DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREBUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY

Davao National Crop Research, Development & Production Support Center

DURIAN (Durio zibithenus Murr.)

Introduction

Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) belongs to the genus Durio and the family Bombacaceae, which is best known for showy flowers and woody or thin-shelled pods filled with small seeds and silky or cottonlike fiber. It is the most important native fruit of southeastern Asia and neighboring islands. Widely known and revered in southeast Asia as the "king of fruits", the durian is distinctive for its large size, unique odor, and formidable thorn-covered husk.

The durian, native to Brunei, Indonesia and Malaysia, has been known to the Western world for about 600 years. The 19th-century British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace famously described its flesh as "a rich custard highly flavoured with almonds". The flesh can be consumed at various stages of ripeness, and is used to flavor a wide variety of savory and sweet edibles in Southeast Asian cuisines. The seeds can also be eaten when cooked.

Description

The durian tree, reaching 27 to 40 meters in height in tropical forests, is usually erect with short, straight, rough, peeling trunk to 1.2 meters in diameter, and irregular dense or open crown of rough branches, and thin branchlets coated with coppery or gray scales when young.

The fruits are ovoid or ovoid-oblong to nearly round, 15 to 30 cm long, 12.5 to 15 cm wide, and up to 8 kg in weight. The yellow or yellowish-green rind is thick, tough, semi-woody, and densely set with stout, sharply pointed spines, 3- to 7-sided at the base. Handling without gloves can be painful. Inside there are 5 compartments containing the creamy-white, yellowish, pinkish or orange-colored flesh and 1 to 7 chestnut-like seeds, 2 to 6 cm long with glossy, red-brown seedcoat. In the best fruits, most seeds are abortive. There are some odorless cultivars but the flesh of the common durian has a powerful odor

Some fruits split into 5 segments, others do not split, but all fall to the ground when mature.

Related Species

There are estimated to be 28 species in the genus Durio in Malaysia. Only 5 species in addition to the durian bear edible fruits. These are D. dulcis Becc., in Sabah and Indonesian Borneo; D. grandiflorus Kost., in Sabah, Sarawak, and Indonesian Borneo; D. graveolens Becc., in peninsular Malaya and all of Borneo and Sumatra; D. kutejensis Becc., all over Borneo, and ranked second to the durian in edibility; and D. oxleyanus Griff., in peninsular Malaya and all of Borneo and Sumatra. All five are cultivated in Brunei and a few to some extent in Malaysian Borneo.

It is believed that some of the other species, especially D. malaccensis Planch. and D. Wyatt-Smithii Kost., which are very closely allied to D. zibethinus, may be useful in breeding for pest- and disease-resistance and other characters.

There is evidence that natural interspecific cross-pollination is going on because a hybrid of D. zibethinus and D. graveolens has been found in northeastern Indonesian Borneo, and some trees of normally white-flowered D. malaccensis have been discovered in Johore State with reddish flowers, perhaps from cross-pollination by the pink or red-flowered D. lowianus King and D. pinangianus.

Production Statistics

As of 2016, the area planted to durian in the Philippines was estimated at a total of 16,618.86 hectares with a total of 1,265,890 bearing trees (Tables 1 & 2). Of these, a total of 8,344.00 hectares or 50.21 percent with a total of 818,270 bearing trees are found in the Davao region.

The volume of production in 2016 was estimated at a total of 71,444.19 metric tons with 53805.71 metric tons or 75.31 percent, coming from the Davao Region (Table 3).

Table 1. Area planted to durian by Region, 2010-2016.*  2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

PHILIPPINES 18,837.75 19,000.80 19,391.50 16,366.20 16,542.00 16,622.75 16,618.86

..CAR .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

..ILOCOS REGION .. .. .. .. .. 1 1

..CAGAYAN VALLEY 3 3 3 3 3 4 4

..CENTRAL LUZON .. 2 4 4.2 4 4 5

..CALABARZON 34 34 36.5 37 37 37 38

..MIMAROPA 30 33 33 35 36 45 43

..BICOL REGION .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

..WESTERN VISAYAS 181 181 181 181 181 171 83

..CENTRAL VISAYAS 17.5 18.5 19 20 22 24 7

..EASTERN VISAYAS 34 38.1 43 43 32 32 32.01

..ZAMBOANGA PENINSULA 1,037.00 1,061.00 1,066.00 1,080.00 1,088.00 1,091.00 1,102.00..NORTHERN MINDANAO 1,419.25 1,419.25 1,425.00 1,426.00 1,432.00 1,432.00 1,431.85..DAVAO REGION 11,409.00 11,510.00 11,540.00 8,083.00 8,238.00 8,330.00 8,344.00

..SOCCSKSARGEN 1,828.00 1,846.50 1,930.00 2,192.00 2,204.00 2,202.00 2,159.00

..CARAGA 1,689.00 1,689.00 1,796.00 1,947.00 1,950.00 1,935.00 1,949.00

..ARMM 1,156.00 1,165.45 1,315.00 1,315.00 1,315.00 1,314.75 1,314.00

..NEGROS ISLAND REGION .. .. .. .. .. .. 106

* CountrySTAT Phil., 2017.

Table 2. No. of bearing trees by Region, 2010-2016.

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

PHILIPPINES 774772 724450 1198341 1217555 1230336 1289104 1265890

..CAR .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

..ILOCOS REGION .. .. .. .. .. 50 50

..CAGAYAN VALLEY .. .. .. .. 260 260 282

..CENTRAL LUZON .. 120 180 235 320 345 345

..CALABARZON 2035 2038 2041 2070 2060 1710 1790

..MIMAROPA 1474 1609 1698 1701 1701 1896 1776

..BICOL REGION .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

..WESTERN VISAYAS 5062 5112 5112 5137 5300 5300 450

..CENTRAL VISAYAS 690 690 698 698 720 738 335

..EASTERN VISAYAS 280 483 522 522 432 436 442

..ZAMBOANGA PENINSULA 21379 22379 22800 24145 26926 34014 34240

..NORTHERN MINDANAO 62324 62931 64935 65160 65615 67370 68361

..DAVAO REGION 492121 431791 870742 812026 810932 841476 818270

..SOCCSKSARGEN 85400 93510 97340 106970 110365 117794 115215

..CARAGA 41805 41495 69986 136441 134530 132390 132390

..ARMM 62202 62292 62287 62450 71175 85325 86554

..NEGROS ISLAND REGION .. .. .. .. .. .. 5390* CountrySTAT Phil., 2017.

Table 3. Volume of production(MT) by Region, 2010-2016.2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

PHILIPPINES 77548.5 58968.98 85960.88 91211.65 80334.1 87382 71444.19

..CAR .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

..ILOCOS REGION .. .. .. .. .. 1.5 1.52

..CAGAYAN VALLEY 2 45.69 46.15 42.03 28.33 32.85 36.25

..CENTRAL LUZON .. 1.2 1.35 2.25 3.9 3.37 2.49

..CALABARZON 78.81 46.87 49.34 52.02 41.44 41.38 44.59

..MIMAROPA 14.18 14.52 15.73 15.86 15.71 17.17 15.12

..BICOL REGION .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

..WESTERN VISAYAS 338.02 49.01 168.55 151.36 159.28 143.98 3.58

..CENTRAL VISAYAS 17.12 1 1.05 6.5 6.99 9.7 9.76

..EASTERN VISAYAS 8.54 10.65 10.93 9.69 7.35 8.3 8.33

..ZAMBOANGA PENINSULA 811.06 630.09 541.47 558.46 930.99 1506.14 1344.65

..NORTHERN MINDANAO 2150.93 1981.07 2057.46 2164.55 2156.4 2294.89 2311.94

..DAVAO REGION 55606.33 50850.66 67799.73 70063.66 62768.76 67697.44 53805.71

..SOCCSKSARGEN 3454.86 3738 3949.89 4795.57 5064.2 5158.96 3687.46

..CARAGA 1281.59 1341.4 2285.54 1483.1 2197.63 2677.9 3106.34

..ARMM 13785.05 258.82 9033.69 11866.59 6953.12 7788.42 6916.9

..NEGROS ISLAND REGION .. .. .. .. .. .. 149.54

* CountrySTAT Phil., 2017.

Uses of Durian

Durians are sold whole, or cut open and divided into segments, which are wrapped in clear plastic. The flesh is mostly eaten fresh, often out-of-hand. It is best after being well chilled in a refrigerator. Sometimes it is simply boiled with sugar or cooked in coconut water, and it is a popular flavoring for ice cream.

Durian flesh is canned in syrup for export. It is also dried for local use and export. Blocks of durian paste are sold in the markets. The unripe fruit is boiled whole and eaten as a vegetable.

The seeds are eaten after boiling, drying, and frying or roasting. In Java, the seeds may be sliced thin and cooked with sugar as a confection; or dried and fried in coconut oil with spices for serving as a side-dish.

The dried or half-dried rinds are burned as fuel and fish may be hung in the smoke to acquire a strong flavor. The ash is used to bleach silk.

The sapwood is white, the heartwood light red-brown, soft, coarse, not durable nor termite-resistant. It is used for masts and interiors of huts in Malaya.

The flesh is said to serve as a vermifuge. In Malaya, a decoction of the leaves and roots is prescribed as a febrifuge. The leaf juice is applied on the head of a fever patient. The leaves are employed in medicinal baths for people with jaundice. Decoctions of the leaves and fruits are applied to swellings and skin diseases. The ash of the burned rind is taken after childbirth. The leaves probably contain hydroxy-tryptamines and mustard oils.

The odor of the flesh is believed to be linked to indole compounds which are bacteriostatic. Eating durian is alleged to restore the health of ailing humans and animals. The flesh is widely believed to act as an aphrodisiac.

Young leaves and shoots are occasionally cooked as greens. Sometimes the ash of the burned rind is added to special cakes.

Nutritional Value of the Durian Fruit

Table 4. Nutritional value of the durian fruit per 100 gram of edible part.

Value Minerals Vitamins

Water - 64.990 gramEnergy - 147 kcal Energy - 615 kj Protein - 1.47 gram Total lipid (fat) - 5.33 gram Carbohydrate, by difference - 27.09 gram Fiber, total dietary - 3.8 gram

Calcium, Ca - 6 mg Iron, Fe - 0.430 mg Magnesium, Mg - 30 mg Phosphorus, P - 38 mg Potassium, K - 436 mg Sodium, Na - 1 mg Zinc, Zn - 0.28 mg Copper, Cu - 0.207 mg Manganese, Mn - 0.324 mg

Vitamin C, ascorbic acid - 19.7 mg Thiamin - 0.374 mg Riboflavin - 0.2 mg Niacin - 1.074 mg Pantothenic acid - 0.23 mg Vitamin B-6 - 0.316 mg Vitamin A, IU - 45.000 IU Vitamin A, RE - 5.000 mcg_RE

Source: US Department of Agriculture

Adaptation

Durian is adapted to sandy loam and clay loam, with high organic matter, reasonably deep and slightly acidic soil, pH of 5.6.

Durian grows in lowland tropics in elevation up to 800 meters above sea level with optimum temperature of 25-35 0C and 80% relative humidity.

Recommended Varieties

Listed in Table 5 are National Seed Industry Council’s (NSIC) approved and registered varieties of durian.

Table 5. NSIC Registered Durian Varieties and their Characteristics.

 Variety Fruit shape Fruit Size(kg)

Maturity(# of days)

Peel Color PercentEdible

Portion

Aroma Flesh Color

TSS

Chanee Cylindrical 2-4 110-115 Greenish brown

35-40% Moderate Golden 25

Monthong Elongated 2-5 120-125 Golden yellow

25% Moderate Creamy yellow

27

Atabrine Ellipsoidal 2-4 105-115 Greenish brown

25% Strong Naples yellow

25

Mamer -do- 1-2 105-115 Greenish brown

25% Strong Barium orange

25

GD 69 Obovate 2-4 113-118 Greenish brown

36% -do- Canary yellow

26

Alcon Fancy

Round 1-2 90-110 Greenish brown

35% -do- Yellow 27

Lacson Uno

Obovate 3-6 115-120 Brownish green

35% -do- Mimosa yellow

27

Arancillo Ovoid to Cylindrical

1-3 115-120 Brownish green

38% -do- Chrome yellow

27

Puyat Cylindrical 3-5 120-125 Greenish brown

40% -do- Chrome yellow

27

Oboza Cylindrical 3-4 120-125 Green 21% Moderate Yellow 26

Duyaya Cylindrical 3-5 120-125 Green brown

31% Weak Yellow 27

SMIARC #2

Ovoid to cylindrical

2-3 115-120 Brownish-green

28 Moderate Barium yellow

27

From: http://davaoagribiz.da.gov.ph/profile/commodity/durian%20profile.html

Fig. 1. Ten NSIC registered durian varieties.

Methods of Propagation

It is reported that, in some countries, seedling durian trees have borne fruit at 5 years of age. In India, generally, they come into bearing 9 to 12 years after planting, but in South India they will not produce fruit until they are 13 to 21 years old. In Malaya, seedlings will bloom in 7 years; grafted trees in 4 years or earlier.

In durian, inarching can be accomplished with 50% success but is not a popular method because the grafts must be left on the trees for many months. Selected cultivars are propagated by patch-budding (a modified Forkert method. Grafted trees never grow as tall as seedlings; they are usually between 8 to 10 m tall; rarely 12 m.

Preparation of planting materials

The following are recommended:

a. Use fully developed seeds from mature/ripe durian fruits of the recommended varieties.

b. Germinate the seeds in seed box or seed bed with coco peat, fine river sand or saw dust as germination medium.

c. Prick the germinated seedlings into 6 x 10 in. x 0.0025 or 7 x 11 in. x 0.003 PE bags as growing medium containing 1 part each of garden soil, fine river sand and compost at 9-12 days after germination and place them in the nursery with a net cover with 70 percent sunlight penetration.

d. Water them immediately after planting in polyethylene bags, then water them every 2 to 3 days thereafter or as the need arises.

e. Seedlings are ready for grafting at 21-30 days old using hypocotyl grafting; epicotyl side grafting at 2-4 months old; cleft grafting for 5-months and patch budding for 8 months & older rootstock.

f. Gradually reduce nursery shade from 30% to full sunlight two months before field planting.

Cultural Management

Chanee Monthong Atabrine Mamer GD 69

Alcon Fancy Lacson Uno Arancillo Puyat Duyaya

Land Preparation

a. Clear and remove all stumps and grasses. b. Plow twice and harrow thrice to loosen the soil.

Distance of Planting

a. 8 x 8 meters = 156 plants/ha. b. 10 x 10 meters = 100 plants/ha.

Preparation of Holes and Planting

a. Dig holes measuring 30 cm wide and 30 cm deep. Deeper and wider holes are recommended for heavy soil types.

b. Remove the plastic bag and plant the seedling into the hole without breaking the ball of soil. Prune spiraled roots to enhance root branching.

c. Plant the young seedlings at their dormant stage. d. Cover the hole with soil-manure mixture and gently press the surface of the soil. e. Plant during the rainy season.

Maintenance

Provide temporary shade to the newly planted durian seedlings for a period of two weeks to a few months depending on weather condition to enable the plants to recover from transplanting shock and to shade it from strong sunlight.

Fertilization

a. Apply as basal 50 grams (5 tbsp.) of complete fertilizer (14-14-14) or based on soil analysis and cover with thin layer of soil.

b. Periodic application of fertilizers should be based on soil or plant tissue analysis.

Intercropping

Grow seasonal crops between rows of durian before they become productive.

Weeding

Ring weeding should be done regularly and before fertilization.

Pruning

a. Pruning improves air circulation which results in decreased relative humidity, thus, reducing the incidence of pests and diseases.

b. Removing low-lying branches prevents splashing during rains which help prevent pathogens from coming in contact with the branches and leaves of the durian trees.

c. Prune/remove dead, broken or diseased branches and water shoots to obtain desired canopy shape and to enhance production of fruits.

Mulching

Mulch the trees with rice straw, dried leaves, cut grasses, or coconut husk during the dry season.

Irrigation

Water the trees during the dry season. Cut banana pseudostems could also be used as mulch especially in areas where source of water is a problem since these have high water content.

Pollination

The durian has a high rate of self-incompatibility, thus hand-pollination is recommended to ensure a much higher percentage of fruit setting.

Fruit Thinning

Normally, fruit thinning is done 4 to 6 weeks from flower opening. However, latest research revealed fruit thinning in durian cv. ‘Puyat’ at 6 weeks after fruit set leaving 2-3 fruits per cluster may increase yield (Loquias et al., 2015). The small and misshapen fruits must be removed leaving 1 to 2 fruitlets per cluster.

The recommended number of fruits per tree are as follows:

Age of tree (yrs) No. of fruits per tree456789

10

5152540557085

Propping

a. Use bamboo or wooden polesb. Tie the branches upward to the main trunk or to an external support such as

wire network in an orchard.

Fig. 2. Durian fruit thinning at 6 weeks after fruit set.

Major Insect Pests and DiseaseAnd Their Control

Table 6. Major insect pests of durian.

Common Name/Scientific Name

Description Plant Parts Attacked/Nature of Damage

Control and Management:

1. Fruit borer a. Conogetes punctiferalis

b. Tonica sp.

Rare in local clones Dominant in Arancillo, Chanee and Monthong

Eggs are laid singly on the fruit spines

Entry points are at the fruit peduncle, base or side

Dominant in local clones

Flowers, fruits; larvae bore into the fruits and damage the pulp

Monitoring of fruit borer infestation at the early stage of fruit development.

Fruit thinning must be done to reduce infestation.

Fallen fruits must be collected and burned or buried.

Light trapping decreases adult population.

Insecticide spraying starts 4 weeks after fruit set

2. Shot-hole borer (Xyleborous sp.)

Tiny black or brown beetle

Pest associated with fungal pathogen phytophthora

Beetle-pathogen confined on main trunk or main branches

Shot-hole borer invades damaged or physiologically stressed trees. Maintain tree vigor, i.e., through fertilization, irrigation and regular pruning.

Wider planting distance Use resistant varieties Scrape infested portion,

then apply with insecticide

3. Durian Psyllids (Allocarsidara incognita)

The adult is greenish brown to brownish sucks sap of young leaves

Psyllid is prevalent during flushing.

Predators feed on this foliar pest

Spray with the following insecticides: Malathion,

Fig. 3. Propping in durian

deltamethrin, Lambdacyhalothrin, Chlorpyrifos, or dimethoate 4-5 times from June to November

4. Bao-bao (Haplaphalara sp.)

The adult is brownish in color, short and stubby; infests shoots, flowers and fruitlets. It sucks the plant sap of young leaves and flowers and contributes to dropping of fruitlets. The tree may eventually die

due to defoliation.

Same as control measures for durian psyllids.

5. Twig Borer or Carpenter Moth

The larvae bore holes on young plants and small branches or twigs of old trees.

Prune or cut damaged branches, then burn.

6. Mealy Bugs Spray w/ insecticide when there is

heavy infestation

Fig. 4. Damaged caused by insect pests in durian.

Table 7. Major diseases of durian.

Common Name/Causal Organism

DescriptionSymptoms

Control and Management:

1. Phytophthora Diseases Serious disease of durian

Soil borne fungus can infect all parts of the tree in all stages of growth and development

Spread by wind, rain

Damage caused by fruit borer.

Damaged caused by shot hole borer

Leaves infested with psyllids

Fruitlets infested with Bao-bao

Infested with twig borer

Infested with mealy bugs

a. Patch canker (Fig. 25a)

b. Seedling Dieback and Foliar Blight (Fig. 25b)

c. Phytophthora fruit rot

water, insects and snails

Cause serious damage among orchards.

Commonly observed in durian trees at bearing stage depending on the variety planted.

Appearance of wet lesions on the bark surface, usually near the crotch region

Bark necrosis is accompanied by discoloration and exudation of reddish brown, gummy, resinous substance

Infection initiated on the leaves induces symptoms characterized by small, off-colored, water-soaked spots which become dark and coalesce into large necrotic or dead patches

The first sign of infection appears as tiny water-soaked lesions which later coalesce and become brown then dark on the fruit surface, which later result into peel cracks on the infected fruit as it approaches maturity.

Provide wide spacing, remove weeds & prune low hanging branches.

Apply chemical at the first sign of infection.

Scrape and remove diseased barks. Paint infected wood with fungicide.

Apply Trichoderma hazianum

Sanitation, aeration and drainage are key factors in nursery operation.

When needed, periodically spray systemic fungicides such as Metalaxyl or Fosetyl Aluminum or combining Metalaxyl-Mancozeb

Phytophthora fruit rot is best controlled by integrated phytosanitary measures, cultural practices and chemical treatment during pre-harvest stage.

Physiological Disorders

1. Uneven Fruit Ripening

a. Characterized by the formation of hardened leathery aril in a a ripe fruit.

b. Affected aril remains unripe, whitish, odorless and tasteless

2. Wet or Watercore

a. Characterized by the presence of too much moisture and a very soft core and flesh of the fruit.

3. Tip burn

a. The end part of the flesh turns dark yellow b. Probably due to lack of water during flesh or aril development

Harvesting and Post Harvest Management

A well cared durian tree starts bearing fruits as early as five years old. Durian fruits generally fall from the trees at night when already mature and ripe.

Hand picked fruits have longer shelf life of 5-7 days compared to 2-3 days for fallen fruits.

Maturity Indices

a. The fruit is 106-108 days old from opening for local cultivars, 112,113 days old Chanee and 125 days old for Monthong.

b. Change in color. Pericarp turns yellowish green or brown. c. A dull and hollow sound when tapped. d. Strong aroma. e. Very pliable spine. f. Very distinct suture

g. Sweet with dull characteristic durian flavor.

Harvesting

In rural areas, villagers clear the ground beneath the durian tree. They build grass huts nearby at harvest time and camp there for 6 or 8 weeks in order to be ready to collect each fruit

a b

Fig. 5. Physiological disorder in durian (a) wet core & (b) tip burn).

Fig. 6. Very distinct suture

as soon as it falls. Caution is necessary when approaching a durian tree during the ripening season, for the falling fruits can cause serious injury.

Hunters place traps in the surrounding area because the fallen fruits attract game animals and all kinds of birds. The fruit is also placed as bait for game in the forests.

Yield

Durian fruits mature in 3 1/2 to 4 1/2 months from the time of fruit-set. Seedling trees in India may bear 40 to 50 fruits annually. Well-grown, high-yielding cultivars should bear 6,000 lbs of fruit per acre (6,720 kg/ha).

Keeping Quality

Durians are highly perishable. They are fully ripe 2 to 4 days after falling and lose eating quality in 5 or 6 days.

Post-Harvest Treatments

Fruits that naturally drop must be consumed within 2-3 days. Fruits picked at proper maturity stage can be stored for about a week under ambient condition.

Ripening problems such as uneven ripening of the fruits in locules and variable ripening rates are encountered among fruits harvested at the same time. To minimize these problems, harvest fruits at optimum stage of maturity and sort according to cultivar and degree of ripeness prior to packaging. Fruits allowed to drop may have the best flavor but also have the shortest shelf life. On the other hand, those picked too early may have longer storage life but may not develop full flavor.

Refrigeration is the most effective means to extend the shelf life of fruits. In Malaysia, durian is stored at 10°C for two weeks without manifesting chilling injury symptoms such as darkening of peel and failure of fruit to ripen normally at ambient temperature. Mature green fruits of Thailand durian cultivars, 'Mon Thong', 'Chanee' and 'Kanyao' are stored at 15°C. There is still a need to establish the storage temperature range for locally grown introduced cultivars.

Minimally processed durian, (i.e., the extracted pulp with seeds packed in a styrofoam tray and covered with transparent cling-wrap film) is gaining popularity in many suburban and urban centers. Pulp can be stored in the freezer (-18° to -10°C) for as long as six months.

Packaging

Fruits intended for the local or nearby markets are generally packed in 50-kg capacity bamboo baskets. On the other hand, wooden crates with a 25-kg capacity, which contain 10-15 fruits, are used to ship fruits to Metro Manila (Fig. 1b). For inter-island transport, banana cartons, which can accommodate 4-6 fruits, are used.

Bamboo baskets are cheaper and provide good ventilation. However, they are not rigid enough to allow stacking during storage and transport. Therefore, they should not be piled on top of the other during transport. If a second layer is preferred, provide a simple platform where the next tier of baskets will be placed. Likewise to prevent mechanical damage, individual

fruits are separated using banana leaf sheaths. A lid may be provided to secure the fruits during transport and handling.

Wooden crates provide better protection and are sturdy enough to allow stacking. Several layers of newsprints are used to line the crates and separate fruits in the container. Fruits intended for distant markets should be packed in wooden crates or cartons.

  Transport and Handling

From the collection center or packing shed, fruits in suitable containers are immediately transported to intended markets using jeeps and trucks that are covered with tarpaulin or canvass. Fruits are highly perishable and may crack when exposed to direct sunlight. It is best to transport the fruits at night to avoid exposure to sunlight and prevent heat build-up within the containers.

If it could not be avoided to pile fruits on top of the other in transport vehicles, separate the layers of fruits using pieces of cardboard. This can offer some protection against punctures of spines and compaction damage.

Farmers transport their fruits directly to the market by trucks. For inter-island trade, fruits are transported by ship or aircraft.

REQUIREMENTS IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF ONE-HECTARE DURIAN ORCHARD

1)  Equipment and tools

2) Supplies and materials

Quantity  Item Unit price (P)  Cost (P)

172 pcs Grafted durian seedlings 60.00/pc 10,320.00

100 m Rope (1.27 cm thick) 7.00/m 700.00

156 pcs Bamboo stakes (1.0 m) 2.00/pc 312.00

1 pc Meter stick 60.00/pc 60.00

1 pc Triangular stick 25.00/pc 25.00

8 kg Complete fertilizer (14-14-14) 1,200.00/bag (50 kg) 192.00

936 poles Kakawate (1.5 m) 2.50/pole 2,340.00

468 pcs Coconut fronds 2.00/pc 936.00

3 rolls Plastic twine 120.00/roll 360.00

  Sub-total     15,245.00

3) Labor

Activity Man-Day (MD) Cost (P)

Land clearing 12 2,400.00

Quantity Item Unit Price (P) Cost (P)

2 units spade 650.00 1,300.00

2 units shovel 350.00 700.00

2 units bolo 350.00 700.00

2 units watering can 125.00 250.00

1 unit weighing scale 1,200.00 1,200.00

1 unit plastic pail 60.00 60.00

  Sub-total     4,210.00

Plowing and harrowing 12 3,600.00

Lay-outing and staking 3 600.00

Digging holes and basal fertilization 3 600.00

Planting 2 400.00

Putting of shades per plant 6 1,200.00

Watering (2 MD/week for 12 weeks ) 42 8,400.00

Drainage construction 6 1,200.00

Replanting 1 200.00

Sub-total 18,600.00

*Labor cost at Php 200.00/MD and 300.00/man-animal day

Summary of cost of establishing a hectare durian farm

Particulars Amount

Equipment and tools 4,210.00

Supplies and materials 15,245.00

Labor 18,600.00

Total 38,055.00

COST FOR TRAINING AND PRUNING ACTIVITIES

1) Cost of tools and materials for training and pruning

Year Pruning shear Cost (P) Pruning Saw Cost (P) Total Cost (P)

1 1 650.00 650.00

2

3 -

4 1 650.00 650.00

5 1 700.00 700.00

6

7

8

9 1 700.00 700.00

10

2) Cost of training and pruning activities1

Year Cost of Tools Labor Cost (P) Total Cost (P) per ha.

Per tree

1 650.00 200.00 850.00 5.45

2 200.00 200.00 1.28

3 200.00 200.00 1.28

4 650.00 400.00 1,050.00 6.73

5 700.00 400.00 1,100.00 7.05

6 400.00 400.00 2.56

7 600.00 600.00 3.85

8 600.00 600.00 3.85

9 700.00 600.00 1,300.00 8.33

10 600.00 600.00 3.85

1Training will be done as early as first and second year. Pruning activities include removal of low-lying branches, dead, broken or diseased twigs or branches and water sprouts.

COST OF WEEDING AND UNDERBRUSHING ACTIVITIES

Year Tools Cost Weeding1

MDCost

(Php)Under- Cost (P) Total Cost (P) per tree

(Grass-hook)

(Php) brushing2

MD

per hectare

1 3 750.00 6 1,200.00 12 2,400.00 4,350.00 27.88

2 6 1,200.00 12 2,400.00 3,600.00 23.08

3 3 750.00 6 1,200.00 12 2,400.00 4,350.00 27.88

4 6 1,200.00 12 2,400.00 3,600.00 23.08

5 3 750.00 6 1,200.00 12 2,400.00 4,350.00 27.88

6 12 2,400.00 12 2,400.00 4,800.00 30.77

7 3 750.00 12 2,400.00 12 2,400.00 5,550.00 35.58

8 12 2,400.00 12 2,400.00 4,800.00 30.77

9 3 750.00 12 2,400.00 12 2,400.00 5,550.00 35.58

10 12 2,400.00 12 2,400.00 4,800.00 30.77

1Ring weeding at a distance of 1 meter from the trunk for 1-5 years old and canopy drip for 6-10 years old trees will be done at 2 months interval.

2 Clearing the spaces in between rows of trees with weeds will be done 4 times a year.

COST FOR FERTILIZATION ACTIVITIES

1)  Cost of tools and materials needed in fertilization1

Year1

Plastic Pail (pc)

Cost (P)

Complete Fertilizer

(14-14-14)

(bags)2

Cost (P)

Ammo-nium

Phosphate (16-20-0)

(bags)2

Cost (P)

Foliar Ferti-lizer

(packs)2

Cost

(P)

Muriate of

Potash (0-060) (bags)2

Cost

(P)

Chicken Dung

(bags)2

Cost (P)

Total Cost (P)

1

2 - - 3 3,600 1 1,300 2 440 - 5,340

3 1 60 6 7,200 4 5,200 3 660 11 660 13,780

4 16 19,200 - - 4 880 3 4,800 26 1560 26,440

5 - 19 22,800 - - 5 1,100 3 4,800 52 3,120 31,820

6 1 60 22 26,400 - - 5 1,100 5 8,000 78 4,680 40,240

7 25 30,000 5 1,100 6 9,600 104 6,240 46,940

8 28 33,600 5 1,100 8 12,800 104 6,240 53,740

9 1 60 28 33,600 5 1,100 8 12,800 104 6,240 53,800

10 28 33,600 5 1,100 8 12,800 104 6,240 53,740

1 Fertilization requirements for the first year is already included in the establishment.

2 Prices of fertilizers are: 14-14-14 = P1,200.00 bag (50 kgs/bag); 16-20-0 = P1,300.00/bag (50 kgs/bag); 0-0-60 = P1,600.00/bag (50 kgs/bag); foliar fertilizer = P220.00/pack (100 g/pack); and chicken dung = P60.00/bag (30 kgs/bag).

2)  Cost analysis of fertilization activities1

Year Tools and Supplies (P)

Labor (P) Total Cost (P) Per hectare

Per tree

1

2 5,340 800.00 6,140.00 39.36

3 13,780 1,800.00 15,580.00 99.87

4 26,440 2,000.00 28,440.00 182.31

5 31,820 2,000.00 33,820.00 216.79

6 40,240 2,000.00 42,240.00 270.77

7 46,940 2,000.00 48,940.00 313.72

8 53,740 2,000.00 55,740.00 357.31

9 53,800 2,000.00 55,800.00 357.69

10 53,740 2,000.00 55,740.00 357.31

1Cost of fertilization for 1 year is included in the cost of establishment

COST OF IRRIGATION ACTIVITIES

1) Cost of tools and labor for irrigation activities1

Year Tools Labor (P) Total Cost (P) Per hectare

Per tree2

Watering Can Cost (P)

1 - - 3,600.00 3,600.00 23.08

2 - 4,800.00 4,800.00 30.77

3 3 375.00 7,200.00 7,575.00 48.56

4 7,200.00 7,200.00 46.15

5 - 7,200.00 7,200.00 46.15

6 4 500.00 9,600.00 10,100.00 64.74

7 9,600.00 9,600.00 61.54

8 - 9,600.00 9,600.00 61.54

9 4 500.00 9,600.00 10,100.00 64.74

10 9,600.00 9,600.00 61.54

1Cost of irrigation for the first 3 months of the plants in the field is included in the cost of establishment.

COST OF PROPPING ACTIVITIES

Year Bamboo Poles1

(pcs)

Cost (P) Tying Materials

(kgs)

Cost (P) Labor (P) Total Cost (P) Per hectare

Per tree2

1 - - - - - - -

2 - - - - - - -

3 - - - - - - -

4 - - - - - - -

5 468 7,020.00 4 600.00 400.00 8,020.00 51.41

6 6 900.00 600.00 1,500.00 9.65

7 10 1,500.00 800.00 2,300.00 14.74

8 10 1,500.00 800.00 2,300.00 14.74

9 468 7,020.00 10 1,500.00 800.00 9,320.00 59.74

10 10 1,500.00 800.00 2,300.00 14.74

1 Bamboo poles will be utilized only during fruiting season and keep for the next fruiting season.

COST OF MANAGING PESTS AND DISEASES

a. Cost of tools/equipment and materials

Year

Tools/Equipment Pesticides1 Total Cost

(P)Knapsack Sprayer

Cost

(P)

Insecticide

(li)

Cost

(P)

Fungicide

(kgs)

Cost

(P)

1 1 3,500.00 0.5 475.00 0.5 325.00 4,300.00

2 0.5 475.00 0.5 325.00 800.00

3 1 950.00 1 650.00 1,600.00

4 2 1,900.00 3 1,950.00 3,850.00

5 2 1,900.00 4 2,600.00 4,500.00

6 1 3,500.00 3 2,850.00 5 3,250.00 9,600.00

7 3 2,850.00 7 4,550.00 7,400.00

8 4 3,800.00 7 4,550.00 8,350.00

9 4 3,800.00 8 5,200.00 9,000.00

10 4 3,800.00 8 5,200.00 9,000.00

1 Prices of pesticides are as follows: Insecticide = P950.00/li and Fungicide = P650.00/kg.

b. Cost analysis of managing pests and diseases

Year

Cost of Equipment and Pesticides(P)

Total Cost per hectare(P)

Cost per treeLabor Cost

(P)

1 4,300.00 800.00 5,100.00 32.69

2 800.00 800.00 1,600.00 10.26

3 1,600.00 1,200.00 2,800.00 17.95

4 3,850.00 1,200.00 5,050.00 32.37

5 4,500.00 1,600.00 6,100.00 39.10

6 9,600.00 1,600.00 11,200.00 71.79

7 7,400.00 2,000.00 9,400.00 60.26

8 8,350.00 2,000.00 10,350.00 66.35

9 9,000.00 2,400.00 11,400.00 73.08

10 9,000.00 2,400.00 11,400.00 73.08

COST FOR HARVESTING ACTIVITIES

YearSupplies (Kaing)1

Cost(P) Labor (P)

Total Cost (P) Per hectare

Per tree

1 - - - -

2 - - - -

3 - - - -

4 2 400.00 800.00 1,200.00 7.69

5 1,200.00 1,200.00 7.69

6 4 800.00 1,600.00 2,400.00 15.38

7 1 200.00 3,000.00 3,200.00 20.51

8 5 1,000.00 3,600.00 4,600.00 29.49

9 3 600.00 4,800.00 5,400.00 34.62

10 5 1,000.00 6,000.00 7,000.00 44.87

1 Price of kaing is P200.00/pc which will be used only in hauling the fruits.

Summary of Establishment and maintenance cost for one hectare durian orchard.1

Year Establish-ment2 (P)

Training/ Pruning (Php)

Weeding/ Under-brushing(P)

Fertilization (P)

Irrigation (P)

Propping (P)

Managing Pest & Diseases (P)

Harvesting (P)

Total Cost per hectare (P)

Total Cost per tree (P)

1 38,055.00 850.00 4,350.00 3,600.00 - 5,100.00 - 51,955.00 333.04

2 200.00 3,600.00 6,140.00 4,800.00 - 1,600.00 - 16,340.00 104.74

3 200.00 4,350.00 15,580.00 7,575.00 - 2,800.00 - 30,505.00 195.54

4 1,050.00 3,600.00 28,440.00 7,200.00 - 5,050.00 1,200.00 46,540.00 298.33

5 1,100.00 4,350.00 33,820.00 7,200.00 8,020.00 6,100.00 1,200.00 61,790.00 396.09

6 400.00 4,800.00 42,240.00 10,100.00 1,500.00 11,200.00 2,400.00 72,640.00 465.64

7 600.00 5,550.00 48,940.00 9,600.00 2,300.00 9,400.00 3,200.00 79,590.00 510.19

8 600.00 4,800.00 55,740.00 9,600.00 2,300.00 10,350.00 4,600.00 87,990.00 564.04

9 1,300.00 5,550.00 55,800.00 10,100.00 9,320.00 11,400.00 5,400.00 98,870.00 633.78

10 600.00 4,800.00 55,740.00 9,600.00 2,300.00 11,400.00 7,000.00 91,440.00 586.15

ESTIMATED COST AND RETURN FOR A HECTARE OF DURIAN ORCHARD1

YearHarvestable

Fruits (Kg)Gross Income (P)2 Production Cost (P)

Yearly Net Income (P)

ROI

1 - 51,955.00 -51,955.00 -1

2 - 16,340.00 -16,340.00 -1

3 - 30,505.00 -30,505.00 -1

4 1,560 46,800.00 46,540.00 260.00 0.56

5 4,680 140,400.00 61,790.00 78,610.00 127.22

6 7,800 234,000.00 72,640.00 161,360.00 222.14

7 12,480 374,400.00 79,590.00 294,810.00 370.41

8 17,160 514,800.00 87,990.00 426,810.00 485.07

9 21,840 655,200.00 98,870.00 556,330.00 562.69

10 26,520 795,600.00 91,440.00 704,160.00 770.08

2Fruits farmgate price is at Php30.00/kg.

DURIAN PRODUCTION GUIDE

References

CountrySTAT Phil. 2017. at http://countrystat.bas.gov.ph

Loquias, V.L. et al. 2016. Durian Tree Management for Optimum Production: Proj. 1. Flower and Fruit Thinning in Durian. Terminal Report.

PCARRD. 2000. The Philippines Recommends for Durian.

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