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Women and DUI

California Association of Drinker Driver Treatment Programs 2007 Fall Forum

Women and DUIDeborah Werner

Children and Family Futures, Inc.4940 Irvine Boulevard, Suite 202 * Irvine, CA 92620

714/505.3525 * dwerner@cffutures.orgwww.cffutures.org/calwcf

This Presentation is Made Possible Through a Contract with the State of California Department of Alcohol and Drug Programs

Goals

To help DUI program staff understand To help DUI program staff understand differences between male and female participantsTo help DUI programs identify ways to reach and motivate women DUI offenders in order to improve women’s retention and program outcomes

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Part 1: W AOD U & AbPart 1: Women AOD Use & Abuse

Women and Men - Priorities

Men are action and activity orientedMen are action and activity oriented.Women are people and process oriented.Sex-Role stereotyping – males are societal, women are familial

Body image, appearance key importance for women; performance key importance for males.

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Men & Women - Communication

Males tend to be linear in conversation Males tend to be linear in conversation –women tend to speak in a spiral.Males less comfortable with expressing “internal emotions” – compassion, love, sadness.Females less comfortable with expressing “external emotions” – anger.Women use more words.

Male communication is problem solving Male communication is problem solving oriented. Want to fix it.

Female communicates to process problems. Want to express it.

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Women & Men - Disparities• In 2004, women's median annual earnings were only $.76 for every

$1.00 earned by men. For women of color, the gap is even worse –only $.69 for African American women and $.58 for Latinas. (NOW)

• In California 55% of women are in the labor force. (American FactFinder)

• 15.3% of California families with children below age 18 live below the poverty level. In female headed households with children under 18 more than 32.5% are below poverty level (American FactFinder, California)

• Fifty-five percent of all employed women work in female-dominated y p p yjobs (jobs in which women comprise 70 percent or more of the workforce) whereas only 8.5 percent of all men work in these occupations. (Men working in female-dominated jobs still receive about 20 percent more than women who work in female-dominated jobs.) (National Organization for Women)

Women’s Alcohol and Other Drug Use is Different than

Men

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Women’s Pathways to Use

PartnersPartnersPeer PressureLow EsteemSelf-Medicating/Coping with PainMedia MessagesMedia Messages

Women and Alcohol Use

percent of females

percent of males

Any use of alcohol 45.0% 57.5%Binge alcohol use 15 1% 30 8%

Past Month Alcohol Use Among People Aged 12 +

Office of Applied Studies (August 2, 2007). Gender Differences in Alcohol Use and Alcohol Dependence or Abuse: 2004 and 2005. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Available at http://www.oas.samhsa.gov

Binge alcohol use 15.1% 30.8%Heavy alcohol use 3.3% 10.5%

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Alcohol Abuse by Race

percent of percent ofRace and Alcohol Abuse/Dependence by Gender

percent of females

percent of males

White 5.6% 10.6%African American/Black 3.5% 9.7%Latino/Hispanic 3.8% 12.1%American Indian/Native American 13.7% 19.5%Pacific Islander 5.7% 12.8%Pacific Islander 5.7% 12.8%Asian 2.3% 5.4%Two or More Races 7.7% 9.9%

Office of Applied Studies (August 2, 2007). Gender Differences in Alcohol Use and Alcohol Dependence or Abuse: 2004 and 2005. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Available at http://www.oas.samhsa.gov

Alcohol Abuse by Age

Age and Alcohol Abuse/Dependence by Genderpercent of

femalespercent of

males Ages 12 ‐17 6.0% 5.5% Ages 18 ‐ 25 12.9% 22.0%Ages 26 49 5 4% 12 4%

Age and Alcohol Abuse/Dependence by Gender

Office of Applied Studies (August 2, 2007). Gender Differences in Alcohol Use and Alcohol Dependence or Abuse: 2004 and 2005. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Available at http://www.oas.samhsa.gov

Ages 26 ‐ 49 5.4% 12.4% Ages 50 or older 1.6% 5.0%

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Binge Drinking

College Alcohol Study conducted by Harvard College Alcohol Study conducted by Harvard University found that 50% of males and 39% of female college students on US Campuses binge drink. (Wechsler et al. 1995).

Nearly half of high school girls drink alcohol and more than one in four binge drink. (Grunbaum, et al., 2004)

23% of alcohol fatalities are female (inferred from ADP Fact Sheet: Driving Under the Influence Statistics, Nov. 2004)

DUI Prevalence

Among adults (21 and older) 11 4% of Among adults (21 and older) 11.4% of females and 22% of males reported driving while under the influence. (NSDUH, 2005)Among youth aged 16 – 20, surveyed in 2002-2003, 18% of females report driving under the influence of alcohol or illicit drugs in the last year. (24% of males)

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Young women use substances to: Improve moodSelf-medicate mood disturbancesSelf-medicate mood disturbancesIncrease confidenceLose inhibitions Lose weight Access to alcohol and other drugsPartners, boyfriends & peers encourage useHigher incidence of dependency associated with child abuse and neglect

The experience women have with substance use is very different then the experience

of men.

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Problems and Consequences

The problems and consequences of substanceThe problems and consequences of substance for women tend to be personal and self-destructive.

The problems and consequences of substance use for men tend to be societal and destructiveuse for men tend to be societal and destructive to others.

Worse Health Effects

Drink for drink women’s brains and organs Drink for drink, women’s brains and organs are exposed to a higher concentration of alcohol compared with men. Women are more likely to develop inflammation of the liver and to die of cirrhosis. Telescoping effect

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Sexual Related Consequences

More likely to experience sexual assaultMore likely to experience sexual assaultMore likely to have unplanned sexUnplanned/teenage pregnancy and STDs

More likely to experience violence domestic More likely to experience violence, domestic violence

ChildrenWomen are often primary care-takers of

children. • Alcohol use can lead to endangerment,

chaotic up-bringing, poor role modeling, increased risk of abuse or neglect, CPS involvement

Children are a barrier to accessing services.• Child care, safety, fear of removal

Children are a motivator for change.

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Women and DUI

Less PrevalenceLess PrevalenceLess Arrests Barriers to Intervention and ParticipationReaching WomenWomen with Multiple ProblemsWomen with Multiple ProblemsRelapse Factors

Prevalence

In 1988 women made up only 10 6% of DUI In 1988 women made up only 10.6% of DUI arrestees. By 1997 it had grown to 13.2% of arrestees. In 1997 more than 25,000 women arrested for DUI. 2005 women = 17.5% of arrestees 31,160 women arrested.

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Females Arrested for DUI less likely to be Hispanic than Male Arrestees.

percent of percent of percent ofpercent of males

percent of females

percent of total

White 46.1% 65.4% 41.8%

Hispanic 47.8% 19.4% 44.1%

Black 6.6% 7.3% 6.7%

Other .4% 7.9% 7.5%

Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Criminal Justice Statistics Center Report Series, Vol 1 No 1, Report on Arrests for Driving Under the Influence, 1997, April 1999

2005 California

percent of percent of percent ofpercent of males

percent of females

percent of total

White 46.4% 60.7% 40.7

Hispanic 44.7% 23.8% 45.5

Black 7.1% 8.1% 7.1

Other 6.7% 7.4% 6.7

Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Criminal Justice Statistics Center Report Series, Vol 1 No 1, Report on Arrests for Driving Under the Influence, 1997, April 1999

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Females are older at time of arrest than males

percent of males

percent of females

percent of total

Juvenile 0.9% 1.1% 0.9% 18‐24 22.3% 18.2% 21.8% 25‐29 19.3% 16.4% 18.9% 30‐39 30.8% 33.9% 31.2%

% % % 40‐49 17.4% 21.1% 17.9% 50 or older 9.4% 9.2% 9.3% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Criminal Justice Statistics Center Report Series, Vol 1 No 1, Report on Arrests for Driving Under the Influence, 1997, April 1999

CA 2005

Median Age – Males 33.0Median Age – Females 33.3

42.7% of Males and 40.9% of Females between 21 – 309% of males under 20 and 8 2% of females9% of males under 20 and 8.2% of females under 20

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Fatal crashes among female drivers with BACs of .10 and higher, by driver age*

*Computed from NHTSA 1997 Fatality Analysis Reporting System data.

Women Not ArrestedAmong youth aged 16 – 20, surveyed in g y g y2002-2003, 18% of females report driving under the influence of alcohol or illicit drugs in the last year. (24% of males)Among those reporting driving under the influence 6% of males and 2% of females influence 6% of males and 2% of females reported being arrested and booked for DUI in the last year.

OAS, 2004

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No Arrest – No Services

Among adults (21 and older) 11 4% of Among adults (21 and older) 11.4% of females and 22% of males reported driving while under the influence. (OAS, 2005)Among all adult drivers 1.1% of males and .2% of females report an arrest for DUI. (OAS, 2005a)

Is It Really Giving Them a Break?

Erica’s Story 14 years old driving under Erica’s Story. 14 years old, driving under influence and crashed car. On scene – no DUI checks. At Court 12 hours of community service. Police not wanting to see girls/young women in jail, bring them home instead of arresting them.

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Messages that Reach WomenNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration study explored young women's views of study explored young women's views of impaired driving messages. The data analysis showed that women were most affected by • emotional appeals • graphic images of negative consequences• PSAs depicting realistic situations• those in which they could identify with the

characters

Reaching Women Continued

Authoritative messages were rejected by the Authoritative messages were rejected by the participants, especially the youngest women. Using celebrities in these messages was not viewed as effective. Humor in PSAs was seen positively by some participants and negatively by others. The data indicate that impaired driving messages targeting young women would be more effective if they were tailored for them.

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Barriers to Women’s Participation

TraumaTraumaPowerlessnessSelf-EfficacyFamily ResponsibilitiesLife ChallengesSTIGMA

DUI Programs and WomenDesigned for MengMale dominated settingsHow are family responsibilities addressed?How is a woman with low self-efficacy and powerlessness assisted?Economic and other hurtles to participation/case management?STIGMA faced by women is greater than men. Men with AOD problems also judge women more harshly.

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Paris Hilton hit Les Deux for her first visit to a club since being released from jail after serving more than three weeks for a probation violation in an alcohol-related driving case. d g case

Britney Spears didn't just make a financial settlement with the owner of a car she hit – she offered, to make a personal apology.

Actress Michelle Rodriguez speaks out about her sentence for violating probation.

Cynthia Watros, who plays Libby on ABC's hit series "Lost," pleaded guilty to drunken driving in Hawaii.

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Nicole Richie, who is six months pregnant, has enrolled in a lengthy anti-drinking education program. Papers filed with the Superior Court of California show that on Sept. 26 Richie signed up for a 18-month anti-drinking driver course, known as the SB 38 Alcohol Program.

She was "pleasantly surprised" to be released after serving 82 minutes of her four-day jail sentence for a second DUI conviction.

Lindsay Lohan pleaded guilty to two counts of being under the influence of cocaine and pleaded no contest to driving with a blood alcohol level of .08 percent or higher and reckless driving.

She will serve at least 24 hours in jail in her drunken-driving cases under the terms of a plea deal reached Thursday. Lohan was also placed on three years probation and ordered to complete an 18-month alcohol education program.

She has completed her second treatment program, has support of family and friends and a sober companion for follow-up.

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ReferencesOffice of Applied Studies (August 2, 2007). NSDUH Report: Gender Differences in Alcohol Use and Alcohol Dependence or Gender Differences in Alcohol Use and Alcohol Dependence or Abuse: 2004 and 2005. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Available at http://www.oas.samhsa.gov Office of Applied Studies (July 1, 2005). NSDUH Report: Driving Under the Influence Among Adult Drivers Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Available at http://www.oas.samhsa.gov Offi f A li d St di (S t b 2 2005) NSDUH R t Office of Applied Studies (September 2, 2005). NSDUH Report: Arrests for Driving Under the Influence Among Adult Drivers Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Available at http://www.oas.samhsa.gov Criminal Justice Statistics Center Report Series, Vol 1 No 1, Report on Arrests for Driving Under the Influence, 1997, April 1999

Office of Applied Studies (December 31, 2004). NSDUH Report: pp ( , ) pDriving Under the Influence Among Young Persons. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Available at http://www.oas.samhsa.gov Grunbaum, J.A., Kann, L., Kinchen, S., Ross, J., Hawkins, J., Lawry, R., et al. (2004). Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance: United States, 2003. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: Surveillance Summaries, 55 (SS-2).(Wechsler et al (1995) Am J of Public Health 85 921 926 )(Wechsler et.al. (1995). Am. J. of Public Health. 85. 921-926.)ADP Fact Sheet: Driving Under the Influence Statistics, Nov. 2004. Available at www.adp.ca.gov