DUKE LAW SCHOOL. 1 868-1 968: A SKETCH by W. B r y a ~ ~ 1301ich0

Tracing through Trinity Colleye, Duke University's Iristory hecan in 183% when a group OF Metlrodist and Q ~ ~ a k c r s ~ o i ~ l c d in the creation of a school in Randolph County callcd IJnion Institute, of which Hrantley York was principal until succeeded by Brnxton Craven in 1847. It was inct>rp(~rated in 1851 as Normal Collcpe. A church-sta;[e inst~tut ion emphaazing cducntion Tor the profession o r teaching in the public schools. its Board n i Trus~ccs included state orficials with the errverllnr as cfiairn~an. Ilaving broadened its curricula and educational objectives in I85q Nort r~a l College terrninatctl its connectron with the state and beca~ilc Trinily Collcgc, an a rm of the Methodist Church.'

TIie liistnry of instri!ction In law at Duke began in ISSO as p:lrt of n liberal :Irts cducntion when President Br3xEon Craven inauprated his lectures an Political and Natural i ~ w , which were replaccd In 1855 hy his lectures on Constitutional L3w and Inlcrnational Law.2 This utili7ati0n of 4nw as part of a liberal arts curriculum, nf which Bri~xton Cmven was nti ardent advoca~c, stenlrned rrom the influence of Sir Willian~ Hlackstone who in I753 became n Iccturcr on law at Ovford Lltliversity and was in 175% made the first holder or its distinp~ished Vinerim Professr>rship ol' English law. I t seems startling that this lale date marked the firs1 Iecturcs on English law cvcr delivrrrd in a university. At this titile the Inns of Crlt~rt were 111 eclipse, and the only avenue t o the Icgal profcs~ion was through sel r-education ; ~ n d office apprenticeship. which ~enera l ly produced legal cr:iftsmen unlettered in the broad context and inrplications of the law. Blackstone contended that this situatic-m could never "be effectt~ally rcrnedied but 'by making acsdcrnical education a prcvinlts step to thc profession nf the common law, and a t the same time makin$ the rtldimcnts of law ;1 part ol' acade~nical educatian." Rlackstonc's first lecture, the Study of L?w. ou tfirlcd and at tc~npted unsucccssfiilly to introduce a system of lees! education in E n ~ l a n d . However, hi< rnesTagc hore Fruit In America where his Comm~~rtarles, of which t l - ~ s lecture was tlre first part, became the legal blble of Ia~wen and law students. Ilis thesis tha t 311 citi7ens should stt~dy arid understand the law rltlder which they lived was widely lbllowcd in this countrv."nti! tire last halS of the nineteenth century. t hc average Arncric~n lawyer'r preparation rollowed the English pattern of self-study and apprenticeship. In tile late 1700's and early 1800's several cl~airs of law were established wit11 able men such as Wythe (Wm. & Mary, 137q), James Kent (Columbia, 1793). and I'arker {Haward, 181 S ) , The aim was 110t to train lawyers, but lo

a broad foundation in rcsponsihle ci ti-lensllip for the r11rt11t.r education of prospective I~uycrs and nun-lawyers alike.'

'Thi~ papcr conqtitutes the ~omewhat reviwd t c x t of an nddrcss by thr nl~thor nl the Law Alumni .hsqoc~alion Annual Lunclrcon Meeting and Duke Law School Centennial Obncrvancc, April 20, 1968.

? A I{. 1917, C A W 1920. 1921 l>l~kc Ilniversity; 1i.A. ( lurk . ) 1923, 1LC.L. 1924. M . A . 1918 Oxford I1nivcr<rtg. Profcsror rnrcr~tu< of Law, Elt~kc U n l v c r ~ ~ t y .

In 1865 Trinity adopted the university system of scliools or departments. and the course of instruction was embraced in eleven schools. vis. Catin. Greek, Mathcnlatics, English Literature, Natural Science, Modern Mental and Morn1 Philosophy, Engineerine and Architecture, Analytical Chemistry, T l i e o t o ~ , and ~ a w . ' T h c o l o ~ or Law n~igllt be studi.ed exclusively, but in a11 other dcpartii~ents the student was required to take classes in a [ least threc schools for a degree.6 In a subseql~ent unrIa ted paper of President Craven cntitled "Law No. 1 - St~rdy of the Law." he stated that tllc above mentioned 1865 action of the Board of Trustees intended three things. "1. To furnish facilities Tor thorough collegiate education. 2. To give practical instruction in the arts and pursuits most generally foliowed hy out citizens. 3. To bestow that superior literary finish rarely attained except by the most zealous scholars nnd the best talents. 4. To meet these views the study of law was intrud~iced. and the department i s open to all who have the qualifications, the inclirlaticrn and the Seisurc to give i t their attention."' Thus, study in the law department might constitute part of a student's acatfernic education, or be "practical instruction" in a "pursuit," the profescinn o i law.

The formation of a Sct~ool or Depaxtmcnt of Theology for the training of preachers wcurrcd in 1866. To meet another need for specialized training, a School or Law was organized in 1 86gn8 As to i t , tlie cntaloguc of I 868-69 says: ^'This School is organized to meet a growing demand. The instruction will he as thorough as possible, and will he given by textbooks and lectures. Text Books: Blackstone's Cornmentarics: Srephen on Pk~dirlg; Valtcl's Itrtcatational Law; Law of Executors; Greenleaf's L+viricnce; Adams' E q ~ i i ~ , etc."' This institution of professional training in law after two decades of law teaching as part of an academic education seems a logical development and, emerging as i t then wns from the ashcs and debris of defeat in the Civil War, North Carolina desperately needed training for leadership as provided by lawyers and preachers. But such was the poverty of the North Carolina Methodist Church Conference and the College that President Craven's pleas for funds for professorsliips of divinity and law went urlrnet. and he alone carried the teaching Eaad for some ycars. In the Department of h w the catalogue of 1873-74 listed President Craven, D.D., LL.D., Professor of National and Constitutional Law and John W. Young, Esq., Instructor of Common and Statute Law. By way or description of the Department of Law it said: "complete instruction is given by daily lectures, examinations, etc. Students are fully prepared to obtain license. College students S?O per annurn . Law students exclusively S60 per snnum. Young gentlemen who desire 20 study law will find many advantages a t Trinity, net usually Found a t Law Scllools."' ' Three features may be noted: both academic and law students were enrolled in the school, the courses prcpared one for the bar, and Trinity afforded "many advantages" over Law Schools. Except for omission of the name of a teacher of Common and Statute Law, the above quoted notice as to the Department of Law is substantially repeated i n alt catalogues until Craven's death.' ' When he died in November, 1882, his last class had dwindled to 15 students Tram an IRTO-71 high of 37 as the college enrollment itself dropped from 200 to 100.'~ Counting both academic enrollees and law students in the Department or School of Law, approximately 150studied law a t Trinity From 1368 throt~ph 1882.' Nearly a third of thesc became lawyers. and over half of

tliein studied law from 1 874 througii the academic year 1882-83.' This seems a fine rccord during the turmoil and poverty of Reconstruction, and the corr~petition of orfice-apprenxicesl7ip and private law 5choois.l "he key figure was Rraxton Craven, rather of Trinity College, a broadly educated man of vision, indcfatipahle energy, and

l l i ~ l l irlcals.'* In IRT.5 he reported to tlie Methodist Confcrcnce that Trinity alumni "in recent years havc made nearly one-l:fth of the Legislature'" c ~ f North ~ a r o l i n a . '

Followins President Cr;tvcn's death Inw tenchins was it1 nbeyancc at Trinity until 188'7 0 was lvttcn i f wac rcsunied as an :~sademic course in the Sdinol o l History. The ofrerin,

prcfnccd hy the following words: "evcry liberally edt~catcd you@ man should, whether Ile expects t o makc law a profession or not, know the prillciples and definitions of our common law." Begun as a re i l~~ i rcd course in elonlcntnry I:IW for seniors, its topical outline followcd Blackstone's Colrr?~lcn(arirs, the prcscrihed collateral text; and it was first taupht by Trir~ity'q Presitlent Crowell.' "he next instructor, N. C. En:Iish, enlarged the nffering and pcrrnitted an elcction between in and a course i r ~ general jurisprudence.'

Cnincident wltIi thc prnlected removal of Trinity 1r1 1891 From Randolph County to Durham. tl-ic Scliool uf Law was re-opened in 189 1 wit41 Jusaice A. C. hvery of the North CnroF~nrl Supretne Court ns its Dcan. hut hc did n o t f~en,in te:zching until the College npcried in Ilurham o n S e p ~ e m b c r I tlie ncxt The piiblic nnnouncement noted the inadccluacv of nllke law training a n d the aiin of the ~ 1 1 u o l t o provide such a hraad legal cduc:ilion ;IS l o prepare rmc For pract~cc in any stare. Tlic two-year ctlrciculi~rn covered in the first year the prescribed suhiects or exalninotion for adminion t o the North Carolina h;lr, and in the second yew continuctl S ~ I T I C ur ~ I I C S C n r ~ t I strewed liistorical growth OF law ant1 mndern dcvc lop~nen t s and practice. Completinn of the two-year courqe Bed to the 1k.R. deyee . As was theti yncra l ly true ns l o law sc'l~ocbl admission In most uf the United Stnres, nu undergraduate work was required. The r~rst-ycnr coizrw and prescr~hed texts in thc h w Department Tor 1 SO I incLulled R ~ g l ~ t s and Wrongs (Blackstone's Commeritari~~s). I?cntling (Stephen). Evidcncc ( l c t Creenlei~l'): Real Propcrty (Wlllia~ns). Executors and .Atlrninistratc~rs (Szho~rler). Contr:icts (Smith), Cnrpclrljt~ons (Anyell& hrnes) , Equity (Atlzrm). and Civil Procedure (North Carolina Code). Professor R. R. Nicholson tn!~gl~t thew courscs in I X C ) l . fIc w;is joined hy D c : ~ Avrrv nt Durham in f892 and the second yc3r progr:lm w;ls coinmcnccd. Fourteen studcnts were En attcndsnce during this epoch. The C ; ? ~ ~ I O S I I C of 18<13-')4 states that ''This Dcp:~rtti~en t as such will he d~scuntinuecl after the* ycar I Sr)j-cl4,''' This w3s donc for linancial reasons.

Altl~trzlgh the ah rement ioned professionnl peats, st~cli as Wythe. Kent, and Parker of the I:~re eighteenth and early rrineteenth ccnt i~r izs set an exampte of lecal education [or coliegcs, ~t did not prevail, and most American lawyers prior to the twentieth ccntury ciimc to the har via tIic route of office apprcnticerhip. self-education o r one-man prt)prlet;lry law cchools. It is said that 111 183.3 3 total of' only about 150 law students wcrc cnrolled in llnitcd Stztes collcrges, where the training was mostly by rote and bar oril.tlt?d, and the teachers were part-t irne lawyers or retrrcd judges. After 1865 industry. finanire. and urban are:is grew fitst in the North, thereby creating new and complex legal prublcrrir, which dtlnandrtl niore hrtatlly :rnd riporously tr:~ir~etl I;~wycrs.' In t l ~ c 1870's k~-;lndell i ~ t 113rv;1rd gave institutional Icpl educalic~n hoth n great shack and a boost when lie upset prevailing notinns that Inw s t i o ~ ~ l d he studied throuelr tex! or lecture and t a u ~ l l f ~ J V retired nr part-time judges ca lawyers. lie both inauyirared l l~e professional law teacller : ~ r ~ d resurrected and perKected what was haric;illy the case rtiethutl of the E n ~ l i s h ltlns of Court.' Iiis was 3 S C I C ~ I ~ I I ic appro:~ch t o princip!es wrnnowed frc-rm the vast bocly 01' ~ n $ u - h r n e n c : ~ n cases. ! I I I~ S ~ I I ~ I C C I in the rcljtfve v;icuum o f t h e i~ppt l la tc court T i n i u n . 1 1 gave a new diruens~nn t n ley11 erIuca~ion anti created sclf-re!ian\ lawyers skilled in Ic4nl rnct hod. I lowevcr, i t w;~s nu t until tFic 1920's rhat L-i~gdcll's narrow Ilnrizons Pvc w:ly. and l:~w sturly waq integrated w11h study ol* reliiierl nspccts of society and 13rr~;ldc!1rtl with (.01111 Ja ti011 i i ~ i c l pcrsprct ive cr>urscs.' '

FolIowing i t s rernoual from rurat Kandolph County 10 Durhan-t, Trinity gained in stnlure, particularly through two F~ctors: the forceful and enliglttened leadership o f Presidents John F. Crowcll ( 1 887- 1 R94b and John C. Kilgo 1 1894- 191 0); and as i t came under the aegis of the Duke Family: Father Washington and his sons James Buchanan a n d Benjamin ~ e w t o n . ? ~ The latter two provided the endowment for the Law School which reopened in September 1904. As set forth in a letter on the subject from President Kilgo, apparently to H. N. Duke, organization plans crysfallired in the appointment of Samuel Fox Mordecai, d i s t i ~ ~ y ~ i s h e d Raleigh lawyer air d part -time law teacher at nearby Wake Foresl Collcge, as Seninr Prorcssor of tlre Law Department, which in 1905 became the ScIiool of and Professor Mordecai its Dcan. KiIgo wrote: "I feel siwe you will be qcat ly pleased wilh him and that all the plans you and your brother had in the orqanizatinn of this scliooF will be conserved in Incident to his assumption of the Deanship lie visited tlic L3w Schools of the following universities: Boslon, Columbia, Hnnrard, Pennsylvania, and the New York Law School for purposes OF observation and study of their organization. curricula, teaching niethods and materials, In a detailed rcport to President Kilgo dared December 26, 1904, his evaluation and recommendations were outlined. He received courteous l reat~nent and full cooperation from the deans and hcuIties of these institutions. especially I ~ l a r v a ~ c l . ~ ~ 1 once asked Professor Joseph Beale il ' he remembered Mr. Mordecai's visit. He replied with a twinkle in his eye, '"Did I? Mordeca~ was a sensation a t Haward."'

The establishment of the l a w School set new standards in Southern legal education in its requirement of two years of college work For admission, three years for the LL.B. degree, and adoption of the case method as the hasis of instruction. This was a revolutionary Innovation hecause, in the South in particular, institutional legal education was laggard. Elsewhere as well, instruction was through lectures or texts, teachers were seldom Full-time and admissior~ requirements, if any, seldom exceeded a Irigh school diploma. I n 192 1 the American Bar Association inaugurated 3 movement t o improve its profession by upgrading legal education and bar admission. As a first step, it estabEished critcria for judanp law schools and defintd an approved school as one requiring two years of collcge work for admission, llrree yean of study for a law degree, and having an adequate library and faculty.2s In 1923 i t published its first Fist of approved taw schools. They nurnbtred thirty-ninc and only five of them were in the South: Emory, Texas, Trinity. Virginia and Washin~ton and Having adopted such advanced admission arid degree requirements in 1905, and nict its other high standards For membership. in 1905 Trinity joined the University of Tcnnessee as the other Southern member of the Association uf American Law When in 1425 and 1935 the University of North Carolina and Wake Forest, respective1 y, raised law scIrool admission standards to two Years of college work and degree requirements to three years of study. each was admitted to the Assoc~alion of American Law Schools and approved by the American Bar Asrocia t lann3'

I n order t o make a hurried opening in September 1904. a tentative two-year cllrriculum was adopted utilizing the text and lecture system." This was replaced in 1905 by a three-year curriculum with the case method as the basis o f i n s t r ~ c t i o n , ~ ~ and a sugcested supplementary text in accord with Dean Mordecai's belief that the average

student needed more of a legal diet than the mere dialectics of the case This program of study with its materials or instruction testilks to the high level on which t l~e School embarked in i 905. A notewortf~y feature of thc first year's curriculum was the Dean's course in Elementary LAW and Constitutional Law. This, as he put i t , g3vc "tlie student in his first year a bird's eye view of the history of the law and OF the moqt important topics of the law." As one might say today, this was a perspective course enabling the beginner to see the forest instead of just trees.35 The inclitsion in tlie curriculum of a second-year course on Political Institutions and a third-year coz~rse on Legal and Constitutional I-listory was novel and ahead of the limes." Except ror the omission of these two courses and some rearrangements of othen, this 1905 curriculuin remained in use substantially intact until the end of the year 1 9 2 7 - ~ 8 . ~ Since most of the School's students expected to practice law in Nnrtli Carolina, and the courses comprised in the first and second years fulfilled the requirements for the bar examination, and three years of resident study was required Tor the LL.B., the third year was not elected and no law degrees were granted prior to i929 except in two cases by special a r r a n g ~ r n e n t . ~ ~

The law school faculty in 1904 was composed of Senior Professor Mordecai ant1 Professor A. C. Mclntosh, both of whom left law practice in their prime to beco~ne full-time law teachers. The others were Associate Professor R. P. Keade, with Dr. W. H. Glasson of the Economics and Politicat Science Department and Dr. J. S. Basset t of the History Department each offering one course. The original idea for the school was to havc a faculty of professional lawyers whose work would bc supplemented by instntction in llistory and economics. I n addition to being a remarkabIe tcacher, Dean Mordecai was an erudite gentleman, a fine legal scholar and a great character.39 His classic two-volume text, Law Lectures (2d ed. 191 h), restates in his inimitable way the relevant of Blackstone's Commentaries ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) in terms of North Carolina law; and his Lex Scripto (1 905) summarizes and updates the principal acts of Parliament in Blackstone. With Professor Mclntosh Ire published Rem~dics hy Selected CSrses ( 19 101, a lirst-rate comprehensive casebook on civil remedies having an unusual topical arrangement. His I h v Notes (191 3-25] was a student survey-commentary an a number of courses. Professor Mclntosh published an excellent volume entitled Cases 017 Contrachrs. AII o f these books were prescribed course material in the School, and constituted quite a faculty publication record for its time. Mordecai's Miscel/at~i~s ( 1 fr27) is a unique collection of his "gems" of wit, wisdom, philosopl~y, and llurnor in verse, letter, and story

With its advanced admission and degree requirements and h i ~ h scIrolastic standards, Trinity aimed to benefit Southern legal education and thereby improve the bar; and intentionally put quality high above q ~ a n t i t y . ~ ' As feared, these stiff admisqion standards and d e g c e requirements resurted in the School remaining numerically small, with a total of only about 200 students heing enrolled from 1904- 1 927.4 "liis is not surprising because admission requirements of competing local law schools, the University of North Carolina until 1935 and Wake Forest until 19.15 were lcss exacting, and also Trinity did not conduct a summer law school, or har review. as did t l ~ c y , ~ ' North Carolina law schools shared a general student disinterest in completing a third year of law because of the two-year law study requirement roc ad~nission to the bar, and the antiquated one-day 66 question information test, set by a singre Justice of the Supreme Court. rcquired little law training to pass but mainly memory or the answer5 lo past bar

examination questions found in a Gulley's or Jones' Quizzer. Every examination had nurncrous repeated questions. Only the Certificate of a law sclloot dean or member of the bar that an applicant had completed a prescribed two year course of Iaw study was sufficient to adrnit one to the examination. A statute of 1933 creared a Board of Law Examiners which replaced the Supreme Court, and in 1938 its rules for the first time required some genecal education and threc years of law study, and a modern essay-type bar examination replaced the old 66-question inFormation test. Of the 34 candidates certified by attorneys, 28 failed but only 10 or G6 certified by approved law schools.44 Dean Mordecai's first bar flunk occurred in 1920; and he was so exasperated that in his own handwriting, lv so noted it in t l ~ c student's official record.45 One deficiency of the School was the fact that some examinations Fi,lluwcd the 66-question examination pattern.4b

Scmcstecs were not observed in teaching courses, but a certain number of class hours was allotcd to individual courses, which were concluded by an examination and another course immediately comrnen~ed.~' From ahout 1905 to 1927 classes were taught on the second floor of the East Duke building; and a second floor wing of the general library constituted the law library. I entered in September 1919 with ten other veterans of World War 1 and finished the two-year course in June 1921. As was generally true of Trinity law students, most all of wr class held the bachelor's degree. We didn't just study Iaw, we lived Paw. Mr. Mordecai was inspirational. He ran a strictly professional school and taught law "in the grand manner" with a single aim: to make great lawyers. His method was stlcr;ilic and his system near tutorial "as he drove his students to excellence with a lash of jovial satire and scorn for alenta! la~incss."" I-le loved his students and they loved him.49 H. G. Hedrick and W. S. Lockhart complrtcd the faculty a t this time. Both were part-time Durham lawyers and good teachers, and Cockhart's Not~dbook of the Law of E~~idorce ill North Corolirla (1 9 I 5) was a well regarded work. Age was creeping up on the &)can and he was a little crotchety by 1911 when one day he lert the law library never to re turn after a trivial run-in with J. P. Breedlove, General Librarian. Thereafter, any library business was conducted with the Assistant Librarian, through a ground floor window which was opened when the Dean gently tapped a n it with his cane.

Certainly the most important event in this period of the Law School's history was James W. Duke's creation of tlte Duke E~dorvment in 1924 whereby Trinity College was metamorplkosed into Duke University. I n Article Seventh OF the Indenture he surnniarizes his objectives and general plan. In it he states three cardinai principles as to the University's operation: that it secure for its '"officers, trustees and Faculty men of such outsfanding character, ability and vision as will insure its attaining and maintaining a dace of real leadership in the educational world; that it admit as students only those whose previous record shows a character, dctcrmination and application evincing a wholesome and real ambition For life;" and that its progam or education "be arranged first, with reference to the training of preachers, teachers, lawyers and physicians because they are most in the public eye, and by precept and example can do most to uplift n ~ n n k i n d . " ~ ~

With the roundation of Duke University in 1924 the Law School shared in the expansion thereof frnrn a base of twenty-Eve students and three professors in 1924-25 t o lifty-five stuclcntq and five professors in 1929-30. During the 1930's these figures s lahi l~~ed a t about 100 students and thirteen raculty menihers until 1941 when World

War I 1 caused a dramatic drop.' Upon completicm of t l ~ c new huildinps on East Campus h the fa l l of 1927, the Law School was n-ioved rrom East Duke t o cr~largcrl quarters in the Carr Ruilding. In the spring of 1927 illness forced Dean Mordecai to stop te:~ching, and Marshall Spears. Sr., Iocal attorney. was added t o the fi~lcullv on a part-time basis. The Dean died In Decemhcr, 1977. leaving behind hint a legacy nf respect and devotion only possibly exceiled by his own dedication t o the Law School and the legal profession. In the fall of 1327 the reorganization of thc Law School began wltcn J u d p T. D, Hryson and I joined W. S. Lockhart. Marsh311 Spears, SF., and W. T. 1 owe on the faculty.52 In the academ~c year 1927-28 a drastic change rlccurred wheil the Sdlool's then out-of-date two-year program of instruct~on' h a s terminated in favor nf tlre mnre nladern three-year curriculum leading to the LL.R, The LIW l i b m y , i n 3 condition of neglect in September E927" was practically trebled during the ensuir~g three-year period so as t o prr~vide over 1 2.000 volumes, the minimum of statutes, law reports, treatises ant1 legal periodicals deemed essential a t the rime lor n working library."

As the Faculty inember fo whom certain adnliilistrativc rilnctions wcre committed from 1927 to 1930 when there was no b a n , I pushccl cunriclilum rel'orn~ and library expansion. T l ~ c school year 1927-28 was the finale of the IL)05 two-year program. In 1938-79 the thjrd year of instruction was begun, and at Con~menccrncnt 1929 1 presented four candidates fnr the LL.B, d e p e , which numhcr incrcased to thirtecn in 1930." After 1929 most students remained For thc third vcar and tlre LL.B. degree, inste~td of leaving at the cnd of the second vear with only the traditional Dean's Certificate testifying to conlplction of the then-required two years of law stutiy fur the North Carolina Bar. With its expanded Iibrary, e n l a r ~ e d lhcultv, new ct~rr iculun and reorganization. t l ~ c LAW School stood rcady i n 1930 to resume memhesship in tF~e Association of Amcrlcan Law ScElools from wh~cl i i t had witl~drawn in 1 9 1 9 . ~ '

Commencing early in 1925, President Few devoted much tinnc to the development of

the Law School. FOP several years Dean Huper W. Jcrvey OF Columtria h w School was his principal consultant. One of the results was that tlie "old" l a w building was 3 miniature Kent HalI. In t 9 3 , William Draper Lewis, Director of the American Law Institute, visited Duke in an unsuccessful effort to convert the L3w School into a resenrch adjunct of the Institute. President Few heing away. &an W. H . !Vann;~maker, Dr. R. C. Flowers, ant1 1, as representative of the Llw School, met wit11 Lewis and, having I~card and considered llis proposal, informed him that Duke was not interested in discontinuing its professional law school. As a result ol' this meeting. conferences ensued between Few, Flnwers and Lewis, who made the suggestion that Duke '*invite a group of sulected persons to submit to it a report on the further development of the law school." This culminated in his naminy a panel o f well-qualified possihilities for the Deanship, inc lud in~ Jrlstin Millcr. Each of them submitted a paper o u t l i n i n ~ his ~ u s ~ e s t e d plan of development. As of Julv 1 . 1930 Miller was appointed Dean.' '

The School opened on the newly-built West Can~pus in Septe~nber 1')-30, and cntered upon a new stage of development with Justin Miller as Dean. I-lc came to Duke From the Deanship of Southern California L?w School with the stated intention of establishing in the Southeastern area a law schonl of national scope and character as planned by the Duke administration. Me brought with him t o the fatuity some well known f i y r e s of the law school world, mostly Frorn California. Within two years the facuIty increased from five to fourteen. The School was reorganized and the curricu~um"' and professional activities greatly broadened. Required prelegal study was incrcascd from two t o thrcc years. Expansions included a much-enlarged Ilbrary, graduate work leading to the degrees of LL.M. and S.J.D., the Legal Aid Clinic, the Department of Zcgislative Research and Drafting, the Practice Court and the Duke Bar Association, W I E ~ C I I supplanted the Samuel Fox Mordecai Law Society, a similar student organization. Forty tuition scholarships were established, of wllich twenty were first-year and ten each were for second and third-year students, awarded annuuIly to the rop ten in each riring class. The Dtke Law Jourrlal evolved From the Duke Ror Assc~ciation Jmoural, which was estabPished in 1931 .6' MiHer had in 1930 secured funds for a traditional law review, but with only about ninety studcnts such a publication was not feasible. This resulted in a faculty-edited substilute publication, /naw and Confen~poraly Pr~blcrns, ;the original symposium-type law review in which experts treat the legal, economrc and other social science aspects of a topic. The brain child of Professor David F. Csvers, Professor Douglas R. Mapgs named the infant. T h e first sympndum appeared in December, 1933, on the subject of Protection of the Consumer of Food and ~ r u p s . ' ~ Reginning in this era of the School, individ~~al faculty members have tl~rough the years taken active roles in various professional o rgn iza tions of lawyers and law teachers. A number have contributed substantialiy to the improvemcnt of taw tl~rough resexch, writing and legislation, fulfilling Amcs' "three-fold vocation of the law professor, teacher, writer, expert counselor in legislation."'"

The impact of Duke's new program was of proround significance in the South: and during the 1930's Duke heId alnlost undisputed leadership in terms OF quality of curriculum and Facilities, faculty and students. I n I937 its high-quality student body of 102, including Richard Milhous Nixon "7. Whittier Collegc, Cal i f~rn ia , "~ represented twenty-nine different states and fifty-five different coIlcges. In about fifteen years Duke's enrollment Itad moved from local, to regional, to national.65 Dean Miller accomplished much, tllougll his time at the lielm was short. In 1934 he left the School on lcave of absence for the United States Department af Justice; and in I935 resigned the Deanship. His rise in Washington was swift; and as a member of the D. C. Court of Appeals he wrote the majority opinion in a case of first impression Involving the doctrir~e of cy prcs which awarded the endowed Ackland Art Museum t o the University nf North Carolina after Duke had renounced the legacy.66 Professor I.1. G. Horack succeeded Miller in 1934 and held the Deanqhip through the last years of the Depression and WorId War 11. He retired in 1947. In the late 1930's Professor Cavers returned From a vidting professorship at rile University of CI~icago with a "New Plan" o f instruction based upon the prohlem method of teaching under which certain courses would be combined. A functions! approach, it cut across traditional course classifications hased upon legal concepts. After extended

discussion, it was adopted hy a seven to six faculty vote, but never became operational because of the war.''

The outbreak of World War II produced a dramatic drop in students and a number of facurty members left teaching to enter government work. The Army Finance School was located a t Duke, and took over about three-fourths of the Law School Building for the duration. Ilowever, enough room remained to accommodate a temporary wartime tcaching union or the law schools of Duke and Wake Forest, which increased class enrollments and decreased tota! necessary teaching personnel. In order to expedite law training during the war the faculty voluntarily operated the School on a three-semester basis; and hy a system of cIass rotation beginn~ng students were admitted in each semester, permitting one to acquire the LL-B. degree in two calendar years.68 At the end of the war in 1946 Duke resumed separate operation and returned to its two-semester program. The ensuing G , I. bulge flooded the School; one f r e s h a n class had 140 members; and at its peak En 1948 there was an enrollment of about 300, including a large number of graduate students. During thc periods immediately preceding and foIlowing the war numerous changes in f3cul ty personnel occurred. Professors Cavers, Fuller, Poteat, Roalfe, and Sanders resigned to go elsewhcrc. Judge Bryson and Dean Horack re tired. Their replacements were Professors E. C. Rryson, Currie, Kramer, Livengood, Pemhert on, Stansbury , and shepherd. '' Professor Harold Shepherd succeeded Horac k as Dean in 1947. Under his leadership both the external relations and internal organization of' tire School were much in~proved. especially in the matter of enriching and modernizing the curriculum. Faculty corn~nittees made a detailed appraisal of curriculum and teaching methods which resulted in a number of course changes and additions. Work in the pubtic I3w field was expanded, and renewed emphasis given t o legal research and writing through required seminars, some of rvhich involved planning and drafting of l ep l in~trurnents. '~ At this time Duke assumed editorship of the Journal of L e ~ l Education, official organ of the Association of American Law SchooIs. Ry 1948 our active law alumni had increased to 650 froin the figure of 380 in 1935," and a formal reorganization of the Law Alumni Association then occurred.T2

Following Dean Shepherd's resignation in 1 949, Professor C.L.B. Lowndes was Acting b a n until tile appointlnent of Joseph A. McClain, Jr. who held the office from 1450 until his rcsignatiun and return to law practice in 1956. By 1950 veteran enrollments s~ibsided and we reached normal, I i~ures agaln, only to be reinte~mpted by the Korean War. As a result, enrollment in 1952-53 dropped to 3 04, which increased to the more normal figure of 129 in 1955-56. They represented 25 different states and 57 colleges, and were of thc high quality always true of Duke, Dean McCEain inaugurated the first drncrican law school placement bulletin in 1952. Issued annually to a selected list of law firrns and other organizations, it supplied biographical data, educational information, and career preferences as to the year's listed graduates. At this date the building that had seemed large enwgh in 1930 was now too small. The law library of over 100,000 volumes could not be housed, and overall our physical facilities were not keeping pace with other Southern law schools. Dean McClain put his shoulder to the wheel. In 1951 he procured a starting cornnlitrnen t of 5250,000 fra~n the University Trustees: and through continued :~ctivily, including appointnlent of a facurty building ~ornmittee,~"rought the vision of ;I new and modern law building into view; but only after abandonment of pIans to enlarge and remodel the old building and thereby retain the Law School" advantageous location next to the University I~brnry.

Following McClain's resigation, Professor E. R. t a t t y bccame Acting Dean in 19.56 and then Dcan in 1958. By precept and example Ile inaugurated a regime of action. He immediately spurred the new building plans and program, pmcured additional Law School scholarships, and mauprated a policy of active recruitment or top-flight students, and was l~imself chief scout. Upon the retirement of its Director, Proressor Bradway, in 1959 the Legal Aid Clinic was phased outnT4 Its quarters were taken over by the World Rule of Law Center (now Rule of LIW Research Center), the first such department i n any law schont. Its establishment a t Duke resulted in great measure from Charlcs S. Rhync, Class of 1937, an ardent advocate OF the international rule of law, who delivered tlie Duke Commencement address in 1958 on lliat topic, and interested President I4ollis Edens. Professor Arthur hrson lras directed t l ~ c Center since its inception. Prior to the late 1950% faculty consensus was lo maintain a quality student body o f about 200 to 250. Physical faciEities were so planned, but powth pressures have ~;ubstantially increased that numher to a 1967-68 student body of 340, representing some 40 states and 75 colleges and universities, alE with very high schotastic and other qualifications for thc profession of Law. Wte present Iaw building was formally dedicated on Law Day, 1963, with an address by tlie Chief Justice of the United States in the presence of a n assemblage which included invited representatives from bench and bar and most other American Law schoo~s. '~

Professor F. Hodgc O'Neal became Dean in 1966 upon the resignation of Dean Latty, wlio returned to teaching and research as William R. Perkins Professor. Under Dean O'Neal the Law School has continued its progress. However. on December 1 2,1966 one Eong period of close cooperation in public service, especially in the state's nationally acclaimed program of continuing legal education For lawyers, was ended by faculty resolution upon the School's termination of official relations with the North Carolina Bar Association. This action was taken upon its inferred failurc on racial grounds to admit to membership a named 1966 Negro g~aduate ol' Duke. The termination was specified to continue until suc11 time as all applicants for rnembersllfp are accepted without discrimination based upon race." Thanks to a Ford Foundation grant the h w Library h a s been substantially increased and now has avcr 150,000 volumes - a far cry from the 4,000 in 1927. In 1966-67 sectioning of first year classes began and now virtually all such classes are sectioned, as well as larger second year classes. In 3968 the Duke Board of Trustees, sanctioned change of the traditional Bachelor nf Laws degree (LL.R.) to the now widely recopi7ed degee of Juris Doctor (J.D.). Dean O'Neal's resignation of his office became effective at the end of the 1968 school ycar, r c ~ r t f r ~ l l y making it the shortest Deanship in the School's Fortiinately, he has continued Itis professorship at Duke, concentrating on reaching, research and writing.

As of 1968 the faculty numbered twenty-four including three visitors. Active law alumni now number more than 1350.~~ Located in all, states of the Union, they include such a number of outstanding lawyers, judges, le@slatun, and other government officials, corporate executives and teachers, that Duke LIW School may he j~istly proud of its current contribution to society as well as its distinguished past.

EDITORS NOTE

[A. Kenneth Pye became Dean of the Law School following Dean O'Neal's resignation as Dean in 1968. Dean Pye held the position of Dean until resigning to become University Chancellor effective September 1, 1970. The current Dean, Joseph T. Sneed, assumed the office on February 1,197 1.

The faculty for the school year 1971-72 numbered twenty-eight and there are now nearly nineteen hundred active Duke Law School alumni. Ed.]

FOOTNOTES

E. Chaffin, Triniw Co(lege. 1839-1892. Thc Be&rrrring of Lhke Univrrsiry (1950) Chs.2-4 [hereinafter cited as Chaffin] ; Cbtaiomcs of Triniry College, 1889-1 890, 14-1 5 ; 189&9 [, 3&35; 1 892-1893, 17- 19.

2, Bolich (ed.) Alumni Directory, Dukc University School of Law 2d ed. (1948) x i [hereinafter cited as Bolich] ; Chaffin 15 I ; see Draxton Craven Law Lectures [Rraxton Craven Papers).

3. Harno, LegolEdt~cation i n the Unir~dStares (1953) 8, 81-14 lhereinaftercitedasHarno].AsZo Rlackstone's Oxford law lectures and lectures and cmecr, scc Lockmiller, Sir Hifillio?n Rlackrtonc 11 9381, 23-52: Wimore, Punoramu of TIfr Worldtr L e ~ l Svsrcms ( 1936), 1096.

4, Harno, 23-26. 5. Chaffin, 301. 6. Catalop~c of Trinirv College, 1 868- 1 R69, 10. 7. Rraxton Craven P a p s , Duke University Library; 1955 Prolocutor-Yearbook of Duke University

School of Law, 9 [hereinafter cited as 1955 Rolocrrrorl . 8. Chaffin, 299. 9. Catalogue of Trbrip College, 1868-1869, 17. This dewription of thc School of Law i < repeated in

the Catalogues of 1869-1 870, 19; 1870-1 871, 18; 1871-1872, 19; 1872-1873. 1 R, 10. CutoloflreofTritri~ College. 1873-1874. 17. 11. Cufulop~les of lZiniiv C o l l e ~ . 1874-1875. 11; 1875-1 876, 25: 1876-1877, 25; 1878-1879, 26;

1879-1880,21; S88@18811 21, 12. Chaffin, 300, 520; Shcppard. "The Trinity College Law School," 1 Trirliw AltrrnniRqister, 264,

264-66 (1 91 6). 13. Bolich, 84-85; Shcppard, sttpra note 12. 14. Chaffin, 533-38. 15. Privntc law schools were numerous in North Carolina during the 19th centurv, and a few cxistcd

in the first part or the 20th century. The most famous wa< Richmond M. Peatson's in Yadk~n County where hundreds of lawyers were educated, and where the one-day, 66-qucqtion cxarnination seems to hnvc evolved, prohablv because it was the official examination during his tenure of 31 years on thc Supreme Court which gavc i t unt~I f933. Other well known privatc Isw ~ c h o o f r were Dick and Willard o f Grcensboro, the Bailcy school^ of Gsheville and Elizabeth City and tlic Wllrnington Law School of Judge Pell. Coatrs. "A Century of Legal Education" 24 N.C.L. Rcv., 306, 321 -326 (1946) as to privatc school< onIy [hereinafter cited as Coatesl .

16. Chaffin, 55-60,55. 17. Ihid. 328. 18. Caialopres of Trinity College. 1887-t888, 39.40; 1888-1889, 34, 35. 19. Shcppard, rrcpm note 12 at 267: see Cataloflte of Wni? College. 1 889-1890,58. 20. Catolo~tes ofTrinit,v College. 1890-1891.28: 1892-1893, 18,45. 21. Cotnlo.mes of 7ziiliv Collcg~, 1R90-1891, 94; 1891- t892, 45; 1893-1894, 21; naade, "History of

the Law School." 1955 Prulocrftor, 10, 11-12; Bolich xi-aii, 85; Sheppard,supra note 12, 267. 22. Hurst, Tlre Growill of Alnericun law: The Law Makers (1 950) 256-64 [hereinafter c~ ted as

l lurst ] . 23. Harno, 15-17, 59-61. 24. Hurst, 260-63, 268-71. 25. Porter, Trirrisy and Dr~ke. 1892-1924; Foirndatioris of Dltke University (1964) chs. 1-3

[hercinaftcr citcd as Porter]. 26. 9 6 wch letter of A ~ r p s t 18, 1904, Trinitv College hpers; Cafaloplic of Trir1ii.v Collep.

1905-1906, 109-1 0. 27. Memorandum dated December 26, 1904. to President John C. Kitgo; Subject - Saw Departrncnt

Tnnitv Collepc from S. t-. Mordecai, Trinity Collem Papers. 28. 46 Rep. Am. I3ar Asq'n. (1921). 37-47. 680: 47 Rep. Am. Rar Ass'n. ( 1 922). 482-84; Legal

Education 8 A.B.A.J. L60 (1922). As to U. S , law school admission rctluiremcnts and course standards in rcncml, we Hurst. 26869, 272-74.

29. Law Scl~ools Mcet Association Standard% 9 A.R.A.J., 728 / 1923).

30. Bnlich xii; Portcr, 91-92, 143-46. Prospectus Trinity Collepc Law Dcpartment, Durham ( 1 904); T?IF flforrlrn~ POT? [Ralei~h, Nortlr Ctrolina] hunuft 13, 1905, 10 h w 1)cpartment of Trinity Col l t~c: Cflfalopr~ of Tr~rrrv C o l l r ~ ~ , 1005-1906. 1 1 3 ; A%ociation of American Law Schoolc. PrccctIinpr, Part One. 1966, 7.

31. Coatc\, w p m notc 15 at 347, 349, 3 5 1 , 361-1671; 3 Gullcv, History of IVoke Forcsr Collc~c, Tlrc IAW Sc/rml (1943). 327-32s [hrrrinaftcr cited as Gullcyl.

32. Srr Mordecai op. rrrt. srrpru notc 27. 13. Catoloarr of Trirrif-v C%lllrqe, 1 9R5-1906, 1 I 1 - 1 13. T h i ~ c~~rricirlurn for the 3 years, Iisting in ordcr

nanlc of corlrse, hour r per week and instructor follow<: FIRST YFAR - E~entrrrtary Law and Cnr~~!itirtir>tlnl IJW, 3 Ilourr, Xlordcca~: Tnrrr, ? hour<. Readc; Dor~~csnc Relolotiot!s. I hour, Mnrdrcar : C2kitrfi?lol IANJ. I Itourv, Reade; Cn~rtrocf~, 3 hourr. MclntorI~: Fqrliw, 1 hour, Mu111 tnsh. S1:CDND YEAR - Real PToprr f~~. Cbn~.cyotir~ir~g. Special horerdings psrtrdrr CCP. Rdn~ErlisWoiiot~. 3 I~aurs, Mordec;~i: ~Ve.or ioh l~ b~cmm~rl~r~ts, 1 hour, hiordecni: Persot~al Pmprrfr, 7 Ilo~rrs. Reade: P/cndin~ urttl L ~ p u l Hcrntrli~s ul Law. I . c ~ a l R ~ ~ n ~ d s c s P'rldrr CCP. 2 hourr, Readc: Eqlrir~file Rr*lnrtl~r.v, ?, hoi~rq, IrlcIntn<h; Corporoliorrr, 1 hour, Mclntosh; F..~~idet~rr, 1 hour, Mclntosh; P(dtfica1 I t~ r t i r~~r io r?~ . 3 h n l ~ r ~ , recond half yrer, Glnwon. TFiIKD Y [{AR - Sai~v 0.f Prrronal Fropertl,, 2 I~ourr; Apenrv, 1 hour. Resde; Part~lcrrllip. 1 Iiour. Mordrca~; R u ~ k n ~ p t q ~ . I hour, hlcTntoch: Srtrct,vs/ri/~ ntld rlfort.qns~, 2 hour<; Col~flicr of h w s , 1 hou r ; Itzsrrrartcr. 1 hour: L e ~ o l u ~ l r l Ls>nrtirri!io~~al I!i$tory* 3 tlhourr, second haIf ycar. I3aweZt.

34. "The objcctinn~ to tlnr syatcrn are that very many points in any topic arc not covcrcd by the cases from the bricf suntmarics given by the inr&~ctor. Sllould thc ~htdent fail to Like proper notes or In clearly coml>rcl~cnd thc ~nsfructor when hc Turns u p t ~ c will bc put to great dlradvanhge. I n thc next placc the studcnt i s placed in m ~ d i a r res - hc I < made to walk - and I m i d ~ t say to run - k f o r c hc has learned lo crawl. 1:or n lung tlmc after IIC has cornrn~nced the ~ t r ~ t l y of law his mind muqt rleccssanly h in :b Tc~g. . . . Another dicadvnnb~e is that a man of mcdiocte ability \n11 not lcarn as mudl 11y this rnctllud ;is IIC will by otl~cr rnetlinrls, and a dull man, thorlsh 11e mi~ l i t ncquire a very l n~r knowlcdgc of Isw bv othcr mcthods, rvill warte his tlme in attcrnptlng to [earn by tlic case mclhorl. h brlel~t man will learn the law by nny rncthotl, but wll probably he a mucli better lawyer if Lmrpht by tflc care metl~od." Mordccal, op. cit, s1rpra nntc 26.

35. Fuch n hrct-year carlrsc in l e n l history t.: uncommon, hut has long been ~ v c n a t Columbia and was put In a t Harvard recently.

36. Mordecai, np. rrt. nrpru note 27; El t~ r~ t np. cir. supra note 24. 37. L'ofolngrrcr o(D~rke Utti~ler,ril~u, l92C-1997. 302417 and 1927-1 978, 233-34. 38. Holich xti; by special srangcmlmt Profcsgnrs H. G. Fledrick '1 3 and \il. S. Lockhart '1 l received

tllc 1,L.IZ. dcrree from Trinitv krpon their comptction of a prcrcrihed third ycar of law a t Harvard. Sce inrert in Trinity Grade Rook, Duke Law School Recordq.

39. As in the man anti h ~ s wnrk, sec "Samuel To?: hlordecai 1852-1927, Pre~entation oTa Portrait." Pub, by L ~ w Alumni ( 1 932).

40. Jlorrlr,rai's Misccllo?rirv. Rare Rook Room, Duke Univerrity Li hrsry. Rrvatcly printcd 1 927 and rent to out-of-Durl~nm friends Irv railway CKpICFs.

41. Scc note 30 sr~pm ;and Sllcpp;~rtl, notc 12 srrpm. 42. Hrjlict~ u~ i , 85-87: Portcr, I H7. 41. See Cualcs. stipro notc IS, 336-343, 355-357, 3hl-364: hschal, cupra notc 3 1, 3n5-3 15. 324-327. 43. Wryson. "The Orgrlni~cd Rar in Nortt~ Carolina." 30 N.C.L. Rev. 337 . 34647 11952): 134 N.C.

T474R (1904). N.C. Gcn. Stat. Sec. 84-24 (1950): "A Survey of Statutory C7lange~ in Knrth Carolina i n 1933." 1 1 N.C.L. Rcv. 191, 192 ( 1933); l3oIiclr," Actiwtic~ of tile North Carolina Har Assocrattnn, 1925-1955," ?R N.C. H:lr A s ' n Rep<. 82 (19361, Coatcq. crrpro note I S . 367,. \Wien the nk~tl~or tnnk thc 1x1~ examination In 1921 thcrc lverc 54 rcpcated qucqi~onr: out of hh.

45. Uukc l a w School Records, Trinity Grade Rook, 92. 46. See Il'illinm 13ry;ln IIoIicli Pnprs. Duke Unlvcrri ty Library. 47. Sur notc 37 rrrpro. 48. Nclson, Frlilcstones in L r a l t:rl~lcn t Ion, D~~rhnrn Mnrrrfr~.r !f~ra/d. Mnv 22, 1955. 4q. Scc 7Torrk.r.rri 'v ,411 F ~ ~ ~ ~ I I o I ~ ~ P F op. ril. NIJIIU note 40. 78-84. 50. Thc Ilukc I..nilowment. Puh. hy the Tr~~stccv 119303 23-27; Portcr 329, 232-33. 5 1. Rol~oli siu. H7-90. 52 . Scf ille annotrnrcrncnt ckltcmcnt of Rcsidcnt Fcw, tllc Ralcislr Times. hug. 27, 1927.

53. Bulletin of buke University, 1926-1927, 302-07. 54, Rlrllelin of Duke Uniniversiry, 1928-1929, 197. 55. 5ee Catalopc of Duke Ut~ivessify, 1927-1 928. 307-08, for a general dewription. 56. Dukc Law Lihrary Acquisition Records 1927-1930; William Rryan Rolich Papers, Duke University

Library. 57. Bolich 87. 58. Notcs 30,53. and 54 supm. 59. Sec W. P. Few Papers, Duke University Library. 60. Sea W~lle i in of 51tkc U~tiversity Schnol of Lnw. Vol. 3, May 1931. 15-17. 61. Sce generally Bolich xii, iii: Baade, note 21 .supra. 62. 1 Low R Confctp . Prob. 1-1 33 11933). 63. Ames, Lechrres oil Legat History (1 91 T), 368. 64. See 1955 Prolmutor, 6-7. Having served with &<tinction as Vice President from 1952-1960,

Mr. Nixon bestowed u p n the Law School the geatest sincle honor in its 100.year history when in November 1 968 he was elected 37th Resident of the Unitcd State<.

65. Bolich 89-90, classes of 1937, 1938, 1939. 66. Noel et al. Y Otds. et al., I 3 8 F.2d 581-82, 78 U.S. App. D.C. 155-56 (1943). cert. denied. 521

V.S. 773,64 S. Ct. 611,88 L. 1067 (1944). 67. See Mlliam Rryan Rolich Papers, Duke University Library. 68. Sce Cntaloplre of Duke Wnivcrsiiy School of Law, 1943-1-1944, 12, E 3. 69. Bolich xiii. A list OF the faculty from the beginnine, of the L w School throuch 1948 appears at

XIX. 70. Rulletitr of h k e University, 771e School of aflaw, Vol. 21, March 1949, 26-31. 3 1. Rolich 114-94. 72, Id. xv-xviii. 73. Its members were Ptofessors E. C. Brys~n, Chaifmsn, W. B. Bolich, E. R. Latty, M. 6. Shirnm, and

i). F. Stansbury. 74. I n 1969 both the h g a l Aid Clinic and thc Department of kgislntive Rerearch and Drafting

resumed. 75. hinc~pal participants in the dedication exercises were Provost R . Taylor Cole; United States

Senator John Sherman Cooper: Solicitor C~neral Archibald Cox; Rofcs~or Walter Gellhorn, President of thc Arsociation of American Saw Sclrools; Dean E. R. Latty; Charles S. Rhyne '37, former Resident of the American Bar Association: Chief Justice h r l Warren; and B. S. Womble '04, Chairman of tfic Executive Committee of the Dukc University Board of Trustees and of i t s Law School Committee. See 20 Dr~ke h w Reporter No. 1. Nov. 1963.

76. Durham h.larnBrg Hemld, Dec. IS, 1966, p. 2A. on July 1, 1969. official relations between the Law School and the Uar Association were rcsumed.

77. Professor A. Kenneth Pyc became Dean on Scptembcr I , 1968. 78. See Geographical Directory, h k c Zaw School Alumni (Spr in~ 1967)-