ})Îw΂Ì(ÅS:]6,'×h+¼W™DYè¸z{çÑ]ì˜VuâtŠZgZ:ZÐZŠe$›ú0*™ŠzZxZ(g™Cìptcøg}ñçqÐ',Z{gZ„�m7gBbX1c*Šge’āçÑC©]Zzg�È~ÅâÎÃ'.e$ZëìYèt©]z{Yw÷XÆZ0+g÷á�ÛŠZKÙ|#™@*ìāL~ÃyƒV?óçÑC©]ÅãCŠ6,�ÛŠZq-{mnÅ

³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³ (Z~2102 12 ) ]]]]ÖÖÖÖ����††††mmmmÃÃÃÃääää âx) ³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³

Page 7: Dx gzZw q e$ŠZÐZ ZgZ Štâu€¦ · XåòZg IÐ~œ, z18 ~y!*i~m,ôZaÆνZã¨KZ¸Xì"Mankind" ìŠg~Vs yZ»g¦Æ+M¨KZ Humanity XìŠgÅg¦Æ+Móó¨KZLLg ¦»"Humanity" »human

Z¾ZnZzg,ÃJw™©8ìX

uâtŠZgZ:,)‘ðK(ÆãCŠ~Zˆ‚]MiZŠ~ÆÔÇgf!�ÛŠ»ZZˆkÅÑÄìXZk»»á]Zzg…ÆZˆ‚]Ð

(frustration and ¦[ìZzg¸qwZyßÍV»ì�f[ÐOW,÷XZk6,ZCZgZzgc*8LÅÝ]!*kx¤g~gS÷XZˆkøzòZzgËðäZÐZ$+~îg6,=Í1ìX|ð boredom)

ÅzzÐZLZz6, (original sin) x]Æ_.ZCZgZKy»z{Z$+~zgXì�Z•¬kH{Æ–wMŠôP¼A~ZKËðÅzzÐZCZg» (Kirkegard) ™™1ìX|ð®+}PÁge

DgƒñZzgªkH{™ÆX®ZËðZzgZCZg»ZˆklxZzgŠZEìZzgZyZˆ‚]Њ*z~i0+Ï~�]**eìXf!ŠCÙe$ÌZˆkZCZgzËð»ZŒÛZg™CìXtŠCÙe$�ÛŠÃMiZŠ~qÝ™äª}.Z)Z/(0YäÅS™CìX1MiZŠ~»È„©]ÅÔ™**ìÔ®Z

¥xƒZāMiZŠ~ZˆkËð»ŠzuZ**xìXZKyA˃ÇZkÅMiZŠ~Zâ(,ñÏXaèZCZgZzgc*8LÅzzËðìÔZkn:

/‰‰MiZŠ~(,ñÏz,z,Ëð(,ñÏ/‰‰Ëð(,ñÏZCZgZzgc*8L(,ñÏZzgZKy»ZˆkøzòZzgZe…zá]»Ã’™}Ç

OçZCZgf!ZKyª‘ð»Z‚ÏZˆkìZzgf!®+};àvZzg‚g]z){Æ4,Šq-tZKyÅ¡~ªìX;àvHìāLZCZg!*Ç)¥ìZzgt°x¡ÅˆlZzg[ÆË~aZƒ@*ìóXQMiZŠ~»”wÌ**eì,eg(,~z�;]÷:

)1(f!�ÛŠz�ŠÅÑse$»‡bìÔz{z�Š»zZuÑ”wMiZŠ~ŒÛZgŠêìZzgaèMiZŠ~pŠ¼7É°x¡Zzg©]Æ°xz�Š»**xì®Zz�Š¼qÝ™äЇÜìXZ=Zn4,Šq-i0+Ï¡öÓ÷áìT~se$ZKãpZ÷]aZ™C÷ZzgaèCÙpZéZyp~ѪìāZkÅÃðŠg7®Zz{i0+ÏÃpŠ¶cZÖgfZ]Æ-$6§hVňl~gLì

X1aèMiZŠ~°x¡ìÔ®ZZe»Ñse$ZzgZCZgÅZå{÷ZÇV~ez!*gLìZzgZÐ )02(LZEyÅŠzª‚7ƒCYèZEyÂËÚÆ”wZzgZ4gZèƒYäƈ‚ƒ@*ìZzgZezZuÈf™ZÅ:ö Xì�ZKyÃZnZ$+~£xÅÚc*ŠŠÑ@*ì

à (historical situation) zgXZzgZL@*g]zq (genetic) )2(QÃð¿ÌZLQCpŠ³7™YX~·œ&»gCZzg%Šƒä6,6gƒVX~ZLZgZŠ}Æ%6gUJŠc8791ÙZcÆZq-›yZzgá‰MæãÆyZä~aZƒŠHX:~ZCiâyzkypŠ³™YƒV

³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³ (Z~2102 22 ) ]]]]ÖÖÖÖ����††††mmmmÃÃÃÃääää âx) ³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³

Page 8: Dx gzZw q e$ŠZÐZ ZgZ Štâu€¦ · XåòZg IÐ~œ, z18 ~y!*i~m,ôZaÆνZã¨KZ¸Xì"Mankind" ìŠg~Vs yZ»g¦Æ+M¨KZ Humanity XìŠgÅg¦Æ+Móó¨KZLLg ¦»"Humanity" »human

Zzg:ZK&&pŠÉ™YƒVXZyÓx6g-VÆ7Ã÷~MiZŠ~¾ŠgözŠì)3(Zyƒ�Ð(,|™MiZŠ~ÃözŠ™äzZàÚñ]ìā~kd$ZLËZgZŠ}Æ%%YƒVÇÔQMiZŠ~»HÈ?

choice of )4(ZzgQMiZŠ~Ô™äc�ÛŠÃMiZŠ~ªuâñ»ƒJw™**7,@*ìXMiZŠ~)(e�c¢zg~ìā~uâñÃeƒVā¸z{Úì�CÙ¦gíÆK‰ÆZk**] choice

ƒ**7,@*ìz{uâñ~ÑözŠ (committed) e¯CìX®ZZÝíTÐCÙ‘ðÃÝZŸ†™äÅpZéìZzgZkÑÆ”wczäÅYäzZàZŠZgC�È~

ÃZÐJwZzg',ŠZ“�™**7,@*ìX�ÛŠZkŠðÆ~gLìāz{ZKi0+Ïà (institutionalization)

pŠZK%èÐpŠ}g;ì²wz{ZKpZ÷]ÃZϧbF,KMŠ¶6,6gì,âgLZÐZYi]ŠîZzgñZµ�ÛZë™Cì)ZzgâgLZÜtgiW„ÆZÖgÆñZµ�ÛZ6ê XL™Cì(

ZyìÑ]ÃJw™Æ�Ì¿MiZŠ~Å[~ìZKi0+ÏÃѪ¯©8ìX�g�ð…(we are ;àvHìāLZKyZâYÃ0*@*ìZ7ð7™YÔz{»Ñ]~NŠc*Y@*ìó

X–w‚g]Ãy¾z‰ÜYV»Ñ]~²ŠHtë7YyMh thrown into the universe)

ZzgaèZKy»Ñ]~NŠc*Y@*ìÔaèz{»Ñ]~ËìÔaèZnz�ŠÃZq-Šy»ƒY**ìÔÅ«È-V~ZiàZ$+~îg6,«ZƒZìÔaèzZCÅ«Èc*VÜs (facticity) aèz{zZC

7āz{ZLQCzgXZzg@*g]zqÆ!*g}~6gìÉzZCZk!*]»ÌZq©™Cìāz{(ìc*$+ÔT§bz{QCZzg@*g]zqÆZ±gÐ6gìZϧb~**]Å0*ÀÏc*ÑÄ

ÆZ±gÐÌ6gìÔ®ZnZzg$+~ÆeäÌZiàZzgZ$+~7÷Xñ]z�ŠÃ»™ŠîìZzgf!¦gZ]ízÑZÐZŠ~ñ]»Zq©™äЇÜ÷XZ¤/ñ]z�ŠÃ»™ŠîìÂízÑÆZ,eä�fZCZܪ]6,”ƒV77GYMhÔ!*<mZyqÑ]~Z#�ÛŠ”wMiZŠ~Ãlxg‚rƒXCÙz{ZÐZŠ~÷Y,ƒÇTÆfg)ñ]Ãñy�c*>c*YnXf!ZÐZŠe$Æ0*kí»Ãð

)µÔßc*Ç(¦gu}Ðñ�Š„7ÔYèTMiZŠ~Ãz{íZZ¤/ŠZ}ìZe substantive

âB¼7Éz{°x¡ìXŒVíLÃðºme>Øó7ÉLËÌe>ØÃZ(g™Nh»hóÔªCÙíÅÔ»**xì (absence of any good) ìXŠzu}/V~f!¦gíŠg|°xí

ìYè (absolute evil) Zzgt°xí„Znìw~íZZìXZ4p~f!¦gíZ¹Ñ¡ÑŠg|°xí„»**xìZeZCe{Ãðz�Š7XZÏnâgâe-u&¼-£é FGw�Ûâc*™D¸āf!

ª�d$Å¡ìÔZzgf!ZÐZŠe$ª‘ð (savegery) �d$Šg|�d$7L',',e$óìX )12( Šg|Z+

³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³ (Z~2102 32 ) ]]]]ÖÖÖÖ����††††mmmmÃÃÃÃääää âx) ³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³

Page 9: Dx gzZw q e$ŠZÐZ ZgZ Štâu€¦ · XåòZg IÐ~œ, z18 ~y!*i~m,ôZaÆνZã¨KZ¸Xì"Mankind" ìŠg~Vs yZ»g¦Æ+M¨KZ Humanity XìŠgÅg¦Æ+Móó¨KZLLg ¦»"Humanity" »human

uâtŠZgZ:,)‘ðK(»¦gD¥xƒZāuâtŠZgZ:ZÐZŠe$qªZCZg~Zkn2ìYèz{á]z…»DgìXT

ÚÃz{Gz2ZzgW~Æîg6,Jw™Cìz{MiZŠ~ªZgZŠ{ZKãÅ!*ÑŠ4c*”w¯Z]z…Ãi0+Ï»Ñ'ìXZkFg~Åqª~TÚ»Dz{qÝ™äÅÃÒ™Cìz{Š*ìXZŠgZufZ]ÆZkyÃz{u}Ð**eŠìYèZŠgZufZ]c¢zg~ìāpZ÷]~F,ß»

Hìā?�¼ÌeTƒz{ÇìªZk!*]à Rawls e:‡ìHYñ�Znne7ìXîõāZKy�eLìz{Zk»�ìZzgte„7ā?ÈjāZKyÃHexe’ZzgCÙZKy

Zke�Æh~',Z',ìXÍc*tÑdÑixYâāøg}0*kZ+ÃðZ:q7ì�tCñāZKy�eLìZÐexe’c*7X:Aic*Š{z{Š*6,¥s™@*ìZâ„ic*Š{úqÝ™YìX®Z

}jZk (faculties) Z(�ÛŠTÚÃD&ìz{Š*Æ!*g}~ZkÅz{Z:qì�Znà]ZÐ�ÛZë™D÷Xz{ZLg[»!*©ìZzg&ìāDZzgp»ÈZkÅfZ]ìXŠ*Æ´z{CÙD»z{Zïg~ìÔ1ëZkÅ¥â]ÃD7â…Yè6āZâxçZàòä�Ûâc*āDÂ}.Z»egìª�

]Þ³³Û³^m³í�³o ¥â]ÄaZ™}z{DìZzg�Z(7™Cz{˜ªìXŒÛMyˆ~Zg÷ኃZªDgppzZá„ZvÐegD÷Ô¥xƒZāD»qݾ~ìXuâtŠZgZ: ]Ö×äÚàÂf^�å]ÖÃ×Û^ð

ZÐZŠe$Æ0*kŠ*ÅqzVÅZ:¬]¹÷ptZÐÃðD½7™'X�ÌZ:¬]ZÐQ÷ÜsZyqzVÐ0÷�C‚]ÐmgBb÷ZzgªCÙì¡C‚]ůY6,�Z:¬]�ÛZëƒC÷Zétw7ā�ÛŠÆZ0+gps}.ZaZ™Š,Xps}.ZaZƒäc¢zg~

ìā�ÛŠZyÓxZ:¬]»x@{™äc9£x)†e$(6,ƒÔzg]Švz{Z:¬]ZСZk!*]6,¾e$Š,Ïāz{Zq-}.Zì�āZkÅFg~ìXÍc*ZkÆ0*kZ:¬]Â÷paèz{

x@{Šg„�£xÐ7™@*ÔZ=Zn0*kD7M@*Éz{ZyÓxZ:¬]ÃF,KMŠnZK¯Z]Åʳ^†šÂàÚàiçÖoÂàƒÒ†Þ^ úZzgjÅÃÒ™@*ìXŒÛMyäZk|Ð-V6,Š{ZVc*

)�ßv÷}f™ÐìñhD÷ZzgÜs æÖ³Üm³†�]Ÿ]Ö³vn³ç³é]Ö³‚Þn³^ƒ]ÖÔÚf×Ç`ÜÚà]ÖÃ×Ü

Š*z~i0+ÏƤ÷ZyÐZ²Zn™zÔZyÆD»Ñz"g'ZÚ„ì(Xc*ŠgÅāDÅãCŠâˆZÅ‹3š5é EG]6,FFGzŸ]ƒD÷ÔY+»¿¡Y+c7ÉLËnY'óƒ@*ìXªY'¬Ýz¥xÆŠgxyZq-m»**xìZzgZkmÅâάÝÆÑгƒCìXZ¤/£œ].ZƒfÂY'Ì].ZƒÇX÷}Z*ŠZzg!*kÆ=Y+~��Ûtìz{ZyÆ£œÆ�ÛtůY6,ìX÷}!*k÷~fZ]Ã�g-Eg;~Dçâ]Æp}7,JäzZáZq-z�ŠÅ

wÐT…÷²÷}Z‚E+{=’k]ZsòÆZq-»gÁÆîg6,T…÷ā}.#Ö

³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³ (Z~2102 42 ) ]]]]ÖÖÖÖ����††††mmmmÃÃÃÃääää âx) ³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³

Page 10: Dx gzZw q e$ŠZÐZ ZgZ Štâu€¦ · XåòZg IÐ~œ, z18 ~y!*i~m,ôZaÆνZã¨KZ¸Xì"Mankind" ìŠg~Vs yZ»g¦Æ+M¨KZ Humanity XìŠgÅg¦Æ+Móó¨KZLLg ¦»"Humanity" »human

ZsxÆK~íÐH»x¢8eìXf!ZÐZŠe$Æ4,Šq-Y+»ÈgŸñZÅ:ö XÆ”w»§iYy¢87ÉY+»zZuY,Ñ¥s°ZÑgnzh»Ñ]ªZgZŠ{ZKãûÑ]6,™™**ìYèZn4,Šq-i0+ÏÆp„ZgZŠ{ZKãÅŠìXZeDZkYh:f†z†yÃ6,zZym�J@*ìā=ZKãÃZEw™Æ¡]ÆÓxgZizVÐ6,Š{ZV**2ZKãZgZŠ}ÃpŠZn

ÆZ0+gZ(Âx (self) ZLÎZYCÙ!*ÑF,¸]ÐMiZŠ™**ÐeìX».$HìāZKãfZ]�ÛZë™@* (meaning) Zzgp (form) ñ�Šì�ZKãŠ"Ã343ï XJGG (order) ZzgF,KM (structure)

ìÔfZ]ÆZkZ0+gzãÂxÆ%Š/e7ƒnÇX»Ñ]ZLZ0+gÃðp7gBbÔZ#fZ]ÆZ0+gñ�ŠÂxÃZk6,™HY@*ìÂZk~paZƒD÷X»Ñ]ÃZq-ëw»Ñ]Æîg6,Kc¢zg~ìāZÐfZ]ÆÂxÆfg)ŒYñÔª™ÔçãÔg*z‚ÔÂxi0+ÏCÙq»ÈZKãfZ]ìZzgZkÈâgÆ´z{D»ZzgÃðfg=7X».$Æ4,Šq-fZ]ÅZk&¢A6,ZZyÑäƈëZ,ÀòZßwzZ2zä™Mh÷�MùƒVÔZnnËÑ<Å¢zg]7XZnìw~ZKãÑY}ìZzgY+»fg=ìÔ1fZ]pŠZK|ÆZŠgZuÆÎZw6,å

ë scientific method {ñlìX;VZKãfZ]ÆÂxÊg„�§jÐZEw™Æ)&Й@*ìÔ˜V Kingdom of Ends ÷(Z(VàZzg¬ŠÑ:çÑ{F,KMŠbeì&».$Zzg‡ì!*¯Z] ( a u t o n o m o u s ) gc*„�CÙ�ÛŠ»tZ(gt™áāz{pŠUg

ìÔ˜VCÙ¿Zk!*]»ç™nÇāz{ti0+Ϧ/Zg}Ǫ˜VCÙ¿ (self-determined)

cízÑÅ”ZzgZLZgZŠ}ÅŠeƒnÏX

uâtŠZgZ:,)‘ðK(ÅZZ]ZKyZ#†e$»Zïg™@*ìÂ}.Zā(c*ÂZKfZ]Ãg‚rìZzgc*QZKâqÃXc*ŠgÅāuâtŠZgZ:ZÐZŠe$ÆZÖgʼnZ]ZÐZŠ~÷Zzg‰Z½¦XOçuâtŠZgZ:ZÐZŠe$»ZÖg�gâqÆŠz(,}Ãc*]÷ÔZq-Z·ZKZzgŠzuZ¸x6,4XZϧbuâtŠZgZ:ZÐZŠe$Å}.Zð�g

XZyƒ�~Šgœutìāƒ� )22( ÷(Anarchism) fZ]Æ(,}Ãc*]_wZixZzgZ**gœ/xMiZŠ~ÆÔÇgZzg}.ZÆ!*©÷²�Ût™äzZàÚMiZŠ~Æ”w»§iìXuâtŠZgZ:ZÐZŠe$Å�,Zz6,Òyňz{_w®+Zzg‡Z++Å„ÐâpfìX_w®+�ÛŠU�ÛŠUCÙ¿ÃZß:ZKã»�B÷ÔªZêìw~thCÙL�ÛŠó»ìāz{ZKpZ÷]Å�F,KM³

™**eì™}Xt®+�ÛŠÃ@*gõZzgçÑ}ÐâzgZYz�ŠÅwÐT…÷ZzgZß:ZKãÆÑÆ”wcfgZùaZzZg~ZŸ±Ã@sŒÛZgŠnZ7âgLÄÆ@*,™ŠbeT÷YèÄZêìw~�ÛŠÅ$4-<é EGXMiZŠ~»õƒìXz{/g~çÑ{Zzggc*„�‡ì™**eT÷ā

³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³ (Z~2102 52 ) ]]]]ÖÖÖÖ����††††mmmmÃÃÃÃääää âx) ³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³

Page 11: Dx gzZw q e$ŠZÐZ ZgZ Štâu€¦ · XåòZg IÐ~œ, z18 ~y!*i~m,ôZaÆνZã¨KZ¸Xì"Mankind" ìŠg~Vs yZ»g¦Æ+M¨KZ Humanity XìŠgÅg¦Æ+Móó¨KZLLg ¦»"Humanity" »human

¸çÑCzgc*4Zk!*]Ãe¯Cìā�ÛŠ�exeìe{nXZ·ZÅZzgx6,„�uâtŠZg~z){Æ Neitzshe Zzg Hegal, Marx Æ®+Ì’q-àk,ÆzgU*Y÷X~ƒ�Ðúc*V**x

¯**ìXtÌ human being ÷XtÐVÌZß:WŠxƇb÷ZzgZy»uÌZKyÃWiZŠ~Ô)zZ]ZzgF,¹ÃZŠZgÆîg6,Jw™D÷Zzg(,ðF,~uâtÃZy£œÆ”wÆZq-

¸x6,„�ZzgZ·ZÅuâtŠZg~Æ#^¬Ôâg¾Zzg$‹fõEI **¦/k,ZzgÑiòfg=B÷X

èâqZß:»�B÷X_w®+Æ',Üst#aë÷ā humanity

ZKZß:»ZÖg Human being ZÐZŠ~7ÉZ½¦z�Š»ZÖgìX Human being

@*g]¿~“Æfg=™CìXx6,„�}$‹fõEIHìāt“ZZ¸ZxÆŠgxyƒC

Z·ZYV»ìwìā4C ì²Z·ZÅuâtŠZg~ÆzV}âg¾Zk“Ã4CB÷X“Æfg)@*gõÆMy�~u}6,Zq-Z(çÑ{‡ìHYYì˜VCÙpZéÅúeƒÏX

Z,çÑ}Æ”wcfgZùaZzZgZzg]ÃZ¡à6Ðᙤx6ÆŒ~™äÅaZƒÏ�Z·ZÅçÑ}à (specie being) [ÑixìZzg¸z{].z4ì)Ë~z{ZÐZŠe$

‡ì™}ÏXZkçÑ}~Zܪ]ÅcѪƒÏYèz;VåMiZŠ~ƒÏZzgË÷6,Šµ»ÎZw7ƒÇXZKyCÙZkqÅpZé™YZzgZkÅŠ™YƒÇ,z{pZé™**eLìXtÎZwāZKyþqÅpZé™**e’Z·ZÅÔ_wc*¸x6,„�ó{ÐZq-**‡.ÞƒÎZwìXaèZy

ÐVÃc*]Æ_.”wMiZŠ~zZuѧ]ìZzgaèz{ZKyÃ}.ZðÌ]»�¤/ŠZ…÷®ZZê4,Šq-CÙ¿Ã)z~hìāz{�eLìeìXaèpZ÷]ÑözŠ÷®ZZ·ZÅÔ_wc*

(eternalisation ¸x6,„�VàçÑ}»ÃðzZã¦ge7X–w$‹fõEIz{¡Ñse$ÅZ$+e$

c*¯t (super man) ìXx6,„�„~Ñs~Z$+e$Æ”wcZq-¯tZ² of absurdity)

Z²èÅy¢zg~ìÔZq-Z+,c*¸x»z�Š)0*kÓx»ÑC¸]܃Zzg�pŠízÑŸ (class) ŠzâVnÆ®+ÅgZñìāZk@*g]“~�xc*¡ ð™}XZºn

ƒ@*ìZzgz„ZLZgZŠ{ÆÎf (representative) »ZÝúÒ{ human being W@*ìz„±»�Ûnìāz{Zk human »ZÖg™@*ìXOç7g~ human being Æfg=Zß:

¸¸xc*6ÅZ¤®)™}X¸¸¸xc*¡íZzgÑÅZzg"3©3úGEEGE»hŠZgìZzgÓx

ZÐZŠìVÃZϸ¸òc*4CZÐZŠe$~æƒY**ecXt¸¸òc*4C human

ZÐZŠe$ZyÓxS:]ÅqïƒCì�_w®+—ZÐZŠe$ÆK~Òy™D÷XZk¸¸xc*6»Ñz�ŠWiZŠ~ZzgF,¹»”wƒ@*Xt¸¸xc*¡WiZŠ~Zzg]ÆZŸ±ÅK-zŠz~Z•Šgz»wøZzgq‡ƒ@*ìZzgZKWiZŠ~ZzgF,¹ÆauâtÅ(,ðF,~

³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³ (Z~2102 62 ) ]]]]ÖÖÖÖ����††††mmmmÃÃÃÃääää âx) ³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³

Page 12: Dx gzZw q e$ŠZÐZ ZgZ Štâu€¦ · XåòZg IÐ~œ, z18 ~y!*i~m,ôZaÆνZã¨KZ¸Xì"Mankind" ìŠg~Vs yZ»g¦Æ+M¨KZ Humanity XìŠgÅg¦Æ+Móó¨KZLLg ¦»"Humanity" »human

Xz{ZKWiZŠ~ZzgF,¹Æaß^âgÔOz¸g]Zzg$+F,+\KZzg „ÃZÝfg=&ìÃ:ÜsY,É�ÛnФ/ŠZ}ìYèZÏOz¸g]Ôß^âgZzgŠðāZzg�Ûd$Æfg=„ZkÅ

» [human being] WiZŠ~ZzgF,¹eƒCìZzgZk6Zzgx»„„Zß:‘ðKZ·ZÅÔx6,„�Zzg_wÃc*]ËZ$+~ X )32( ZÖgìhÜsz{ì�ZkZÖgÃe¯n

Zܪ]ŶK0+„7™MhXZy»Ñ”wMiZŠ~ìZzgaèMiZŠ~¼7Üs†e$ZzgŠv©]ÅÔì®ZŠg»Zm]™äЇÜìXŠg»È„tìāZKytÎZwZVnāZÐHexe’ZzgH7ÔHZëìZzgH)ZëXZyÃc*]~Zܪ]ÅãCŠÜsZKãpZ÷]÷X1tzZãìāÑßZ)pZ÷]ÃÜsZ©xZÅ:ö XÆ‚tÂw™„6,ÄYìZzgZ¤/Z©â]ZÅ:ö XÐ

Zïg™ÆZKy}.Z0ÆÂgzbZzgÑ»m$zg7,Y@*ìZzgÑZâg{ÑßZ)6,¸MY@*ìX( d i s c o u r s e o f ;àvHìāf!dÚø~LÑßZ)ÅcÜs{ñÙìó

Xz{Ñ)Z©xÅãCŠpZ÷]ƒVŠgÅTyZzgDz discriminatury self is pure silence)

²ÃyÆ”wЇÜgLìXŠg»çÜsZ©xZÅ:ö XÅãCŠ6,eìXZâxçZàò»Zg÷áŠìāDÄZÅ:ö XÐq݃@*ìZzgZÏÄÃ6,zZym�J™ñðZLqw6,tZzg£xÐMÇ{ƒ@*ìX¸MÇ„ZÐÈÏc»g™CìXß5Y»�gwìLTäZLÑÃTy1ZkäZLg[ÃTy1óXZLÑÅ|ÅMÇ„ZKyÆe$6,gZè™CìXZ[ë¿UZk»xÅâÎÒy™D÷&Z&bZÐZŠe$ÆK~’k]ZsòÃæÃge’X

jZÙ41XMiZŠ~Å6,*gZÐZŠe$ZÖgfZ]ÆÓx§hVÆ‚t7ÅYäzZàCÙnÅg»zIV)èIÔçÑCÔgc*4z){(ÃUŠbeSìXZ(L7ƒ@*ātÓxg»z›q-R»ƒYC÷ÉtD+g÷¿ƒ@*ì6ā|ð@*gõÆ_¬ÐzZãìāƒ�Ь!*©ZÐZŠe$Æ»çVÂtgnpƒñè<ØÅx@*gõÃF,u™ÆZ&bzè<ØÆ**x6,6»çVÅè<Ø~RöaZÅYCìZzgM×M×

Z#Ñ6,„�ZÐZŠe$ÆÑZâg{Åp[6,zglƒYCìZzgz{”GZ]»g(ƒY@*ìÂz{g„�èQ»ÌZïg~ƒY@*ìX¸qwñ�Š{Šzg~!-CåGEh++»ìāOñÑ6,„�ZKyÅs»Å„™äÆz{6»çVÅgzÝ~ZsxÅ=%]™Æ.y[z){»�Zi�ÛZë™ä~zs÷

]á]ֳ׳äm³^Ú†e^ÖÂÙæ]ŸuŠ^áæ]mj^ð ì6āÎg>-~�Ûâc*L eÇo 51XMiZŠ~cŒÛMãZ˜bó ƒp]Öφeoæmß`oÂà]ÖËv�^ðæ]ÖÛßÓ†æ]ÖfÇo

61XuâtŠZgZ:ZÐZŠe$ÆzgzŠ~Zz!*]',¤6z�ÛZ÷ÔZEg~Šzg~ƒäzZàß^âgÔ|ðx]Å$zg~Zzg|ðfYÆÎtz){äÌZ뙊ZgZŠZHX¬]cŠ¶eZËYzh+ZºZ»g~»

³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³ (Z~2102 72 ) ]]]]ÖÖÖÖ����††††mmmmÃÃÃÃääää âx) ³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³

Page 13: Dx gzZw q e$ŠZÐZ ZgZ Štâu€¦ · XåòZg IÐ~œ, z18 ~y!*i~m,ôZaÆνZã¨KZ¸Xì"Mankind" ìŠg~Vs yZ»g¦Æ+M¨KZ Humanity XìŠgÅg¦Æ+Móó¨KZLLg ¦»"Humanity" »human

*yL¬ÝZsxZzgf[Å“:6Úø~óÔâx)‚iÑg{Z~600271XW@+ÑwKÆ‚BƒäzZÑ|uZkÅzZãVwì˜Vgc*„�äi**»g~;äzZá

ÁÜÅheÆOñZßwMiZŠ~ÅÜszgi~™äzZáW@+6,bÝÂh™‘ðgZQ»DH»È„t Enlightement ìÔz{Hìā (autonomous) 81X».$HìāZKy‡ì!*¯Z]

ÃTäZzgCÙÛzã–g}ÃgŠ™}Ô�Z(7â}z{Á= (self-sufficiency) ìāZKyZK/e$ìZzg‘ðBä»ZI7 (immature)

91X΂®~ïmÔ›Ô,g·ÔkH{z){ÅZ˜q]~¸T$÷YèZé(L/Zãç@}óƦgäáàì

02X�»Èì"p»ñV~pˆl™**XYèf!�ÛŠz�ŠÅÑse$»‡bƒ[®Zz{CÙZk§jÐZKpŠ~»ZÖg™@*ì&ßv¬xîg"pB÷XZk§i¿ÅÎVBZgD]kÔŠZhSZzguÆ!*ßVÆZZ0+ZiÔ-$6ŠVÅZXŠÔÇäOäÆ"eà§hVÔ.y[Æ�Ûzrz){Å~ÃMC÷XZºn¹6ÆCÙ§jÃfZ]Æ!*pZÖg»fg=™1ŠHì

÷ªz„ªäf!�ÛŠDgì the frustrated one 12XZôm,~~Z+»½~p22XuâtŠZg~ÃðÃt7ÉÂxi0+Ïì)ZÃc*]ZzgZ])_²xÔx6,4ÔZ·ZK(÷X

CÙŬ]~Z%sìZ%у�Æ4,Šq-7Vì)ªZKãZgZŠ}Å!*ÑŠ4(XtZÏ!*]»ZÖgìā_w´)}Z%Mc*-g\(ƒVc*Z·ZÅ)}gzkc*u(ÔCÙ(ZÜtgiWÐéZq-„

ÜZÐZŠe$6,zZym�fì2CÙ(7VâÎņçÑ]¬xƒCìXZ(7ƒ@*āZq-çÑ}~zàZvÔ„Š]¦/ZgZzgsaZƒD÷ZzgŠzu~(YtzHgX7ÉZy~Ð�ÌÃtËçÑ}6,¸Mc*z;VšËZ]Y}.ZÅ!*©Zzg5Zqw™äzZàZÐZŠe$¬xƒð

_wÂxZMZgÐZƒ@*ìXZk (state) 32X¸x6,„�ZzgZ·ZÅuâtŠZgZ:ÂÄi0+Ï»ÂxZMZgÂÄZMZg~¸¸xc*¡ÅúÒÏZq-gÚ)ÓÔZ6Þ(c*Zq-0*gK)**i~c*ñê(™CìXZk�ÛŠc*)®)»hìāz{íZzgÑÅz=ô™}�ZkÅWiZŠ~ZzgF,¹Æaƒ�Ðic*Š{ÃZ+{qƒZzgZk¸�ÛŠc*)®)»ÃZ+{„7g~¸xZzg¡»ÃZ+{¦gHY@*ìXŠvZ�ÛZŠ»�Ûnìāz{ZKZÐZŠe$Ô¸0*gKc*gÉÅZÐZŠe$~晊,XZk¿~Æau~6691Y~�gpDZz[

ÔE} (Superman) ',0*HŠHZzg**i~�ðZzgÎe$-2ÅpD0*ŒÎ6,} (Cultural Revolution)

™Šc*Z# Ãz�Š~ÑäÅÃÒ™Cg„Xp@*gõäU*"$ (Souvait man) ZzgÎzf$} (New man)

uâtÅ(,ðF,~Ñz�ŠÆîg6,Z½¦R6,JwHY@*ìÂ9Z�ÛZŠÅi0+ÏÇZzggfsgD**]ÐC_ƒYCìT»ZÖgÂxZMZgZzg¸‡Z+c*0*gK™CìX®Z¸x6,„�c*Z·ZÅZÐZŠe$ìxWŠòÌãZŠzZgÆ´z{LÌJw:™eZzg¸ªŠ]Å0*ÎVƳ~Zq-WŠòÅi0+Ï~ƒkÔwmÔá]gZãÔŠ*6,4ÔpŠ¾èZzg\Kä�Ûzr0*c*ZzgZkÃZ·ZÅZzgx6,„�ÂxZMZgÆ�Ûzr

³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³ (Z~2102 82 ) ]]]]ÖÖÖÖ����††††mmmmÃÃÃÃääää âx) ³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³

Page 14: Dx gzZw q e$ŠZÐZ ZgZ Štâu€¦ · XåòZg IÐ~œ, z18 ~y!*i~m,ôZaÆνZã¨KZ¸Xì"Mankind" ìŠg~Vs yZ»g¦Æ+M¨KZ Humanity XìŠgÅg¦Æ+Móó¨KZLLg ¦»"Humanity" »human

ZzgZPxÆagc*4ZëZŠÆfg=¬xMŠòÃÚ6g™**7,ZX‰‰gc*4ZëZŠ~¤/ÄeL7,~Ô¬xWŠòäZ·ZÅÂxÐÖgZqÝ™Æ$+F,+ZܹgiZbÃZC1Xß^âgÔÑ^ÔŠðāZzg�Ûd$Ô

Ò"gZ{gz~ZzgJÙ»�c[æ¹-g\ÔgzkZzguÆ‚´àzV~Wc*ƒZìZkÅVwÂ-g\ZkÐU*"$ƒZāZ·ZÅc*¸x6,„�ZÐZŠe$Ãðe{q7 ZzgZ%MƆF,+çÑ{~Ì7QX

uâtŠZgZ:ZÐZŠe$z{ZÐZŠe$ì�:Ťì human being /Zß:

/TÆZˆ‚]ZzgpZ÷]6,wmZzgŠá]Zzg…qz~ƒYD÷/Zzg�ZK=ÃZy„gfZbÆZÖgÆa&+g=(,ðF,~uâtZEw™CìtZÐZŠe$—̃$ËìZzgZ½¦)¸ò4C(ÌÔŠzâVßgÂV~ZkZÐZŠe$ÃK‰Æauât

ŠZgZ:çÑ]Å¢zg]ƒCìX)Yg~(

˜ŠŠŠŠÔÔÔÔ''''××××ZZZZØØØØZZZZzzzzggggŒŒŒŒzzzz]]]])ZsòÑ<ZzgÎZÑZò‡âyÅgzÝ~(

ZgŠzi!*y~«×dz»©ï6,zW·”tZ£ : Zi

[ 004gz9 : 067X7 : ,] ]

ZÕ=Z»ŠòÔÍ�ZâZ! : **Ñ

ªÔ)bÔZk**]óó : LLŠ´æZgk~½I 6,zWеg{− : Zi I

†!Z~Š½ÅgzZe$ÔŠ´æZgkÆñ�Š{Âx»Ñgc*CY,{Ô¥»�Y:©Ô}.â]ZzgXi{Z&q]ÔæZgkÆÜsZ²ZòîÔD+g+ÂxÔŠg7)bz)]ÔÓ#ÖZzgŠ´æZgkÔ»[½ZzgŠvUzVÔZq-!*jZ!Ô×ZzgRŠ*zm,

[ 002gz9 : 274X7 : ,] ]

)„ZâxZI<L6,Šø7[ì(³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³ (Z~2102 92 ) ]]]]ÖÖÖÖ����††††mmmmÃÃÃÃääää âx) ³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³