D.V.Skobeltsyn INP Moscow State University

“Energia” Korolev(Rocket Space Corporation)

“Luch” Syzran SCTB, Russia

JINR, Dubna, Russia

Mexico University, Mexico

Ewha Womans University Seoul, South Korea

UHECRs measurements fromSpace via detection of fluorescent and Cherenkov light produced by EAS

TUS:

Goal:

1.5 m diameter Fresnel MirrorBackground measurement dozens events per year with E>1020 eV

TUS2: Double TUS

KLYPVE:3.5 m diameter Fresnel Mirror#103 events per year#102 events with E>1020 eV

V. Alexandrov, D. Bugrov, G. Garipov, N.Kalmykov,B.Khrenov, M.

Panasyuk, S.Sharakin, A. Silaev, I. Yashin

V. Grebenyuk,M. Finger, A. Zhuchkova, D. Naumov, Nguen Man

Sat, A. Olshevsky, B. Sabirov,L. Tkatchev, N. Zaikin

O. Saprykin, V. Syromyatnikov

E. Bitkin, S. Eremin, A. Matyushkin, F. Urmantsev

A. Cordero, O. Martinez, E. Morena, C. Robledo,H. Salazar, L. Villaseeor,

A. Zepeda

I. Park

NIO KOMPAS, Czech Republic

M. Shonsky

Technical University, Prague, Czech RepublicJ. Zicha

Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECRs)

GROUND BASED DETECTOR DATA ON UHECR

Energy, eV

1st knee

Modulated by solar activity

1 particle per m2×second

1 particle per m2×year

2nd knee

Ankle1 particle per km2×year

What is their origin? Top-down? Bottom-up? Source?

What is the nature of UHECRs?p,Fe,,

What is their spectrum?consistent with GZK (p+2.7 p + 0)?

Energy, eV

aqqqqEnergy, eV

Concept ofTUS/TUS2 space free flyer

16x16

PMTs

Fresnel mirror10 rings

Focal distance is 1.5 mField of View is 7.3o

mold production in JINR/DubnaSpace qualified carbon-plastic Fresnel mirror to be producedAt “Luch” (Syzran)

Mirror moldsection

Ring number

The light spread radius on the focal plane:

90%

80%

70%

Measured vs theory

Measured - theory

[mm]

SLAST package:1. 3D Geometry2. Various Atmosphere profiles3. GIL parameterization of

CORSIKA4. Hillas parameterization for the

energy distribution 5. First interaction of nuclei or

neutrino from cross-section6. Fluorescence as a function of

altitude in the atmosphere and the shower age

7. Cherenkov light simulation8. LOWTRAN7.1 atmosphere

response

Electronics Simulation:1. Analog & Digital2. Multi-Level trigger system with

two modes: “vertical” & horizontal showers

Even

ts p

er

year

TUS

KLYPVE

Reconstruction: (under way)1. Arrival direction2. Hmax and Xmax for :

1. Golden events2. Fluorescent events

3. Energy

TUS relative resolution of Hmax as a function of zenith angle for:

Golden Events

Fluorescent Events

Cherenkov echo gives usa reference point to reconstruct Hmax for golden events.

Temporal profile of (quasi) horizontalshowers is sensitive to Hmax. Thismakes possible to reconstruct Hmax (and Xmax) for events withoutCherenkov echo.

Both methods are complementary to each other.

The real background need for all space based experimentsdozens of events above 1020 eV more than the world current statistics (with overall sky coverage)

TUS will measure in one year:

TUS as a space based experiment will:

Test the approach preparing for the next generation of experiments: EUSO, KLYPVE,OWL and OTHERS!