Dunedin - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Dunedin

Metropolitan Area

City of Dunedin

Coat of arms

Logo

Nickname(s): Edinburgh of the South[1]

Dunners (colloquial)[2]

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Dunedin, New Zealand)

For other uses, see Dunedin (disambiguation).

Dunedin ( i/dʌˈniːdɨn/ du-NEE-dən; Māori: Ōtepoti ) isthe second-largest city in the South Island of NewZealand, and the principal city of the Otago Region.While Tauranga, Napier-Hastings and Hamilton haveeclipsed the city in population in recent years to make itonly the seventh largest city in New Zealand, Dunedin isstill considered to be one of the four main cities of New

Zealand for historic, cultural, and geographic reasons.[7]

Dunedin was the largest city by territorial land area untilsuperseded by Auckland on the creation of the AucklandCouncil in November 2010. Dunedin was the largest cityin New Zealand by population until about 1900. The city

population at 5 March 2013 was 120,246.[8] The Dunedinurban area lies on the central-eastern coast of Otago,surrounding the head of Otago Harbour. The harbour andhills around Dunedin are the remnants of an extinctvolcano. The city suburbs extend out into the surroundingvalleys and hills, onto the isthmus of the Otago Peninsula,and along the shores of the Otago Harbour and the PacificOcean.

The city's largest industry is tertiary education – Dunedinis home to the University of Otago, New Zealand's firstuniversity (1869), and the Otago Polytechnic. Studentsaccount for a large proportion of the population; 21.6percent of the city's population was aged between 15 and24 at the 2006 census, compared to the New Zealand

average of 14.2 percent.[9]

1 History

1.1 Māori settlements

1.2 European settlement

1.3 Gold rush era

1.4 Early Modern era

1.5 Post War developments

2 Geography

Ōtepoti

Coordinates: 45°52′0″S 170°30′0″E

Dunedin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunedin,_New_Zealand

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Coordinates: 45°52′S 170°30′E

Country New Zealand

Region Otago

Territorialauthority

Dunedin City

Settled by Māori c. 1300[3]

Settled byEuropeans

1848

Incorporated[4] 1855

Named for Dùn Èideann – Scottish Gaelicname for Edinburgh

Electorates Dunedin NorthDunedin South

Government[5]

• Mayor Dave Cull

• Deputy Mayor Chris Staynes

Area

• Territorial 3,314 km2 (1,280 sq mi)

• Urban 255 km2 (98 sq mi)

Population (June 2013 estimate)[6]

• Territorial 127,900

• Density 39/km2 (100/sq mi)

• Urban 119,100

• Urban density 470/km2 (1,200/sq mi)

Demonym Dunedinite

Time zone NZST (UTC+12)

• Summer (DST) NZDT (UTC+13)

Postcode 9010, 9011, 9012, 9013, 9014,9016, 9018, 9022, 9023, 9024,9035, 9076, 9077, 9081, 9082,9092

Area code(s) 03

Website www.DunedinNZ.com(http://www.dunedinnz.com/)

2.1 Inner city

2.2 Hinterland

2.3 List of suburbs

2.3.1 Towns within city limits

2.4 Climate

3 Demographics

4 Culture

4.1 Visual arts

4.2 Theatre

4.3 Dance

4.4 Music

4.4.1 Choirs

4.4.2 Instrumental classical and jazz

ensembles

4.4.3 Popular music

4.5 Sport

4.5.1 Major teams

4.5.2 Major grounds and stadiums

5 Government

5.1 Local

5.2 Coat of Arms

5.3 National

6 Media

7 Education

7.1 Tertiary

7.2 Secondary

8 Transport

9 Panoramas

10 Notable people

11 Events

11.1 Annual events

11.2 Past events

12 Main sights

12.1 Museums, art galleries, and libraries

12.2 Churches

12.3 Parks and gardens

13 International relations


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13.1 Twin towns – Sister cities

14 Further reading

15 References

15.1 Bibliography

15.2 Notes

16 External links

Main article: History of Dunedin

Māori settlements

Archaeological evidence shows the first human (Māori) occupation of New Zealand occurred between AD

1250–1300,[3] with population concentrated along the southeast coast.[10] A camp site at Kaikai's Beach, near

Otago Heads, has been dated from about that time.[11] There are numerous archaic (moa hunter) sites in what is

now Dunedin, several of them large and permanently occupied, particularly in the 14th century.[12] Thepopulation contracted but expanded again with the evolution of the Classic culture which saw the building of

several pā, fortified settlements, notably Pukekura at (Taiaroa Head), about 1650.[13] There was a settlement in

what is now central Dunedin (Ōtepoti) occupied as late as about 1785 but abandoned by 1826.[14]

Maori tradition tells first of a people called Kahui Tipua living in the area, then Te Rapuwai, semi-legendary butconsidered to be historical. The next arrivals were Waitaha followed by Kāti Mamoe late in the 16th century and

then Kai Tahu (Ngai Tahu in modern standard Māori) who arrived in the mid 17th century.[15] These migrationwaves have often been represented as 'invasions' in European accounts but modern scholarship has cast doubt

on that. They were probably migrations like those of the European which incidentally resulted in bloodshed.[16]

The sealer John Boultbee recorded in the 1820s that the 'Kaika Otargo' (settlements around and near Otago

Harbour) were the oldest and largest in the south.[17]

European settlement

Lieutenant James Cook stood off what is now the coast of Dunedin between 25 February 1770 and 5 March1770, naming Cape Saunders (on the Otago Peninsula) and Saddle Hill. He reported penguins and seals in the

vicinity, which led sealers to visit from the beginning of the 19th century.[18] The early years of sealing saw afeud between sealers and local Maori from 1810 to 1823, the "Sealers' War" sparked by an incident on Otago

Harbour, but William Tucker became the first European to settle in the area in 1815.[19] Permanent Europeanoccupation dates from 1831, when the Weller brothers founded their whaling station at Otago, modern Otakou,on the Otago Harbour. Epidemics badly reduced the Maori population. By the late 1830s the harbour hadbecome an international whaling port. Johnny Jones established a farming settlement and a mission station, the

South Island's first, at Waikouaiti in 1840.[20]

In 1844, the Deborah, captained by Thomas Wing and carrying (among others) his wife Lucy and a


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St Paul's Cathedral and The Dunedin

Town Hall in winter

Dunedin Railway Station, built in

1906.

representative of the New Zealand Company, Frederick Tuckett, sailed south to determine the location of a

planned Free Church settlement.[21] After inspecting several areas around the eastern coast of the south island,

Tuckett selected the site which would become known as Dunedin.[22] (Tuckett turned down the site whichwould become Christchurch, as he felt the ground around the Avon river was swampy.)

The Lay Association of the Free Church of Scotland, through a company called the Otago Association, foundedDunedin at the head of Otago Harbour in 1848 as the principal town of its special settlement. The name comes

from Dùn Èideann, the Scottish Gaelic name for Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland.[15] Charles Kettle the city's

surveyor, instructed to emulate the characteristics of Edinburgh, produced a striking, "Romantic" design.[23]

There resulted both grand and quirky streets as the builders struggled and sometimes failed to construct his boldvision across the challenging landscape. Captain William Cargill, a veteran of the Napoleonic Wars, served asthe secular leader of the new colony. The Reverend Thomas Burns, a nephew of the poet Robert Burns,provided spiritual guidance.

Gold rush era

In 1852, Dunedin became the capital of the Otago Province, the wholeof New Zealand from the Waitaki south. In 1861 the discovery of gold atGabriel's Gully, to the southwest, led to a rapid influx of people and sawDunedin become New Zealand's first city by growth of population in1865. The new arrivals included many Irish, but also Italians, Lebanese,

French, Germans, Jews and Chinese.[24] The Dunedin SouthernCemetery was established in 1858, the Dunedin Northern Cemetery in

1872.[25]

Dunedin and the region industrialised and consolidated and the MainSouth Line connected the city with Christchurch in 1878 and Invercargillin 1879. Otago Boys' High School was founded in 1863. The University

of Otago, the oldest university in New Zealand, in 1869.[26] Otago Girls'High School was established in 1871. Between 1881 and 1957, Dunedinwas home to cable trams, being both one of the first and last suchsystems in the world. Early in the 1880s the inauguration of the frozenmeat industry, with the first shipment leaving from Port Chalmers in

1882, saw the beginning of a later great national industry.[27]

After ten years of gold rushes the economy slowed but Julius Vogel'simmigration and development scheme brought thousands moreespecially to Dunedin and Otago before recession set in again in the1880s. In these first and second times of prosperity many institutions and businesses were established, NewZealand's first daily newspaper, art school, medical school and public art gallery the Dunedin Public Art Gallery

among them.[28] There was also a remarkable architectural flowering producing many substantial andornamental buildings. R.A. Lawson's First Church of Otago and Knox Church are notable examples, as arebuildings by Maxwell Bury and F.W. Petre. The other visual arts also flourished under the leadership of W. M.

Hodgkins.[29] The city's landscape and burgeoning townscape were vividly portrayed by George O'Brien

1821–1888.[30] From the mid-1890s the economy revived. Institutions such as the Toitū Otago Settlers Museumand the Hocken Collections – the first of their kind in New Zealand – were founded. More notable buildingssuch as the Railway Station and Olveston were erected. New energy in the visual arts represented by G.P. Nerli


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Historic panorama of the Botanical Gardens.

The Dunedin Botanic Gardens in

winter.

culminated in the career of Frances Hodgkins.[31]

Early Modern era

By 1900, Dunedin was no longer the country's biggestcity. Influence and activity moved north to the othercentres ("the drift north"), a trend which continued formuch of the following century. Despite this, theuniversity continued to expand, and a student quarterbecame established. At the same time people started tonotice Dunedin's mellowing, the ageing of its grand old

buildings, with writers like E.H. McCormick pointing out its atmospheric charm.[32] In the 1930s and early1940s a new generation of artists such as M.T. (Toss) Woollaston, Doris Lusk, Anne Hamblett, Colin McCahonand Patrick Hayman once again represented the best of the country's talent. The Second World War saw thedispersal of these painters, but not before McCahon had met a very youthful poet, James K. Baxter, in a centralcity studio.

Numerous large companies had been established in Dunedin, many of which became national leaders. Lateamong them was Fletcher Construction, founded by Sir James Fletcher in the early 20th century. KempthorneProsser, established in 1879 in Stafford Street, was the largest fertiliser and drug manufacturer in the country forover 100 years. G. Methven, a metalworking and tap manufacturer based in South Dunedin, was also a leadingfirm, as was H. E. Shacklock, an iron founder and appliance manufacturer later taken over by the Aucklandconcern Fisher and Paykel. The Mosgiel Woollens was another Victorian Dunedin foundation. Hallensteins wasthe colloquial name of a menswear manufacturer and national retail chain while the DIC and Arthur Barnettwere department stores, the former a nationwide concern. Coulls, Somerville Wilkie – later part of theWhitcoulls group – had its origins in Dunedin in the 19th century. There were also the National Mortgage andAgency Company of New Zealand, Wright Stephensons Limited, the Union Steamship Company and theNational Insurance Company and the Standard Insurance Company among many others, which survived intothe 20th century.

Post War developments

After World War II prosperity and population growth revived, althoughDunedin trailed as the fourth 'main centre'. A generation reactingagainst Victorianism started demolishing its buildings and many werelost, notably William Mason's Stock Exchange in 1969. (Dunedin StockExchange building) Although the university continued to expand, thecity's population contracted, notably from 1976 to 1981. This was,however, a culturally vibrant time with the university's new privatelyendowed arts fellowships bringing such luminaries as James K Baxter,Ralph Hotere, Janet Frame, and Hone Tuwhare to the city.

During the 1980s Dunedin's popular music scene blossomed, with many acts, such as The Chills, The Clean,The Verlaines, and Straitjacket Fits,gaining national and international recognition. The term "The Dunedin

Sound" was coined to describe the 1960s-influenced, guitar-led music which flourished at the time.[33] Bandsand musicians are still playing and recording in many styles.

By 1990, population decline had steadied and slow growth has occurred since and Dunedin re-invented itself as

a 'heritage city' with its main streets refurbished in Victorian style.[34] R.A. Lawson's Municipal Chambers


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Baldwin Street.

(Dunedin Town Hall) in the Octagon were handsomely restored. Thecity was also recognised as a centre of excellence in tertiary educationand research. The university's and polytechnic's growth accelerated.Dunedin has continued to refurbish itself, embarking on redevelopmentsof the art gallery railway station and the Toitū Otago Settlers Museum.

The city has a population of 127,900 (June 2013 estimate).

Dunedin has flourishing niche industries including engineering, softwareengineering, bio-technology and fashion. Port Chalmers on the OtagoHarbour provides Dunedin with deep-water facilities. It is served by thePort Chalmers Branch, a branch line railway which diverges from the

Main South Line and runs from Christchurch by way of Dunedin to Invercargill. Dunedin is also home to MTF,the nationwide vehicle finance company.

The cityscape glitters with gems of Victorian and Edwardian architecture – the legacy of the city's gold-rushaffluence. Many, including First Church, Otago Boys' High School and Larnach Castle were designed by one ofNew Zealand's most eminent architects R A Lawson. Other prominent buildings include Olveston and theDunedin Railway Station. Other unusual or memorable buildings or constructions are Baldwin Street, claimedto be the world's steepest street; the Captain Cook tavern; Cadbury Chocolate Factory (Cadbury World); and thelocal Speight's brewery.

Dunedin is also a centre for ecotourism. The world's only mainland Royal Albatross colony and several penguinand seal colonies lie within the city boundaries on the Otago Peninsula. To the south, on the western side ofLake Waihola, are the Sinclair Wetlands.

The thriving tertiary student population has led to a vibrant youth culture (students are referred to as 'Scarfies'by people who are not students), consisting of the previously mentioned music scene, and more recently a

burgeoning boutique fashion industry.[35][36] A strong visual arts community also exists in Dunedin, notably inPort Chalmers and the other settlements which dot the coast of the Otago Harbour, and also in communitiessuch as Waitati.

Sport is catered for in Dunedin by the floodlit rugby and cricket venue of Forsyth Barr Stadium, the newCaledonian Ground soccer and athletics stadium near the University at Logan Park, the large Edgar Centreindoor sports centre, the University Oval cricket ground, the Dunedin Ice Stadium, and numerous golf coursesand parks. There are also the Forbury Park horseracing circuit in the south of the city and several others within afew kilometres. St Clair Beach is a well-known surfing venue, and the harbour basin is popular withwindsurfers and kitesurfers. Dunedin has four public swimming pools: Moana Pool, Port Chalmers Pool,Mosgiel, and St Clair Salt Water Pool.

Dunedin City has a land area of 3,314.8 square kilometres (1,279.9 sq mi), slightly smaller than the Americanstate of Rhode Island or the English county of Cambridgeshire, and a little smaller than Cornwall. It was the

largest city in land area in New Zealand until the formation of the 5,600 km2 (2,200 sq mi) Auckland Councilon 1 November 2010. The Dunedin City Council boundaries since 1989 have extended to Middlemarch in thewest, Waikouaiti in the north, the Pacific Ocean in the east and south-east, and the Waipori/Taieri River and thetownship of Henley in the south-west.

Dunedin is the furthest city in the world from London at 19,100 km (11,870 mi) (90 km (56 mi) more than


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Dunedin (grey area to lower left) sits

close to the isthmus of the Otago

Peninsula, at the end of Otago

Harbour.

St Clair Beach, Dunedin.

Invercargill, and 100 km (62 mi) more than Christchurch), and fromBerlin at 18,200 km (11,310 mi). Its antipodes are some 300 km(190 mi) north of the Spanish city of A Coruña.

Inner city

The heart of the city lies on the relatively flat land to the west of thehead of the Otago Harbour. Here is The Octagon – once a gully, filled inthe mid nineteenth century to create the present plaza. The initialsettlement of the city took place to the south on the other side of BellHill, a large outcrop which had to be reduced to provide easy accessbetween the two parts of the settlement. The central city stretches awayfrom this point in a largely northeast-southwest direction, with the mainstreets of George Street and Princes Street meeting at The Octagon.Here they are joined by Stuart Street, which runs orthogonally to them,from the Dunedin Railway Station in the southeast, and steeply up tothe suburb of Roslyn in the northwest. Many of the city's notable oldbuildings are located in the southern part of this area and on the innerring of lower hills which surround the central city (most of these hills,such as Maori Hill, Pine Hill, and Maryhill, rise to some 200 metres(660 ft) above the plain).

Dunedin is home to Baldwin Street, which, according to the GuinnessBook of Records, is the steepest street in the world. Its gradient is 1 in

2.9.[37] The long since abandoned Maryhill Cablecar route had a similargradient close to its Mornington depot.

Beyond the inner range of hills lie Dunedin's outer suburbs, notably to the northwest, beyond Roslyn. Thisdirection contains Taieri Road and Three Mile Hill, which between them formed the original road route to theTaieri Plains. The modern State Highway 1 follows a different route, passing through Caversham in the westand out past Saddle Hill. Lying between Saddle Hill and Caversham are the outer suburbs of Green Island andAbbotsford. Between Green Island and Roslyn lies the steep-sided valley of the Kaikorai Stream, which is todaya residential and light industrial area. Suburban settlements – mostly regarded as separate townships – also liealong both edges of the Otago Harbour. Notable among these are Portobello and Macandrew Bay, on the OtagoPeninsula coast, and Port Chalmers on the opposite side of the harbour. Port Chalmers provides Dunedin's maindeep-water port, including the city's container port.

The Dunedin skyline is dominated by a ring of (traditionally seven) hills which form the remnants of a volcaniccrater. Notable among them are Mount Cargill (700 m (2,300 ft)), Flagstaff (680 m (2,230 ft)), Saddle Hill

(480 m (1,570 ft)), Signal Hill (390 m (1,280 ft)), and Harbour Cone (320 m (1,050 ft)).[38]

Hinterland

Dunedin's hinterland encompasses a variety of different landforms. To the southwest lie the Taieri Plains, thebroad, fertile lowland floodplains of the Taieri River and its major tributary the Waipori. These are moderately

heavily settled, and contain the towns of Mosgiel, and Allanton.[38] They are separated from the coast by arange of low hills rising to some 300 metres (980 ft). Inland from the Taieri Plain is rough hill country. Close tothe plain, much of this is forested, notably around Berwick and Lake Mahinerangi, and also around the

Silverpeaks Range which lies northwest of the Dunedin urban area.[39] Beyond this, the land becomes drier and


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opens out into grass and tussock-covered land. A high, broad valley, the Strath-Taieri lies in Dunedin's farnorthwest, containing the town of Middlemarch, one of the area's few concentrations of population.

To the north of the city's urban area is undulating hill country containing several small, mainly coastal,settlements, including Waitati, Warrington, Seacliff and Waikouaiti. State Highway 1 winds steeply through a

series of hills here, notably The Kilmog.[38] These hills can be considered a coastal extension of the SilverpeaksRange.

To the east, Dunedin City includes the entirety of the Otago Peninsula, a long finger of land that formed the

southeastern rim of the Dunedin Volcano.[38] The peninsula is lightly settled, almost entirely along the harbourcoast, and much of it is maintained as a natural habitat by the Otago Peninsula Trust. The peninsula containsseveral fine beaches, and is home to a considerable number of rare species, such as penguins, seals, and shags.Most importantly, it contains the world's only mainland breeding colony of Royal Albatross, at Taiaroa Head onthe peninsula's northeastern point.

List of suburbs

Main article: Suburbs of Dunedin

Inner suburbs

(clockwise from the city centre, starting at due north)Woodhaugh; Glenleith; Leith Valley; Dalmore; Liberton; Pine Hill; Normanby; Mt Mera; North East Valley;Opoho; Dunedin North; Ravensbourne; Highcliff; Shiel Hill; Challis; Waverley; Vauxhall; Ocean Grove(Tomahawk); Tainui; Andersons Bay; Musselburgh; South Dunedin; St Kilda; St Clair; Corstorphine; Kew;Forbury; Caversham; Concord; Maryhill; Kenmure; Mornington; Kaikorai Valley; City Rise; Belleknowes;Roslyn, Otago; Kaikorai; Wakari; Maori Hill.

Outer suburbs

(clockwise from the city centre, starting at due north)Burkes; Saint Leonards; Deborah Bay; Careys Bay; Port Chalmers; Sawyers Bay; Roseneath; Broad Bay;Company Bay; Macandrew Bay; Portobello; Burnside; Green Island; Waldronville; Brighton; Westwood;Brighton; Saddle Hill; Sunnyvale; Fairfield; Mosgiel; Abbotsford; Bradford; Brockville; Halfway Bush;Helensburgh.

Towns within city limits

(clockwise from the city centre, starting at due north)Waitati; Waikouaiti; Karitane; Seacliff; Warrington; Purakanui; Long Beach; Aramoana; Otakou; Taieri Mouth;Henley; Allanton; East Taieri; Momona; Outram; West Taieri; Waipori; Middlemarch; Hyde.

Since local council reorganisation in the late 1980s, these are suburbs, but are not commonly regarded as such.

Climate

The climate of Dunedin in general is temperate; however the city is recognised as having a large number ofmicroclimates and the weather conditions often vary between suburbs mostly due to the city's topographicallayout. It is also greatly modified by its proximity to the ocean. This leads to mild summers and cool winters.Winter is frosty but sunny, snowfall is common but significant snowfall is uncommon (perhaps every two or


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The Dunedin Town Hall

three years), except in the inland hill suburbs such as Halfway Bush and Wakari, which tend to receive a fewdays of snowfall each year. Spring can feature "four seasons in a day" weather, but from November to April it isgenerally settled and mild. Temperatures during summer can reach over 30 °C (86 °F)

Dunedin has relatively low rainfall in comparison to many of New Zealand's cities, with only some 750millimetres (30 in) recorded per year. Despite this fact it is sometimes misguidedly regarded as a damp city,probably due to its rainfall occurring in drizzle or light rain (heavy rain is relatively rare). Dunedin is one of the

cloudiest major centres in the country, recording approximately 1650 hours of bright sunshine per annum.[40]

Prevailing wind in the city is mainly a sometimes cool southwesterly and during late spring will alternate with

northeasterlies.[41] Warmer, dry northwest winds are also characteristic Foehn winds from the northwest. Thecircle of hills surrounding the inner city shelters the inner city from much of the prevailing weather, while hillsjust to the west of the city can often push inclement weather around to the west of the city.

Inland, beyond the heart of the city and into inland Otago the climate is sub-continental: winters are quite coldand dry, summers hot and dry. Thick freezing ground fogs are common in winter in the upper reaches of theTaieri River's course around Middlemarch, and in summer the temperature occasionally reaches 30 °C (86 °F).

Climate data for Dunedin (1981−2010)

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Average high °C(°F)

18.9(66)

18.6(65.5)

17.3(63.1)

15.3(59.5)

12.7(54.9)

10.6(51.1)

10.0(50)

11.2(52.2)

13.2(55.8)

14.7(58.5)

16.1(61)

17.3(63.1)

14.6(58.3)

Daily mean °C(°F)

15.3(59.5)

15.0(59)

13.7(56.7)

11.7(53.1)

9.3(48.7)

7.3(45.1)

6.6(43.9)

7.7(45.9)

9.5(49.1)

10.9(51.6)

12.4(54.3)

13.9(57)

11.1(52)

Average low °C(°F)

11.6(52.9)

11.5(52.7)

10.2(50.4)

8.2(46.8)

5.9(42.6)

4.0(39.2)

3.1(37.6)

4.2(39.6)

5.9(42.6)

7.2(45)

8.6(47.5)

10.4(50.7)

7.6(45.7)

Precipitation mm(inches)

72.9(2.87)

67.8(2.669)

64.0(2.52)

50.9(2.004)

64.7(2.547)

57.9(2.28)

57.1(2.248)

55.7(2.193)

48.3(1.902)

61.7(2.429)

56.4(2.22)

80.2(3.157)

737.6(29.039)

Avg. precipitationdays (≥ 1.0 mm)

9.7 8.5 8.9 8.3 9.8 9.4 9.3 9.6 8.7 10.1 10.0 12.0 114.2

% humidity 74.2 77.6 77.1 76.9 79.5 79.7 80.2 77.6 72.1 71.6 70.6 73.2 75.9

Mean monthlysunshine hours

179.6 158.0 146.1 125.9 108.4 95.3 110.6 122.2 136.8 165.5 166.9 168.3 1,683.7

Source: NIWA Climate Data[42]

Compared to New Zealand as a whole, Dunedin's demographics tend toshow traits of the New Zealand education sector, largely caused by thecity's high tertiary student population. These traits include a higherfemale population compared to males, a lower-than-average median age,a high proportion of people under 25 years, a higher proportion ofpeople of European and Asian ethnicity and a lower proportion of Maoriand Pacific Island ethnicities, higher unemployment, lower medianincome, and a higher proportion of those with school and post-school

qualifications.[9]

At the 2006 census, Dunedin City had a residential population of118,683, an increase of 4,341, or 3.8 percent, since the 2001 census.


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Princes Street

There were 45,072 occupied dwellings, 3,615 unoccupied dwellings, and 240 dwellings under construction.[9]

Of the residential population, 56,931 (48.0%) were male compared to 48.8% nationally, and 61,752 (52.0%)were female, compared to 51.2% nationally. The city had a median age of 35.0 years, 0.9 years below thenational median age of 35.9 years. People aged 65 and over made up 13.4% of the population, compared to12.3% nationally, and people under 15 years made up 16.8%, compared to 21.5% nationally. Due to the largetertiary education sector, people aged between 15 and 24 made up approximately 21.6% of the city's residential

population.[9]

Dunedin's ethnicity is made up of (national figures in brackets): 78.7% European (67.6%), 6.4% Maori (14.7%),5.3% Asian (9.2%), 2.2% Pacific Islanders (6.9%), 0.7% Middle Eastern/Latin American/African (0.9%),

13.6% 'New Zealanders' (11.1%), and 0.04% Other (0.04%).[9]

Dunedin had an unemployment rate of 6.1% of people 15 years and over, compared to 5.1% nationally. Themedian annual income of all people 15 years and over was $19,400, compared to $24,400 nationally. Of those,51.2% earned under $20,000, compared to 43.2% nationally, while 13.4% earned over $50,000, compared to

18.0% nationally.[9]

Visual arts

Dunedin has a substantial public art gallery, the Dunedin Public ArtGallery, in the Octagon. The city contains numerous other galleries,including over a dozen dealer galleries (many of which are found southof the Octagon along Princes Street, Moray Place and Rattray Street.There are also several more experimental art spaces, notably the BlueOyster Gallery in Moray Place.

Many notable artists have strong links with Dunedin, among them RalphHotere, Frances Hodgkins, Grahame Sydney, and Jeffrey Harris.

Theatre

Dunedin hosts the world's southernmost professional theatre company: The Fortune Theatre, as well as having alarge theatre venue, the Regent Theatre in the Octagon. Smaller theatres in Dunedin include the Globe Theatre,the Mayfair Theatre, and the Playhouse Theatre.

Dance

Dunedin is a regular venue for touring ballet and dance companies, and also has multiple dance studios.

Music

Choirs

Dunedin is home to many choirs. These include the following:


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First Church

The 140-member City of Dunedin Choir is Dunedin's leading

performer of large-scale choral works.

The Southern Consort of Voices is a smaller choir regularly

performing Choral Works.

The Royal Dunedin Male Choir, conducted by Richard Madden,

performs two concerts a year

The Dunedin RSA Choir regularly performs concerts and has

played an important and valued role in Dunedin City's

commemorative celebrations of significant historical events.

ANZAC, of course, is one such occasion, and the ANZAC Revue

held on the evening of every ANZAC Day, occupies a special

place of honour in the choir's

calendar.www.dunedinrsachoir.co.nz.

The all-female Dunedin Harmony Singers are an important part of

the Dunedin culture.

The Southern Children's Choir, based in Marama Hall in the university, is Dunedin's main children's

choir. Most schools in Dunedin have choirs, many having more than one. Notable school choirs include

the Sacred Heart School Choir, the Balmacewen Intermediate School Special Choir, the Barock Choir of

Otago Boys' High School and Otago Girls' High School, and also the St. Hilda's Collegiate Madrigal

Choir.

The Southern Youth Choir is a concert-based youth choir, as is the charitable Cothram Foirfe.

The University of Otago is home to three official choirs: the two chapel choirs (Knox and Selwyn), and

the travelling Cantores choir.

Several Dunedin Churches and Cathedrals hold choirs. Among these are St. Joseph's Catholic Cathedral,

home to two choirs: the Cathedral Choir and the Gabrieli Singers; Knox Church's large mixed gender

choir for adults and children, the Knox Church Choir; All Saints Church, Dunedin, has choral scholars

from Selwyn College, Otago, St. John's Church, Roslyn's small mixed-gender parish choir; and St. Paul's

Anglican Cathedral's mixed-gender adult choir.

The DunedinRed Cross Choir (of New Zealand Red Cross (http://www.redcross.org.nz)), conducted by

Eleanor Moyle, is one of only three Red Cross choirs globally. Established in 1942, this choir performs

regularly in Dunedin at various Rest Homes and holds an annual concert at the Kings and Queens

Performing Arts Centre.

Instrumental classical and jazz ensembles

The Southern Sinfonia is a semi-professional orchestra based in Dunedin. Other instrumental ensembles includethe Rare Byrds early music ensemble, the Collegiate Orchestra, and the Dunedin Youth Orchestra. Manyschools also hold school orchestras and bands. There are also three brass bands in Dunedin: St. Kilda Brass,Kaikorai Brass,and Mosgiel Brass. The Otago Symphonic Band and City of Dunedin Pipe Band are also


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important Dunedin musical ensembles. Jazz bands include the City of Dunedin Jazz Orchestra, and thetricentenary Zimbe! Quintet.

Popular music

Dunedin lends its name to the Dunedin Sound, a form of indie rock music which was created in the city in the1980s. At that time, Dunedin was a fertile ground for bands, many of whom recorded on the Flying NunRecords label, based in Christchurch. Among the bands with strong Dunedin connections at this time were TheChills, The Clean, The Verlaines, The Bats, Sneaky Feelings, The Dead C and Straitjacket Fits, all of which hadsignificant followings throughout New Zealand and on the college radio circuit in the United States and Europe.

Sport

Major teams

Highlanders – Super Rugby rugby union team (represents Otago, Southland and North Otago Rugby

Unions)

Otago Rugby Football Union – ITM Cup rugby union team

Otago Volts and Otago Sparks – men's and women's cricket teams

Southern Steel – ANZ Championship netball team (represents Otago & Southland Netball- Based in

Invercargill)

Otago United – association football team in the New Zealand Football Championship

Otago Nuggets – National Basketball League team

Dunedin Thunder- New Zealand Ice Hockey League team

Major grounds and stadiums

Caledonian Ground

Carisbrook

Dunedin Ice Stadium

The Edgar Centre

Forbury Park Raceway

Forsyth Barr Stadium at University Plaza

Logan Park

Moana Pool

Tonga Park

University Oval Notable for being the southernmost venue on the planet that hosts Test Cricket

Local


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Dave Cull, current Mayor

of Dunedin

Main article: Dunedin City Council

The Dunedin City Council (DCC) governs the Dunedin City territorial authority. Itis made up of an elected mayor and 14 additional councillors elected across threewards, one of whom gets chosen as deputy mayor. The current mayor, first electedin the 2010 mayoral election, is Dave Cull.

Coat of Arms

The City of Dunedin has a Coat of Arms emblazoned; Argent above a FessDancette Vert, a Castle Triple-Towered Sable on a Rock issuing from the Fess,Masoned Argent, with Windows, Vanes and Portcullis Gules. In the base a Three-Masted Lymphad with Sail Furled Azure, Flagged of Scotland, a Ram's HeadAffrontee Horned Or between Two Garbs of the last. Coronet: A Mural Crown.Supporters: On the dexter a Scotsman Habited with Philabeg and Plaid of the ClanCameron, supporting in His Exterior Hand a Cromach; on the Sinister a MaoriChief Attired in Korowai, Two Huia Feathers in his hair, an Aurei and a Hei Matauand in His Exterior hand a Taiaha. All Proper. Motto: Maiorum Institutis Utendo.

Translation of the Blazon. Firstly the shield is described. "Argent" means silver or white so this is the basecolour of the shield. A "Fess" is a horizontal strip across the middle of the shield but "Dancette" means theedges of the fess are deeply set in a saw-tooth fashion. "Vert" means green so the fess is coloured green. Abovethis fess is placed a Castle with three towers. Sable means black so the castle is coloured black in outline. Thecastle is sitting on a rock which itself is sitting on the fess. The castle is made of stone ("masoned") and hassome windows, a portcullis (castle entry point) and flags ("vanes") and all these objects are coloured red("gules".)

The object in the base of the shield is next described. It is a three masted sailing ship ("Lymphad") on which thesail is furled as it would be when in a harbour. "Azure" means the ship is blue and the flag on the mast is theflag of Scotland (St Andrew’s Cross.) Then the objects on the fess are mentioned. These are; a Ram’s head and"affrontee" means it is facing forward, while "horned" means it is displaying horns coloured gold ("Or"). Thehead is placed between two wheat sheaves ("garbs") and of the last means that these are also coloured gold.

The "Mural Crown" is a crown made of masonry or bricks and this is placed above the shield. The Supportersare the persons on either side of the shield. On the dexter side which is the right side from the shield carrier’sview but the left side for a viewer, is a Scotsman. He is clothed ("habited") with a "Philabeg" which is a beltedplaid consisting of two widths of material stitched together. The plaid or tartan is of the Cameron clan. In his"exterior hand" which is the one furtherest from the shield he holds a Cromach which is a shepherd’s crook. Theother supporter is a Maori Chief dressed in a "Korowai" or waist cloak. He has two huia feathers in his hair, andalso has an "Aurei" or greenstone ear pendant and a "Hei Matau" which is a greenstone neck pendant. In hisExterior hand is a "Taiaha" or spear. The "All Proper" means that everything pertaining to the supporters isdepicted in their natural colours.

The Motto may be given in English as "By following in the steps of our forefathers." The compartment which iswhat the supporters stand on and to what the motto is attached is not normally part of the blazon but is left tothe heraldic artist to decide.

The flag of the city of Dunedin is a banner of arms in white and green and featuring the castle, lymphad, ram's

head and wheat sheafs as on the coat of arms.[43]


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National

Dunedin is covered by two general electorates: Dunedin North and Dunedin South, and one Maori electorate:Te Tai Tonga.

The city in general is a stronghold of the New Zealand Labour Party, having won the Dunedin-based electorateseats continuously since the 1978 election. As of the 2011 general election, both general electorates are held bythe party, with David Clark representing Dunedin North and Clare Curran representing Dunedin South. TheMaori electorate Te Tai Tonga, which covers the entire South Island and part of Wellington in the North Island,is currently also held by the Labour Party and represented by Rino Tirikatene.

In addition to electorate MPs, Dunedin is the home to two list MPs, both based in Dunedin North butrepresenting both general electorates: Michael Woodhouse of the National Party, and Metiria Turei, co-leader ofthe Green Party.

The major daily newspaper is the Otago Daily Times, which is also the country's oldest daily newspaper andpart of the Allied Press group. Weekly and bi-weekly community newspapers include The Star, Taieri Herald,D-Scene, *INK (http://www.ink.org.nz/) (successor to the now defunct f*INK) (entertainment), and studentmagazines Critic (University of Otago) and Gyro (Otago Polytechnic).

The city is served by all major national radio and television stations. The city's main terrestrial television andFM radio transmitter sits atop Mount Cargill, north of the city, while the city's main AM transmitter is located atHighcliff, east of the city centre on the Otago Peninsula. Local radio stations include Radio Dunedin,community station Toroa Radio (formerly Hills AM), and the university's radio station, Radio One. The city hasone local television station, Dunedin Television, part of Allied Press.

The city is home to several prominent media-related production companies, notably Natural History NewZealand and Taylormade Media. Dunedin was the location of one of the four television broadcastinginstallations established in the sixties by the NZBC, operating under the name DNTV2.

The city was once home to the head offices of Radio Otago – now called RadioWorks (part of Mediaworks) andbased in Auckland. It was also formerly the home to several now-defunct newspapers, prominent among whichwere the Otago Witness and the Evening Star.

See also: List of schools in the Otago Region § Dunedin_City

Tertiary

University of Otago

Otago Polytechnic

Aoraki Polytechnic (Dunedin campus)

Dunedin College of Education


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Three Designline-built buses, operated by

Citibus on Dunedin urban routes.

Secondary

Dunedin is home to 12 secondary schools: eight state and four state-integrated. The oldest secondary school isstate-run Otago Boys' High School, founded in 1863. Its sister school, Otago Girls' High School (1871) is theoldest state girls' secondary school in New Zealand, even though it preceded the state education system by sixyears. Other state schools include Bayfield High School, Kaikorai Valley College, Logan Park High School,King's High School (boys'), Queen's High School (girls'), and Taieri College in Mosgiel. The four state-integrated schools are Columba College, a Presbyterian girls' school; St. Hilda's Collegiate School, an Anglicangirls' school; John McGlashan College, a Presbyterian boys' school; and Kavanagh College, a Catholiccoeducational school.

See also: Public transport in Dunedin

The Dunedin urban area is served by two State Highways, with an additional two State Highways and onetourist route serving other parts of the district. The main State Highway in Dunedin is State Highway 1, whichruns in a north to south-west direction through the middle of the city, connecting Dunedin with Invercargill tothe south and Timaru and Christchurch to the north. Between The Oval and Mosgiel, State Highway 1 followsthe eleven-kilometre Dunedin Southern Motorway. Other State Highways in the city are: State Highway 86connecting SH 1 at Allanton with Dunedin International Airport, State Highway 87 connecting SH 1 atKinmont with SH 85 at Kyeburn via Middlemarch, serving the Dunedin city hinterland, and State Highway 88connecting central Dunedin to the citys port facilities at Port Chalmers. Dunedin is the northeastern terminus ofthe Southern Scenic Route, a tourist highway connecting Dunedin to Te Anau via The Catlins, Invercargill andFiordland.

Buses in Dunedin are organised by the Otago Regional Councilunder the GoBus brand. A total of 64 buses operate on 17 weekdayroutes and 13 weeknight/weekend/holiday routes across the city.Buses are run by two operators, Ritchies Transport with two routesand private Invercargill-based operator Passenger Transport withthe remainders. Dunedin City Council-owned operator Citibus wasa major player until 2011 when Passenger Transport(New Zealand)purchased Citibus from Dunedin City Holdings. In addition,Mosgiel Coach Services operate a loop service in Mosgiel on

weekdays, and a Concord – Kaikorai -City Centre – University service.

Dunedin Railway Station, located east of the Octagon, is the city's main railway station. Once the nation'sbusiest, decline in rail over the years saw the withdrawal of most services. Suburban services ceased in 1982,and the last regular commercial passenger train to serve Dunedin, The Southerner, was cancelled in February2002. The Taieri Gorge Railway currently operates tourist-orientated services from the station, the mostprominent of which is the Taieri Gorge Limited, a popular and famous train operated daily along the formerOtago Central Railway through the scenic Taieri Gorge. Taieri Gorge Railway also operates to Palmerston onceweekly. The station is also sometimes visited by excursions organised by other heritage railway societies, andby trains chartered by cruise ships docking at Port Chalmers.

Dunedin International Airport is located 22 km (13.67 mi) southwest of the city, on the Taieri Plains atMomona. The airport operates a single terminal and 1,900-metre (6,200 ft) runway, and is the third-busiestairport in the South Island, after Christchurch and Queenstown. It is primarily used for domestic flights, with


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Dunedin International Airport – an Air

New Zealand 737 lands on the runway

while an Air New Zealand A320 waits on

the taxiway.

regular flights to and from Auckland, Christchurch, Wellington andcharter flights to and from Queenstown, Wanaka, and Invercargill,but it also has international flights arriving from and departing toBrisbane year round and seasonally to Sydney and Melbourne. Inrecent years, a decline in International passengers can be attributedto fewer international flights operating direct to the airport. Ferriesoperated between Port Chalmers and Portobello in the late 19th and

early 20th centuries.[44] Occasional calls have been made to revivethem, and a non-profit organisation, Otago ferries Inc., has been setup to examine the logistics of restoring one of the original ferries

and again using it for this route.[45]

In 1866, plans were made for a bridge across the Otago Harbour between Port Chalmers and Portobello,[46] butthis grand scheme for an 1140-metre structure never eventuated. Plans were also mooted during the 1870s for a

canal between the Pacific coast at Tomahawk and Andersons Bay, close to the head of the harbour.[47] Thisscheme also never came to fruition.

180° view of Dunedin shot from the hills on the west. Mount Cargill is at the extreme left of picture, and the Otago

Peninsula is beyond the harbour to the centre

A panorama from just east of the summit of Mount Cargill. The harbour runs from its entrance near the centre to the city

centre on the right, the peninsula beyond. The base of a television mast is at the extreme left and right edges

The view from the summit of Mount Cargill. The base of a television mast can be seen on the left, with the harbour and the

peninsula beyond. The city centre is in the middle


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The view from the summit of Flagstaff. The city centre is on the right, and Mosgiel on the left. Mount Cargill is slightly

right of centre

The view from the summit of Signal Hill. Dunedin CBD is in the center of the image. The Otago Peninsula stretches out to

the left

Main article: List of people from Dunedin

Annual events

January – Whare Flat Folk Festival (http://www.whareflat.org.nz/) ends

February – New Zealand Masters Games (http://www.nzmg.com/) (Biennial event)

February – Otago University Students' Association (http://www.ousa.org.nz/) & Otago Polytechnic

Orientation Weeks

February – Dunedin Summer Festival

March – Fringe Festival

March – Id Dunedin (http://www.id-dunedinfashion.com/) Fashion Show (to be run in early April in

2010)

May – Capping week (University of Otago) including the Capping Show run by the Otago University

Students' Association (http://www.ousa.org.nz/)

May – International Rally of Otago (http://www.otagorally.net/home)

May – Regent Theatre 24-hour book sale (reputedly the southern hemisphere's largest regularly held

second-hand book sale)[48]

June – Dunedin Midwinter Carnival (http://www.midwintercarnival.co.nz/)

July – New Zealand International Science Festival (http://www.scifest.org.nz/) (every second year)

July – Taste Otago Dunedin Food and Wine Festival


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July – Cadbury Chocolate Carnival (http://www.chocolatecarnival.co.nz/)

July- Dunedin International Film Festival (http://www.enzedff.co.nz/)

August/September The German play at Otago University (http://www.otago.ac.nz/German/play/)

September – Moro Marathon (http://www.moromarathon.co.nz/)

September - Dunedin Beer Festival (http://dunedinbeerfest.co.nz/)

October – Otago Festival of the Arts (http://www.otagofestival.co.nz/) – every second year (even

numbered years)

October – Rhododendron Week

December – Samstock Music Festival (http://www.samstock.org.nz/)

December – Santa Parade

December – Whare Flat Folk Festival (http://www.whareflat.org.nz/) begins

December – New Year's Eve Party Octagon

Past events

1865 – New Zealand Exhibition (1865)

1889 – New Zealand and South Seas Exhibition (1889)

1898 – Otago Jubilee Industrial Exhibition (1898)

1925 – New Zealand and South Seas International Exhibition (1925)

Dunedin Railway Station

Dunedin Town Hall

Larnach Castle

Cargill's Castle

Cadbury World

Olveston

Speight's Brewery

University of Otago Registry Building

University of Otago Clocktower complex

Regent Theatre

Fortune Theatre

Allied Press Building

Dunedin Public Hospital

The Octagon

Museums, art galleries, and libraries


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Otago Museum

Toitū Otago Settlers Museum

Dunedin Public Art Gallery

Dunedin Public Libraries

Hocken Library

Churches

All Saints Church

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

First Church

Hanover Street Baptist Church

Kaikorai Presbyterian Church

Knox Church

St. Joseph's Cathedral

St. Matthew's Church

St. Paul's Cathedral

Trinity Wesleyan Church – now the Fortune Theatre

Parks and gardens

Botanical Gardens

Dunedin Chinese Garden

Twin towns – Sister cities

Dunedin is twinned with several cities throughout the world. These include:

Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom (1974)[49][50]

Otaru, Shiribeshi Subprefecture, Hokkaido[51]

Portsmouth, Virginia[52]

Shanghai (1994)[53]

Herd, J. & Griffiths, G. J. (1980). Discovering Dunedin. Dunedin: John McIndoe. ISBN 0-86868-030-3.

McCoy, E. & Blackman, J. (1968). Victorian City of New Zealand: Photographs of the earlier buildings

of Dunedin. Dunedin: John McIndoe (no ISBN). (E. McCoy a New Zealand architect).


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McFarlane, S. (1970). Dunedin, Portrait of a City. Whitcombe & Tombs. ISBN 0 7233 0171 0.

Smallfield, J. & Heenan, B. (2006). Above the belt: A history of the suburb of Maori Hill. Dunedin: Maori

Hill History Charitable Trust. ISBN 1-877139-98-X.

Bibliography

Anderson, Atholl (1983), When All the Moa-Ovens Grew Cold : nine centuries of changing fortune for

the southern Maori, Dunedin, NZ: Otago Heritage Books

Anderson, Atholl (1998), The Welcome of Strangers : an ethnohistory of southern Maori A.D.

1650–1850, Dunedin, NZ: University of Otago Press with Dunedin City Council, ISBN 1-877133-41-8

Anderson, Atholl; Allingham, Brian; Smith, Ian W G (1996), Shag River Mouth : the archaeology of an

early southern Maori village, Canberra, Australia: Australian National University, OCLC 34751263

(https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34751263), ISBN 0-7315-0342-1

Bathgate, Alexander (ed) (1890), Picturesque Dunedin, Dunedin, NZ: Mills, Dick & Co.,

OCLC 154535977 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/154535977)

Beaglehole, J C (ed) (1955–67), The Journals of Captain James Cook, London, UK: The Hakluyt Society

Begg, A Charles; Begg, Neil Colquhoun (1979), The world of John Boultbee : including an account of

sealing in Australia and New Zealand, Christchurch, NZ: Whitcoulls, ISBN 0-7233-0604-4

Bishop, Graham; Hamel, Antony (1993), From sea to silver peaks, Dunedin: John McIndoe,

ISBN 0-86868-149-0

Collins, Roger; Entwisle, Peter (1986), Pavilioned in Splendour, George O'Brien's Vision of Colonial New

Zealand, Dunedin, NZ: Dunedin Public Art Gallery, ISBN 0-9597758-1-1

Dann, Christine; Peat, Neville (1989), Dunedin, North and South Otago, Wellington: GP Books,

ISBN 0-477-01438-0

Dunn, Michael (2005), Nerli an Italian Painter in the South Pacific, Auckland University Press.,

ISBN 1-86940-335-5

Entwisle, Peter (1984), William Mathew Hodgkins & his Circle, Dunedin, NZ: Dunedin Public Art

Gallery, ISBN 0-473-00263-9

Entwisle, Peter (1998), Behold the Moon, the European Occupation of the Dunedin District 1770–1848,

Dunedin, NZ: Port Daniel Press., ISBN 0-473-05591-0

Entwisle, Peter (2005), Taka, a Vignette Life of William Tucker 1784–1817, Dunedin, NZ: Port Daniel

Press., ISBN 0-473-10098-3

Entwisle, Peter; Dunn, Michael; Collins, Roger (1988), Nerli An Exhibition of Paintings & Drawings,

Dunedin, NZ: Dunedin Public Art Gallery, ISBN 0-9597758-4-6

Hamel, J (2001), The Archaeology of Otago, Wellington, NZ: Department of Conservation,

ISBN 0-478-22016-2


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Hayward, Paul (1998), Intriguing Dunedin Street Walks, Dunedin, NZ: Express Office Services

Hocken, Thomas Moreland (1898), Contributions to the Early History of New Zealand (Settlement of

Otago), London, UK: Sampson Low, Marston and Company, OCLC 3804372 (https://www.worldcat.org

/oclc/3804372)

McCormick, E H (1954), The Expatriate, a Study of Frances Hodgkins, Wellington, NZ: New Zealand

University Press., OCLC 6276263 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6276263)

McCormick, E H (1959), The Inland Eye, a Sketch in Visual Autobiography, Auckland, NZ: Auckland

Gallery Associates, OCLC 11777388 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11777388)

McDonald, K C (1965), City of Dunedin, a Century of Civic Enterprise, Dunedin, NZ: Dunedin City

Corporation, OCLC 10563910 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10563910)

McLintock, A H (1949), The History of Otago; the origins and growth of a Wakefield class settlement,

Dunedin, NZ: Otago Centennial Historical Publications, OCLC 154645934 (https://www.worldcat.org

/oclc/154645934)

McLintock, A H (1951), The Port of Otago, Dunedin, NZ: Otago Harbour Board

Morrell, W P (1969), The University of Otago, a Centennial History, Dunedin, NZ: University of Otago

Press., OCLC 71676 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/71676)

A Complete Guide To Heraldry by A.C. Fox-Davies 1909.

Notes

^ "Southern style" (http://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/fashion/2277129/Southern-style). Stuff.co.nz. 19 March 2009.

Retrieved 15 March 2011.

1.

^ "Supersport's Good Week / Bad Week: An unhappy spectator" (http://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport

/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=10569715). The New Zealand Herald. 1 May 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-18.

2.

^ a b Irwin, Geoff; Walrond, Carl (4 March 2009). "When was New Zealand first settled? – The date debate"

(http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/when-was-new-zealand-first-settled/1). Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved

2010-02-14.

3.

^ Dunedin Town Board (http://www.cityofdunedin.com/city/?page=archives_townbrd1)4.

^ "Mayor Peter Chin" (http://www.dunedin.govt.nz/your-council/councillors/mayor-peter-chin). Dunedin City

Council. Retrieved 2008-09-06.

5.

^ "Subnational Population Estimates: At 30 June 2013 (provisional)" (http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats

/population/estimates_and_projections/SubnationalPopulationEstimates_HOTPAt30Jun13.aspx). Statistics New

Zealand. 22 October 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2013. Also "Infoshare; Group: Population Estimates - DPE; Table:

Estimated Resident Population for Urban Areas, at 30 June (1996+) (Annual-Jun)" (http://www.stats.govt.nz

/infoshare/SelectVariables.aspx?pxID=2f5a6aa2-7aeb-4792-a34a-d5567eb8082f). Statistics New Zealand. 19

November 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2013.

6.

^ The description of Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, and Dunedin as the four main centres neatly divides the

country geographically into northern and southern halves of each of the two main islands. These centres are thus

7.


21 of 24 5/21/2014 4:25 AM

described in a wide range of fields, from encyclopedias of New Zealand (http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/city-history-

and-people/3?setlang=mi) to scientific research institutes (http://www.niwa.co.nz/our-science/climate/publications

/all/cs/monthly/mclimsum_03_09), the tourism industry (http://www.dunedin.nz.com/) to nationwide organisations

(http://www.plunket.org.nz/about-us/our-history/) and government departments (http://www.police.govt.nz/service

/yes/history.html), and from the entertainment industry (http://www.undertheradar.co.nz/utr/article/UAID/3/Flying-

Nun-History-1980-1995.utr) to newspaper reports (http://www.odt.co.nz/entertainment/music/33827/dunedin-

jazz-stalwart-full-swing).

^ 2013 Census Usually Resident Population Counts - Statistics New Zealand (http://www.stats.govt.nz

/browse_for_stats/population/census_counts/2013CensusUsuallyResidentPopulationCounts_HOTP2013Census.aspx)

8.

^ a b c d e f Quickstats about Dunedin City (http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage/QuickStats

/AboutAPlace/SnapShot.aspx?id=2000071)

9.

^ (Hamel 2001); (Anderson, Allingham & Smith 1996); (Anderson 1998)10.

^ (Anderson 1983)11.

^ (Anderson, Allingham & Smith 1996) & (Hamel 2001)12.

^ (Anderson 1998)13.

^ Turton, Hanson "Introductory"in (Bathgate 1890); (Entwisle 2005)14.

^ a b (McLintock 1949)15.

^ (Anderson 1983) & (Anderson 1998)16.

^ Boultbee, J in (Begg & Begg 1979)17.

^ Cook, James in (Beaglehole (ed) 1955–67)18.

^ (Entwisle 2005)19.


^ Byrne, T. B. "Wing, Thomas 1810–1888" (http://www.dnzb.govt.nz/DNZB/alt_essayBody.asp?essayID=1W33).

Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Retrieved 2009-03-17.

21.

^ Somerville, Ross. "Tuckett, Frederick 1807? – 1876" (http://www.dnzb.govt.nz

/DNZB/alt_essayBody.asp?essayID=1T108). Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Retrieved 2009-03-17.

22.

^ (Hocken 1898)23.

^ (McLintock 1949); (McDonald 1965)24.

^ Betteridge, Chris (28 July 2004). "Landscapes of Memory – breathing new life into old cemeteries"

(http://web.archive.org/web/20071215152838/http://www.historic.org.nz/aboutus/OtagoBranch

/gfx/Lawson+Lecture+2004.pdf) (PDF). NZ Historic Places Trust. p. 2. Archived from the original

(http://www.historic.org.nz/aboutus/OtagoBranch/gfx/Lawson%20Lecture%202004.pdf) on 15 December 2007.

Retrieved 2008-05-14.

25.

^ (Morrell 1969)26.

^ (McLintock 1951)27.

^ (McLintock 1949); (McDonald 1965); (Entwisle 1984)28.


^ (Collins & Entwisle 1986)30.

^ (McCormick 1954); (Entwisle 1984); (Entwisle, Dunn & Collins 1988); (Dunn 2005)31.

^ (McCormick 1959)32.

^ Roy Shuker Understanding popular music (http://books.google.com/books?id=PRavFA8l2FQC&pg=PA210&33.


22 of 24 5/21/2014 4:25 AM

dq=The+Dunedin+Sound%22+1960s+music&hl=en&ei=EuxSTK6IL46WsQaQ0Yi4AQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&

ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Dunedin%20Sound%22%201960s%20music&

f=false) Routledge, 2001

^ Dunedin City council page (http://www.cityofdunedin.com/city/?page=feat_heritagehousing)34.

^ Thread fashion magazine article (http://www.thread.co.nz/article

/723?PHPSESSID=ee693624acdeb386541e37a5104a8c62)

35.

^ Schaer, Cathrin (3 March 2008). "Rain fails to dampen Dunedin's fashion parade" (http://www.nzherald.co.nz

/category/story.cfm?c_id=151&objectid=10495751). New Zealand Herald (APN Holdings).

36.

^ "Steepest Streets in Dunedin" (http://www.cityofdunedin.com/city/?page=roading_steep_street). Dunedin City

Council. Retrieved 2008-05-16.

37.

^ a b c d (Dann & Peat 1989)38.

^ (Bishop & Hamel 1993)39.

^ Lambert, M. (ed.) (1988) Air New Zealand almanac. Wellington, NZ: New Zealand Press Association, p. 394-5.

Long-term average, 1951–1980.

40.

^ A Descriptive Atlas of New Zealand, A.H. McLintock (ed), New Zealand Government Printer, 1959 (see Map 8)41.

^ "Climate Data and Activities" (http://www.niwa.co.nz/education-and-training/schools/resources/climate). NIWA.

Retrieved October 19, 2013.

42.

^ "Coat of Arms of Dunedin City (http://www.dunedin.govt.nz/your-council/dunedin-history/dcc-history/coat-

of-arms)," Dunedin City Council. Retrieved 20 September 2013.

43.

^ Community archive (http://thecommunityarchive.org.nz/node/72326/description). Retrieved 2 November 2009.44.

^ Otago Ferries Inc. (http://ferry.portobello.net.nz/). Retrieved 2 November 2009.45.

^ Hayward 1998, p.6546.

^ Hayward 1998, p.6647.

^ "NZ's biggest book sale reaches 25-year milestone" (http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/CU0505/S00062.htm). Scoop.

9 May 2005. Retrieved 2009-07-25.

48.

^ "Sister cities – Edinburgh – Scotland" (http://www.dunedin.govt.nz/your-council/sister-cities/edinburgh). Dunedin

City Council. Retrieved 5 December 2011. Archived (http://www.webcitation.org/63hbC1Zf1) at WebCite

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^ "Twin and Partner Cities" (http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/info/695/council_information_performance_and_statistics

/685/european_international_and_parliamentary_relations/3). City of Edinburgh Council. Retrieved 16 January 2009.

50.

^ "Sister cities – Otaru – Japan" (http://www.dunedin.govt.nz/your-council/sister-cities/otaru-japan). Dunedin City

Council. Retrieved 5 December 2011. Archived (http://www.webcitation.org/63hbbYSqH) at WebCite

51.

^ "Sister cities – Portsmouth – USA" (http://www.dunedin.govt.nz/your-council/sister-cities/portsmouth-usa).

Dunedin City Council. Retrieved 5 December 2011. Archived (http://www.webcitation.org/63hbfcxjg) at WebCite

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^ "Sister cities – Shanghai – China" (http://www.dunedin.govt.nz/your-council/sister-cities/shanghai-china). Dunedin

City Council. Retrieved 5 December 2011. Archived (http://www.webcitation.org/63hbf8JDy) at WebCite

53.

Dunedin City Council official website (http://www.dunedin.govt.nz/)

Tourism Dunedin (http://www.dunedinnz.com/)

Dunedin travel guide from Wikivoyage


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