During the 1800’s; the North and South found they disagreed about many things. The two parts of the nation seemed to be more like two different nations. They lived and thought differently. Slavery was a big problem. The North wanted to stop the spread of slavery; the South wanted new states to allow slave holding. But slavery was not the only problem. Things such as foreign trade and taxes caused hard feelings between the two sections of the nations.

North South

1. Foundation

2. Population

3. Manufacturing & Resources

1. Industry & Trade

2. 71% of U.S. population

3. 92% of US industrial output; generous resources to produce weapons.

1. Agriculture

2. 29% of U.S. population

3. 8% of US industrial output minimal resources to produce weapons.

North South

5. Exports & Views on Tariffs

6. Food Production

7. Railroads

5. Favored high tariffs on imported goods to protect northern industries and worker’s jobs.

6. More than twice the South

7. efficient railway transport system.

5. Favored low (or no) tariffs on imported goods to keep prices of goods more affordable.

6. Less than half the North

7. inefficient railway transport system.

Missouri Compromise of Missouri Compromise of 1820 1820

Missouri applied for Missouri applied for statehood in 1819 as a statehood in 1819 as a slave state.slave state.

At the time there was At the time there was 11 free states & 11 11 free states & 11 slave states.slave states.

By adding another By adding another slave state; it would slave state; it would upset the senate’s upset the senate’s equal balance equal balance

Henry Clay created the Henry Clay created the Missouri CompromiseMissouri Compromise

Under the Under the Compromise:Compromise:

MissouriMissouri became a became a slaveslave state state

MaineMaine became a became a freefree statestate

Louisiana Territory was Louisiana Territory was divided at the 36 divided at the 36 degree, 30 minute degree, 30 minute parallel; parallel; northnorth of the of the line must be line must be freefree territory; territory; southsouth of the of the line could be line could be slaveslave territoryterritoryAlthough it became a law; few people on either side were happy about it.

The senate would retain its equal balance until the next state asked to enter the Union.

Wilmot Proviso (1846)Wilmot Proviso (1846)

It was a bill that would It was a bill that would ban slavery in the new ban slavery in the new territories acquired territories acquired from Mexicofrom Mexico

Northerners favored Northerners favored the billthe bill

Southerners opposed Southerners opposed because they had the because they had the right to slaves in new right to slaves in new territories because territories because they were property they were property and property was and property was protected under the protected under the ConstitutionConstitution

The Wilmot Proviso The Wilmot Proviso never passednever passed

The The CompromisCompromise of 1850e of 1850

The Compromise The Compromise stated:stated:

The state of New Mexico and Utah The state of New Mexico and Utah would be established from land taken would be established from land taken from Mexicofrom Mexico

New Mexico voters would determine New Mexico voters would determine whether to be slave or free whether to be slave or free

(popular sovereignty)(popular sovereignty)

California would be admitted to the California would be admitted to the Union as a free stateUnion as a free state

All people in free states had to help All people in free states had to help capture slaves who escaped from their capture slaves who escaped from their owners. Those who failed to do so will owners. Those who failed to do so will receive harsh punishments receive harsh punishments

(Fugitive Slave Act)(Fugitive Slave Act)

Ban of sale of slaves in D.CBan of sale of slaves in D.C..

The expansion of U.S. The expansion of U.S. territory and population territory and population growth in the West growth in the West continued to fuel political continued to fuel political tensions between free tensions between free states and slave states states and slave states over the extension of over the extension of slaveryslavery

Those who favored slavery Those who favored slavery and those who opposed and those who opposed slavery therefore agreed slavery therefore agreed to five laws that to five laws that addressed these concerns.addressed these concerns.

The five laws are known The five laws are known as the Compromise of as the Compromise of 18501850

Compromise of 1850

Compromise of 1850

Slave and Free Territories Under the Compromise of 1850

Sectional Views Differ on Sectional Views Differ on Key Political IssuesKey Political Issues

Issue North South

Protective Tariff(taxes on goods brought in from other country)

They wanted high tariffs on imported goods so they could sell their own products in the United States. They wanted to keep out competition by marking foreign goods more expensive.

They wanted to sell their cotton and tobacco to other countries and buy manufactured goods as cheaply as possible because it had few factories.(Against it)

Issue North South

*National Bank Yes; Demanded a federally backed national bank to help stabilize currency & credit.

No; Argued that a national bank tended to tighten money & credit and placed too much power in the hands of few bankers

*Internal Improvements

Yes; better transportation helped to expand its trade

No; Resented paying for projects that provided little benefits to its people.

*Cheap Western Land No; because westward migration reduced the supply of labor for its mills and factories

Yes; Seeking to expand its plantation system and slavery; also favored cheap land

Issue North South

*The Union Yes; Believed the United States must remain one country to remain strong.

No; Felt since they chose to join in; they could also choose to leave and form their own country.

Slavery No; They wanted to end the expansion of slavery.

Yes; Slave owners wanted to extend slavery to all new states.

*States’ Rights No; They felt the federal government should have more power than individual state.

Yes; Believed individual states should have more control over laws than the federal government.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852

Published by Harriet Beecher Stowe.

The novel described all that was wrong with slavery. It helped readers see slaves as real people.

It also helped northern abolitionists to increase their protests against the Fugitive Slave Act

Southerners criticized the Book as an attack on their way of life.

Published by Harriet Beecher Stowe.

The novel described all that was wrong with slavery. It helped readers see slaves as real people.

It also helped northern abolitionists to increase their protests against the Fugitive Slave Act

Southerners criticized the Book as an attack on their way of life.

HarrietBeecherStowe(1811 – 1896)

HarrietBeecherStowe(1811 – 1896)

So this is the lady who started the Civil War.

-- Abraham Lincoln

So this is the lady who started the Civil War.

-- Abraham Lincoln

Kansas-Nebraska ActKansas-Nebraska ActSlavery became a major issue again when Nebraska Slavery became a major issue again when Nebraska

Territory was opened up for settlement. Territory was opened up for settlement.

1.1. The Kansas-Nebraska Act became a law in 1854. The Kansas-Nebraska Act became a law in 1854. It said that people of the territories of Kansas It said that people of the territories of Kansas and Nebraska would decide for themselves about and Nebraska would decide for themselves about slavery. Principle of slavery. Principle of popular sovereignty (rule by popular sovereignty (rule by the people)the people)

2.2. The Act repealed the Missouri Compromise of The Act repealed the Missouri Compromise of 18201820

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

“Bleeding Kansas”“Bleeding Kansas”

1. Pro and anti-slavery group hurried into Kansas in attempts to create voting majorities there.

2. People fought and killed each other over the slavery question. One person was killed in an anti-slave town. John Brown; a fierce opponent of slavery; killed five proslavery people in the raid.

3. Because of the violence of both sides; the territory was nicknamed “Bleeding Kansas”

1. Pro and anti-slavery group hurried into Kansas in attempts to create voting majorities there.

2. People fought and killed each other over the slavery question. One person was killed in an anti-slave town. John Brown; a fierce opponent of slavery; killed five proslavery people in the raid.

3. Because of the violence of both sides; the territory was nicknamed “Bleeding Kansas”

Abolitionist MovementAbolitionist MovementAbolitionists were people who wanted to Abolitionists were people who wanted to

end slavery. They believed they could end slavery. They believed they could convince others of the evils of slavery by convince others of the evils of slavery by publishing newspaper; almanacs & books.publishing newspaper; almanacs & books.

They sponsored lectures and invited former They sponsored lectures and invited former slaves to speak. Some helped runaway slaves to speak. Some helped runaway slaves escaped and some believed slaves escaped and some believed violence was the only way to end slavery.violence was the only way to end slavery.

Formation of the Republican Formation of the Republican PartyParty

As the debate over slavery grew more intense; national As the debate over slavery grew more intense; national parties splintered or broke apart- and groups formed parties splintered or broke apart- and groups formed new parties. This was called the Republican Party.new parties. This was called the Republican Party.

The Republican Party nominated Abraham Lincoln as its The Republican Party nominated Abraham Lincoln as its candidatecandidate

Major Platform: opposed expansion of slavery into Major Platform: opposed expansion of slavery into territoriesterritories

Opposing the Kansas-Nebraska ActOpposing the Kansas-Nebraska Act

What was the Dred Scott What was the Dred Scott Decision?Decision?

Dred Scott born a slaveDred Scott born a slave Scott claimed that residing in the free states made Scott claimed that residing in the free states made

him a free man.him a free man.

Went to court to obtain freedom for himself and his Went to court to obtain freedom for himself and his family.family.

The court rejected Scott’s claim; ruling slaves were The court rejected Scott’s claim; ruling slaves were considered property. Therefore; free or slave they considered property. Therefore; free or slave they were not considered US citizens and could not file were not considered US citizens and could not file lawsuits in federal courts.lawsuits in federal courts.

The Dred Scott decision gave slavery the protection The Dred Scott decision gave slavery the protection under the Constitution.under the Constitution.

The court did find popular sovereignty and Missouri The court did find popular sovereignty and Missouri Compromise of 1820 to be unconstitutionalCompromise of 1820 to be unconstitutional

Who established a secret route to the North used by escaped slaves?

Born a slave on a Maryland plantation

She was a runaway slave. She rode the underground railroad to Pennsylvania.

She returned secretly to help others to freedom.

She became a conductor for the underground railroad

How did Lincoln and Douglas view slavery?

How did Lincoln and Douglas view slavery?

DouglasDouglas

Opposed slavery but favored Opposed slavery but favored

popular sovereigntypopular sovereignty

Believed popular sovereignty Believed popular sovereignty

would allow slavery to pass would allow slavery to pass

away on its ownaway on its own

He did not think slavery was He did not think slavery was

immoral; he did believe it was aimmoral; he did believe it was a

backward labor system backward labor system

LincolnLincoln

Opposed slavery & did notOpposed slavery & did not

support popular sovereigntysupport popular sovereignty

Believed slavery was immoral Believed slavery was immoral

a labor system of greeda labor system of greed

He doubted that slavery wouldHe doubted that slavery would

cease to spread without cease to spread without

legislation outlawing it in the legislation outlawing it in the

territoriesterritories

John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry, 1859John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry, 1859

John Brown believed in fighting slavery with violence.

He led a group of white/black men in a raid on the federal armory at Harpers Ferry; Va (today W. Va). Killing seven people

He was going to give guns to the black slaves so they could fight and become free.

The raid failed and Brown was captured. He was executed by hanging.

18601860PresidePreside

ntialntialElectioElectio

nn

18601860PresidePreside

ntialntialElectioElectio

nn

√ Abraham LincolnRepublican

√ Abraham LincolnRepublican

John BellConstitutional

Union

John BellConstitutional

Union

Stephen A. DouglasNorthern DemocratStephen A. DouglasNorthern Democrat

John C. BreckinridgeSouthern DemocratJohn C. BreckinridgeSouthern Democrat

What was the results of the What was the results of the Presidential Election of 1860Presidential Election of 18601.1. Abraham Lincoln wins the Abraham Lincoln wins the

Presidential election.Presidential election.

2.2. Southern states begin to leave the Southern states begin to leave the Union. South Carolina seceded Union. South Carolina seceded (withdraw) on Dec. 20; 1860.(withdraw) on Dec. 20; 1860.

3.3. The following year Alabama; Florida; The following year Alabama; Florida; Georgia; Louisiana; Mississippi and Georgia; Louisiana; Mississippi and Texas joined S. Carolina to form the Texas joined S. Carolina to form the Confederate States of AmericaConfederate States of America

Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860

Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860

Evaluating the Causes of the Civil Evaluating the Causes of the Civil WarWar

The Civil War was caused by The Civil War was caused by many interlocking and many interlocking and complex factors.complex factors.

The expansion of slavery; The expansion of slavery; constitutional disputes constitutional disputes over state’s rights; over state’s rights; economic & social economic & social differences between N & differences between N & S; political disagreements S; political disagreements and failure of and failure of compromises were all compromises were all general causes of the Civil general causes of the Civil War.War.

The publication of The publication of Uncle Uncle Tom’s CabinTom’s Cabin; ; “Bleeding Kansas”; “Bleeding Kansas”; the Dred Scott case; the Dred Scott case; and even the election and even the election of Abraham Lincoln of Abraham Lincoln and the Republicans and the Republicans in 1860 can all be in 1860 can all be considered specific considered specific causes of the Civil causes of the Civil War.War.

Sample Questions Sample Questions

The Western expansion of the United States in the The Western expansion of the United States in the early early

1800s provoked a congressional debate over the 1800s provoked a congressional debate over the issue ofissue of

slavery; Congress resolved this debate by: slavery; Congress resolved this debate by:

A.A. Making the Louisiana PurchaseMaking the Louisiana Purchase

B.B. Passing a Constitutional amendmentPassing a Constitutional amendment

C.C. Adopting the Missouri CompromiseAdopting the Missouri Compromise

D.D. Accepting the doctrine of nullificationAccepting the doctrine of nullification