Dubnick Justice & Bearfield 2012

8/4/2019 Dubnick Justice & Bearfield 2012

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Mxke} ae àl}xght}gal }a ]BD EATLMK]GALP AE AXCKLGZK]GALKI DUGI) dmg}dm hw @kxaid I, Jtxogdsg`z "eax}bàfglc

Edhxtkxw 8>;8', îdkpd ma la} `g}d sg}b dr~xdppdm ~dxfgppgal ae }bd kt}baxp,

8=7

@bk~}dx 2

Gfkcglglc klm Fklkcglc Axcklgzk}galki Dugi

Fdiugl J, Mthlgò) Jalk}bkl H, Jtp}g`d) klm Mafalg` K, Hdkxegdim

Gl }bgp `bk~}dx) sd kxctd”idpp ~kxkmarg`kiiw }bkl g} fgcb} k} egxp} k~~dkx”}bk} axcklgzk}galki

dugi "AD' gp) k} }bd pkfd }gfd) k etlmkfdl}kiiw lalpdlpg`ki gmdk klm k àl`dxl ae xdki gf~ax}kl`d

eax }bapd p}tmwglc ax idkmglc axcklgzk}galp, Lalpdlpg`ki) sd hdigdud) hd`ktpd }bd pdlpdp gl sbg`b

}bd dr~xdppgal ’axcklgzk}galki dugi‖ gp }w~g`kiiw tpdm”}a mdp`xghd k ~xa~dx}w ax `bkxk`}dxgp}g` ae

axcklgzk}galp cdldxkiiw ax k eaxf ae àlmt`} ~dx~d}xk}dm hw ~kx}g`tikx axcklgzk}galp”ma la}

àxxdp~alm gl klw fdklglceti skw }a k`}tki pa`gki ax lk}txki ~bdlafdlk, Cdltgldiw gf~ax}kl})

basdudx) hd`ktpd }bd tpd ae }bd iklctkcd gp pthjd`}gudiw fdklglceti) klm }bdxdeaxd àlpd{tdl}gki

klm k`}galkhid eax k sgmd xklcd ae k`}axp gl "klm àl`dxldm sg}b' axcklgzk}galp, ]bd tlg{tdiw

p}xalc xdk`}gud k}}g}tmdp "P}xkspal) ;758? Skiik`d) ;77=' }bk} cgud xgpd }a }bd tpd ae }bd iklctkcd

ae axcklgzk}galki dugi "ax pgf~iw ’dugi‖ gl klw àl}dr}') klm }bd ae}dl d{tkiiw p}xalc hdbkugaxki

xdp~alpdp hw k ukxgd}w ae p}kodbaimdxp }a pt`b k}}g}tmdp) kxd tlmdlgkhiw xdki klm fkw bkud

àlpd{tdl`dp xklcglc exaf p`baikxiw àletpgal "pdd Mthlgò) 8>>>' }a mdp}xt`}gud pa`gki klm

axcklgzk}galki àlutipgalp) glìtmglc faxki ~klg`p) sg}`b btl}p) klm }bd igod "è, Kieaxm) ;773h',

]btp) }bd ae}dl lalpdlpg`ki iklctkcd ae axcklgzk}galki dugi fa}guk}dp axcklgzk}galki

p}kodbaimdxp gl skwp }bk} fkw bkud udxw pgclgeg`kl} àlpd{tdl`dp) eax caam "pt`b kp ~xdudl}glc

ax àxxd`}glc sxalc klm mdp}xt`}gud hdbkugax' ax gii "pt`b kp pthp}g}t}glc k lds sxalc eax }bd

axgcglki ald', Hw tlmdxp}klmglc bas }bd fdklglc ae axcklgzk}galki dugi gp àlp}xt`}dm klm k`}dm

t~al) axcklgzk}galki p`baikxp klm idkmdxp fkw hd khid }a fklkcd "ax) k} }bd idkp}) kl}g`g~k}d klm

à~d sg}b' }bk} àlp}xt`}gal klm xdp~alm gl faxd àlpgp}dl}iw hdldeg`gki skwp, K`àxmglciw) sd





84>

k}}df~} bdxd }a dr~ikgl atx xdkpalglc klm g}p pgclgeg`kl`d klm }a gmdl}gew g}p gf~ig`k}galp eax

axcklgzk}galki xdpdkx`bdxp klm idkmdxp,

]bd `bk~}dx gp axcklgzdm gl}a }bxdd fkjax pd`}galp, Egxp}) sd fkod }bd `kpd }bk}) hd`ktpd

axcklgzk}galp klm dugi kxd ha}b {tgl}dppdl}gkiiw pa`gki ek`}p "pdd Pdkxid) ;774' sg}b la drgp}dl`d

glmd~dlmdl} ae }bdgx pa`gki àl}dr}) }bd àffal skwp ae p~dkoglc khat} axcklgzk}galki dugi kp k

}bglc gl&klm&ae&g}pdie "g,d,) drgp}glc glmd~dlmdl}iw ae }bd uaig}gal klm k`}galp ae glmgugmtkip' kxd

ikxcdiw lalpdlpg`ki, Wd} axcklgzk}galki dugi tlmdxp}aam kp k àl}dr}tkiiw àl}glcdl}) etl`}galki

pa`gki àlp}xt`} gp) gl ek`}) k pa`gkiiw fdklglceti àl`d~}, Ldr}) sd dr~iaxd bas }bk}

tlmdxp}klmglc bdi~p tp }a fkod pdlpd ae }bd udxw xdki skwp gl sbg`b p`baikxp) fklkcdxp) klm

ikw~da~id xdp~alm }a k`}p klm k`}axp }bk} pddf pa dcxdcgatpiw hkm kp }a hd faxkiiw

glàf~xdbdlpghid, Mdudia~glc k }w~aiacw ae dr~xdppgud kp sdii kp glp}xtfdl}ki xdk`}galp }a

~dx`dgudm dugi k`}p klm k`}axp kppa`gk}dm sg}b axcklgzk}galp kiiasp tp }a `k}dcaxgzd pafd ekfgigkx

bgp}axg`ki `kpdp klm }a pdd bas `dx}kgl }w~dp ae xdk`}galp `kl bkud dg}bdx mdp}xt`}gud ax

àlp}xt`}gud àlpd{tdl`dp,

Eglkiiw) sd àlìtmd hw la}glc ~kxkmarg`kiiw }bk} pa&`kiidm axcklgzk}galki dugi) ge

~xa~dxiw tlmdxp}aam) fkw "ge kipa ~xa~dxiw fklkcdm ax k`àffamk}dm' hd etl`}galkiiw

hdldeg`gki) pdxuglc }a ~xafa}d àlp}xt`}gud faxki ugcgikl`d klm àxxd`}gal kfalc kl

axcklgzk}gal‗p fdfhdxp klm a}bdx p}kodbaimdxp, Sd aeedx kp ha}b }dl}k}gud ~xdp`xg~}gal klm

xdpdkx`b bw~a}bdpgp }bd `dl}xki ìkgf }bk} }bd axmglkxw ~xk`}g`ki d}bg`ki xdkpalglc df~iawdm hw

lalpa`ga~k}bp gl }bdgx mkgiw iged ~xaugmdp k egxf tlmdxiwglc hkpgp eax }bd ~xdudl}gal) md}d`}gal)

klm àxxd`}gal ae k`}galp }bk} satim hd xdckxmdm kp axcklgzk}galki dugi, ]bgp `kl extg}etiiw hd

ltx}txdm hw axcklgzk}galp‗ idkmdxp) sg}b klw }xkmdaeep ae glmgugmtki d}bg`ki df~asdxfdl} kckglp}

deeg`gdl`w klm ahdmgdl`d kmk~}dm }a }bd `gx`tfp}kl`dp ae p~d`geg` axcklgzk}galp klm }kpop,





84;

Faxdaudx) hd`ktpd d}bg`ki xdkpalglc gp k idkxldm pogii) g} `kl kipa hd etx}bdx mdudia~dm gl p~d`geg`

axcklgzk}galki dlugxalfdl}p klm }kpo àl}dr}p klm eax p~d`geg` fdfhdxp ae axcklgzk}galp) gl

k~~xa~xgk}d mdcxddp,

Gf~ax}kl} Lalpdlpd

Eax p}tmdl}p ae ~bgiapa~bw) }bd ~xahidf ae dugi bkp ialc hddl xdckxmdm kp }bdaiacg`ki: ge Cam gp k

hdldeg`dl}) aflg~xdpdl}) klm aflgp`gdl} eax`d gl }bd tlgudxpd) bas madp ald dr~ikgl }bd

~xdpdl`d klm ~asdx ae dugi gl }bd saxim "Oxdfdx klm Ik}zdx) 8>>;'1 Gl àl}xkp}) }bd `dl}xki

~xahidf ek`dm hw p}tmdl}p ae axcklgzk}galki dugi gp al}aiacg`ki) ea`tpdm mgxd`}iw al }bd gpptd ae

sbd}bdx axcklgzk}galki dugi gp fd}k~bwpg`kiiw xdki "}bk} gp) drgp}p at}pgmd atx fdl}ki àlp}xt`}gal

ae g}' ax sbd}bdx g} gp k ~xamt`} ae atx glmgugmtki klm àiid`}gud àclg}gal ae atx saxim,

Gl }bgp `bk~}dx) sd kpptfd }bd ik}}dx ~apg}gal) ugdsglc axcklgzk}galki dugi kp kl gf~ax}kl}

pa`gki àlp}xt`} }bk} pdxudp k etl`}galkiiw pgclgeg`kl} xaid gl }bd skw }bk} axcklgzk}galp mdki sg}b

dr}xdfd }bxdk}p ax eaxfp ae mdugkl`d exaf }bdgx laxfp klm ~xk`}g`dp, Ht} hdeaxd aeedxglc atx

igfg}dm glpgcb}p gl}a }bd etl`}galkig}w ae AD kp k pa`gki àlp}xt`}) sd lddm }a kmmxdpp }bd hkpg`

al}aiacg`ki gpptd, Atx caki gl }bgp pd`}gal gp }a ~xaugmd k ~xddf~}gud mdedlpd }a kl}g`g~k}dm

`bkxcdp }bk} atx klkiwpgp kuagmp }bd `dl}xki gpptdp xdik}dm }a AD hw mdeglglc at} ae drgp}dl`d }bd

’dugi&gp&xdki‖ ugdsp bdim hw fklw ae atx àiidkctdp, Atx xdp~alpd gp ’ctgi}w kp `bkxcdm)‖ ht}

sg}b }bd {tkigegdx }bk} atx ~apg}gal gp la} fdxdiw mdedlpghid ht} ld`dppkxw ge sd kxd }a kmukl`d }bd

saxo ae }bd axcklgzk}galki p`gdl`dp, Jtp} kp famdxl ~bgiapa~bw eiatxgpbdm sbdl Dligcb}dlfdl}

}bglodxp khklmaldm }bd ahpdppgud ~xda``t~k}gal sg}b }bdamg`w "}bd p}tmw ae }bd ìkppg` ’~xahidf

ae dugi‖'); pa }bd kmfglgp}xk}gud p`gdl`dp bkud fkmd "klm sgii àl}gltd }a fkod' pthp}kl}gki





848

~xacxdpp hw ’lk}txkigzglc‖ }bd pt~dxlk}txki àl`d~} ae AD klm hxglcglc g} gl}a }bd kxdlk ae

df~gxg`kiiw cxatlmdm pa`gki }bdaxw,

^t}}glc atx ~dxp~d`}gud gl àl}dr} al}aiacg`kiiw xd{tgxdp xdugpg}glc ald ae }bd fap}

etlmkfdl}ki {tdp}galp gl ~bgiapa~bw: Sbk} gp xdkig}w1 Faxd p~d`geg`kiiw) gp xdkig}w fglm&

glmd~dlmdl}) ax gp g}p drgp}dl`d àl}glcdl} al }bd saxoglcp ae }bd btfkl fglm klm dr~dxgdl`d1

]bgp pddfglciw dpa}dxg` àl`dxl "ke}dx kii) eds ae tp dudx p}a~ gl }bd fgmmid ae atx htpw mkwp }a

àlpgmdx sbd}bdx atx gl}dxk`}galp sg}b }bd saxim kxd }xtiw xdki ax fdxdiw egcfdl}p ae atx

gfkcglk}gal' madp bkud k pgclgeg`kl} gf~k`} al bas sd k~~xak`b {tdp}galp xdik}dm }a AD, ]bdw

kxd {tdp}galp }bk} ~xdmk}d }bd eatlmk}galki ~bgiapa~bgdp ae îk}a klm Kxgp}a}id) ht} }bdgx

xdp~d`}gud xdp~alpdp bkud deed`}gudiw dp}khigpbdm }bd ki}dxlk}gudp }bk} mdegld }bd mdhk}d, Eax îk}a

klm îk}algp}p "}w~g`kiiw la}dm kp }bd ’gmdkigp}p‖ gl }bgp mdhk}d') xdkig}w gp fd}k~bwpg`ki) klm

ki}batcb sd kxd `k~khid ae `k~}txglc }bd ~kx}g`tikx fklgedp}k}gal ae }bk} xdkig}w gl atx }batcb}p

klm k`}galp) g}p dppdl`d gp hdwalm atx fdl}ki ax ~bwpg`ki xdk`b, Gl àl}xkp}) Kxgp}a}id‗p xdkigpf gp

’lk}txkigp}‖ klm cxatlmdm gl }bd hdigde }bk} ~da~id klm }bglcp kxd ae }bgp saxim klm `kl glmddm hd

`k~}txdm gl}diid`}tkiiw kp sdii kp fk}dxgkiiw, ]xklpeaxfdm) dr}dlmdm) klm xdàlp}xt`}dm gl fklw

skwp audx }bd `dl}txgdp) }bd mgp}gl`}gal dlmtxdp, Klm ki}batcb la ~kx}g`tikx ikhdip `kl `k~}txd

}bd àf~idrg}w ae }bd xdpti}glc mdhk}d cdldxk}dm hw }bk} ~bgiapa~bg`ki mgugpgal) eax ~xdpdl}

~tx~apdp sd pd}}id al }sa: fd}k~bwpg`ki xdkigpf klm ~xkcfk}g` xdkigpf,

’Fd}k~bwpg`ki xdkigpf‖ gp }bd ikhdi sd k~~iw }a }bd ~dxp~d`}gud }bk} kpptfdp }bd

drgp}dl`d ae k fglm&glmd~dlmdl} saxim sg}b kl ahjd`}gud drgp}dl`d, Ki}batcb sd `kl mdudia~

ukxgatp p}xk}dcgdp eax àl`d~}tkigzglc klm mdkiglc sg}b }bk} ahjd`}gud xdkig}w) g}p drgp}dl`d madp

la} xdiw al atx fdl}ki cwflkp}g`p ax gfkcglk}gal, ’^xkcfk}g` xdkigpf)‖8 gl àl}xkp}) kpptfdp kl

kclap}g` p}kl`d sbdl kmmxdppglc }bd gpptd ae kl ahjd`}gud xdkig}w, Xk}bdx) g} gp }bxatcb atx





840

~xk`}g`ki dr~dxgdl`d klm gl}diid`}tki dlckcdfdl} sg}b }bd saxim }bk} xdkig}w hdàfdp fklgedp})

}bdxdeaxd xdlmdxglc xdkig}w àl}glcdl} al pg}tk}galp klm ptxxatlmglcp,

Bas madp }bgp mgp}gl`}gal xdik}d }a }bd p}tmw ae AD1 Eax p}tmdl}p ae famdxl

axcklgzk}galp) }bd lk}txd ae ’}xt}b‖ xdfkglp kl a~dl klm mgugpgud {tdp}gal, ]bgp gp dp~d`gkiiw }xtd

eax }bapd dlckcdm gl }bd drkfglk}gal ae axcklgzk}galki dugi) gl sbg`b }bd ~bxkpd g}pdie hdcp eax

ìkxgeg`k}gal k} }bd at}pd}, Kxd sd mdkiglc sg}b k àf~atlm latl) ax gp ’axcklgzk}galki‖

glmg`k}gud ae k ~kx}g`tikx eaxf ae dugi1 Kpptfglc }bd ik}}dx "kp sd ma gl }bgp `bk~}dx') kxd sd }a

ea`tp al }bd dugi ae axcklgzk}galp1 ]bd dugi mald hw axcklgzk}galp1 Ax }bd dugi }bk} }kodp ~ik`d

sg}bgl axcklgzk}galp1 Kii `kl hd ~apg}dm kp idcg}gfk}d ea`ki ~agl}p eax klkiwpgp,

Ht} xdp~alpdp }a }bapd àl`d~}tki klm klkiw}g` `bag`dp ~kid gl gf~ax}kl`d hdeaxd bas sd

k~~xak`b }bd al}aiacg`ki p}klmglc ae axcklgzk}galki dugi, Kxd sd mdkiglc sg}b k fd}k~bwpg`ki

xdkig}w }bk} gp la} fglm&md~dlmdl}) ax gp g} k ~xkcfk}g` fdl}ki ax pa`gki àlp}xt`} `xdk}dm gl

xdp~alpd }a pafd àlmg}gal ax `bklcd gl atx ptxxatlmglcp1 Ax gp g} k ukxgk}gal ae }bd }sa

dr}xdfdp”k ~bdlafdlal }bk} }kodp al }bd `bkxk`}dxgp}g`p ae k fdklglceti àlmg}gal }bk} ftp} hd

kmmxdppdm kp k ahjd`}gud xdkig}w gl axmdx }a mdki sg}b g}1

]bd pgclgeg`kl`d ae }bdpd pafdsbk} khp}xk`} a~}galp gp ~ia}}dm gl Egctxd 2,;) sbdxd sd

bkud }xklp~apdm }bd ki}dxlk}gud ~dxp~d`}gudp eax }bd }sa odwsaxmp gl atx pthjd`}: axcklgzk}galp

klm dugi, K} }bd }sa dr}xdfdp "K!M' kxd p}tmgdp }bk} k~~xak`b }bd pthjd`} gl àf~id}diw a~~apg}d

skwp, @dii ’K‖ ~apg}p }bd drgp}dl`d ae axcklgzk}galp kp mgp}gl`} "kihdg} }w~g`kiiw àiid`}gud'0

pa`gki k`}axp }bk} `kl hd }xdk}dm kp ge }bdw ~appdpp k fkiduaidl} sgii "fgppgal' klm a~dxk}d tlmdx

kl dr~ig`g}iw mdp}xt`}gud iacg`, Eglmglc `xdmghid axcklgzk}galki p}tmgdp p`baikxpbg~ ae }bgp pax} gp

mgeeg`ti}) eax g} xd{tgxdp kl glg}gki deeax} }a dp}khigpb k skxxkl}khid àlld`}gal hd}sddl

axcklgzk}galki dugi klm g}p df~gxg`ki xdedxdl} gl }bd saxim ae axcklgzk}galp, ]bdxd kxd ~dxbk~p la





84=

faxd ahugatp `klmgmk}dp eax pt`b k p}tmw }bkl }bapd axcklgzdm deeax}p gmdl}gegdm sg}b }bd

p}xt`}txd klm a~dxk}galp ae }bd Baia`ktp}) dp~d`gkiiw }bd ld}saxo }bk} fkmd }bd Pbakb ”k }dxf

k~~igdm }a }bd dr~ig`g} klm pwp}dfk}g` ~aig`w }a dr}dxfglk}d Jdsp àlmt`}dm hw }bd Lkzg

xdcgfd”~appghid, Dudl faxd igodiw `klmgmk}dp kxd p}tmgdp }bk} zdxa gl al }bd p}xt`}txd klm

a~dxk}galp ae }bd egud Lkzg dr}dxfglk}gal `kf~p "Kxkm) ;723? pdd kipa Paepow) ;775? ]amaxau)

;775'= ”Ktp`bsg}z&Hgxodlkt) @bdifla) Hdizd`) Pahghax) klm ]xdhiglok, Kii egud

4sdxd ~kx} ae

’A~dxk}gal Xdglbkxm)‖ dp}khigpbdm gl ;7=; sg}b }bd dr~xdpp ~tx~apd ae `kxxwglc at} }bd Eglki

Pait}gal }a }bd Jdsgpb ’~xahidf‖ gl âiklm) ki}batcb }bdw kipa pdxudm kp mdp}glk}galp eax a}bdxp

exaf }bxatcbat} Lkzg&xtidm Dtxa~d, Kp baxxgeg` kp }bdpd p}tmgdp kxd) klw ìkgf }a hd }bd p}tmw ae

axcklgzk}galki dugi ~dx pd deed`}gudiw hdcp }bd àxd {tdp}gal kp }a }bd fd}k~bwpg`ki drgp}dl`d ae

AD klm }btp tlmdxfgldp }bd ukitd ae pt`b klkiw}g` deeax}p,5

]bd ’xdkig}w‖ ae axcklgzk}galp: ]bd ’xdkig}w‖ ae dugi: Fd}k~bwpg`ki ^xkcfk}g`

Fd}k~bwpg`ki K, ^txd axcklgzk}galki dugi @, Axcklgzk}galp kp glp}xtfdl}p

tpdm hw dugi ~dxpalp

^xkcfk}g` H, Axcklgzk}galp `xdk}d dugi

k`}p!k`}axp M, ^dx`dgudm "àlp}xt`}dm'

axcklgzk}galki dugi

Egctxd 2,;: Ki}dxlk}gud ’xdkig}gdp‖ ae Axcklgzk}galki Dugi

K} }bd pkfd }gfd) }bd faxd àimiw klkiw}g` p}tmgdp }bk} ekii tlmdx }bd ~txd ~xkcfk}g`

xdkig}w `k}dcaxw "axcklgzk}galki dugi kp k pa`gki àlp}xt`}' fkw hd xdckxmdm kp md}xk`}glc exaf }bd

udxw p~d`gki lk}txd ae }bd etl`}galp klm ~xamt`}galp”}bd baxxgeg` mdp}xt`}gudldpp”ae pt`b

axcklgzdm deeax}p kp }bd dr}dxfglk}gal `kf~p, Gl g}p fap} dr}xdfd eaxf) }bd pa`gki àlp}xt`}galgp}

~dxp~d`}gud pddfp hdp} ptg}dm eax ’mdlgdxp‖ sba hdigdud }bk} }bd dugmdl`d ae }bd baxxax gp fdxdiw

k ekti}w gl}dx~xd}k}gal ae }bd bgp}axg`ki ek`}p gf~apdm hw }bapd sg}b k ~aig}g`ki kcdlmk "pdd





844

Bkòglc) ;777) 0‐4', Faxdaudx) pt`b k ~dxp~d`}gud `kl hd xdckxmdm kp ltx}txglc k

laljtmcfdl}ki) kfaxki ~apg}gal }bk} `kl `xdk}d kl d}bg`ki glmgeedxdl`d kfalc p}tmdl}p ae

axcklgzk}galp: Gl ~ik`d ae ’ldudx kckgl)‖ pa`gki àlp}xt`}gugpf ~xafa}dm }bd ugds }bk} ’p}tee

bk~~dlp,‖

Atx p`bdfk ~agl}p }a }sa ki}dxlk}gud ~dxp~d`}gudp }a }bd ’~txd‖ }w~dp) klm dk`b bkp bkm

fkjax gf~k`}p al }bd p}tmw ae pa&`kiidm axcklgzk}galki dugi, ]bd fd}k~bwpg`ki ugds ae

axcklgzk}galp cgudp ’iged‖ }a pt`b dl}g}gdp kp tlg{td àiid`}gug}gdp }bk} ftp} hd }xdk}dm kp ge }bdw

bkm k mgp}gl`} eaxf ae kcdl`w gl atx pa`gki fgigdt, Sbk}dudx atx ugds khat} }bd ekl}kp}g`ki lk}txd

ae }bgp kpptf~}gal khat} axcklgzk}galp) g} gp ald dlpàl`dm gl iksp "klm idcki pwp}dfp kp k

sbaid' }bk} }xdk} àx~axk}galp kp ’~dxpalp‖ sg}b }bd xgcb}p klm ~xgugidcdp ae kii a}bdx ~dxpalp

tlmdx iks, Tlmdx }w~d H ae Egctxd 2,; kxd p}tmgdp }bk} }kod pt`b k ugds ae axcklgzk}galp

pdxgatpiw gl }didaiacg`ki }dxfp, Fap} ae}dl kppa`gk}dm sg}b }bd Sdhdxgkl ugds ae famdxl

htxdkt`xk`gdp) axcklgzk}galp kxd ~a}dl}gkiiw kii&dlàf~kppglc "}a}kigzglc' àl}dr}p }bk} ~txptd

}bd xk}galkigzk}gal ae àiid`}gud hdbkugax hw pth}iw "ht} gl}dl}galkiiw' gf~apglc k iacg` ae

}d`blg`ki xk}galkig}w al }bapd sba kxd dg}bdx dlckcdm gl ax keed`}dm hw g}, ]bgp }d`blg`ki

xk}galkig}w gp `dl}xki }a }bd dugi `xdk}dm hw famdxl axcklgzk}galp "Kmkfp klm Hkieatx) 8>>=?

Btffdi) 8>>2', Sbgid la} mdlwglc }bd ahjd`}gud xdkig}w ae dugi) p}tmgdp ae ’kmfglgp}xk}gud dugi‖

p}xdpp }bk} g} gp }bd ~xamt`} ae k mdbtfklgzk}gal ~xa`dpp }bk} `xdk}dp }batcb}idpp klm glbtfkld

k`}axp at} ae a}bdxsgpd ’axmglkxw ~da~id‖ "d,c,) Hktfkl) ;727? Hxaslglc) ;778? Bgihdxc) ;724)

;778',3

Bdxd) gl pbax}) g} gp }bd dugi ae "~dx~d}xk}dm hw' axcklgzk}galp }bk} gp fap} `xt`gki) klm

glmgugmtkip sg}bgl }bd axcklgzk}galp kxd ~ax}xkwdm kp ldkxiw bdi~idpp mt~dp ax ~kslp ae pafd

eik}iw glbtfkl dl}g}w”}bd axcklgzk}gal g}pdie,





845

]bgp k~~xak`b }a axcklgzk}galki ~xaudp ~xahidfk}g` gl k ltfhdx ae xdp~d`}p) la} }bd idkp}

hdglc }bd `xdmghgig}w ae g}p eatlmk}galki ~xdfgpd xdckxmglc }bd glbdxdl} dugildpp ae axcklgzk}galp

"Mthlgò) 8>>>' klm g}p kii }aa pgf~id "klm mklcdxatpiw `kxdidpp' k}}xght}gal ae dugimaglc }a

}bapd sba fkw ikò dugi gl}dl}galp "è, Pglcdx) 8>>=',2

Gl àl}xkp} }a }w~d H) @&}w~d p}tmgdp df~bkpgzd }bd ahjd`}gud xdkig}w ae dugi klm xdckxm

axcklgzk}galp kp fdxd udltdp ax udbgìdp eax `kxxwglc at} dugi kcdlmkp, Bdxd sd eglm }bd

bgp}axg`ki klm eg`}galki lkxxk}gudp ae dugi ~dxpalp `xdk}glc ae kpptfglc àl}xai ae }bd

axcklgzk}galki k~~kxk}tp xd{tgxdm }a etiegii fkiduaidl} cakip, Eglmglc drdf~ikxp ae dugi ~dxpalp

gl }bd pdlpd aeedxdm hw Fkx`tp Pglcdx gp) pkmiw) la} mgeeg`ti},

]bd }dxf ’dugi‖ gp }bd saxp} }dxf ae a~~xahxgtf }bk} `kl hd k~~igdm }a k btfkl hdglc, , , ,

Dugi mddmp ftp} eias exaf dugi fa}gudp) }bd uaig}gal }a ma pafd}bglc dugi) hw sbg`b G

fdkl pafd}bglc baxxdlmatpiw hkm, Ald `klla} ma pafd}bglc dugi hw k``gmdl} ax }bxatcb

}batcb}idppldpp, ]bxatcb k``gmdl} ax fgpkmudl}txd ald `kl ma pafd}bglc sxalc ax hkm)

dudl }dxxghid) ht} la} pafd}bglc dugi, Pa sbdl sd pkw }bk} pafdald mgm pafd}bglc dugi)

sd kxd pkwglc pafd}bglc khat} }bk} ~dxpal) }bk} ~dxpal‗p fa}gudp klm àlpd{tdl}iw khat}

}bk} ~dxpal‗p `bkxk`}dx, "Pglcdx) 8>>=) ;7>'

Ht} eglmglc drkf~idp ae dugi ~dxpalp sba fkod tpd ae axcklgzk}galp sg}b }bd dr~ig`g}

gl}dl}gal ae `kxxwglc at} }bdgx dugi p`bdfdp ~xaudp faxd mgeeg`ti}, ]bd ald ahugatp drkf~id }bk}

àfdp }a fglm gp Kmai~b Bg}idx) ht}) kp Xal Xapdlhktf bkp kxctdm) bd fkw gl ek`} hd k tlg{td

klm tl~xd`dmdl}dm `kpd "Xapdlhktf) ;772'”k ~agl} }bk} Bkllkb Kxdlm} p}xdppdp khat} }bd

faxd cdldxki drgp}dl`d ae dugi gl bdx sxg}glcp al sbk} }aao ~ik`d gl Dtxa~d mtxglc }bd ;70>p klm

;7=>p "pdd Hkdbx) 8>>8', Gkl Odxpbks) gl fkoglc }bd `kpd kckglp} }xdk}glc Bg}idx klm P}kigl kp

pgfgikx) kxctdm }bk} g} gp faxd extg}eti }a ugds Bg}idx kp k `bkxgpfk}g` eax`d }bk} audxsbdifdm klm

pthjd`}dm }bd Cdxfkl p}k}d }a bgp sgii, ’Sbk} a``txxdm gl }bd ]bgxm Xdg`b skp la} }bd





843

pt~~ikl}glc ae htxdkt`xk}g` mafglk}gal hw ‒`bkxgpfk}g` kt}baxg}w)‗ ht} xk}bdx }bd pt~dxgf~apg}gal

ae }bd ik}}dx al }bd eaxfdx‖ "Odxpbks) ;770) ;;8',

]bd `bag`d sd fkod exaf kfalc }bdpd eatx AD ~dxp~d`}gudp kp p}tmdl}p ae axcklgzk}galp

`kl ~xaud pgclgeg`kl} la} fdxdiw gl }dxfp ae bas sd `kxxw at} atx klkiwpdp ht} kipa bas }bd

xdpti}p kxd }a hd ~dx`dgudm klm dukitk}dm, Dr~ig`k}glc }bd xk}galkid hdbglm }bk} `bag`d gp }bdxdeaxd

gf~ax}kl} gl k} idkp} }sa xdp~d`}p: Egxp}) g} aeedxp }bd xdkmdx!àlptfdx ae pt`b p}tmgdp "glìtmglc

a}bdx xdpdkx`bdxp' kl dr~ig`g} p}klmkxm hw sbg`b }a jtmcd }bd saxo) klm) pdàlm) g} aeedxp }bd

xdpdkx`bdx kl a~~ax}tlg}w }a xdeid`} t~al sbk} gl}dl}galp klm hgkpdp kxd gleitdl`glc }bd deeax} "è,

Htlcd) 8>>5? ]patokp) 8>>>',

Kp kixdkmw la}dm) atx `bag`d kfalc }bd eatx ugds~agl}p gp }a àlpgmdx ha}b mgfdlpgalp ae

AD kp pa`gki àlp}xt`}p "]w~d M', Faxdaudx) sd }kod }bd ~apg}gal }bk} }bgp ~dxp~d`}gud gp }bd aliw

`xdmghid a~}gal ge }bd gl}dl}gal gp "kp g} gp gl atx `kpd' }a kmukl`d }bd p}tmw ae axcklgzk}galp kp kl

df~gxg`kiiw cxatlmdm ~bdlafdlal }bk} ~dxukmdp atx igudp k} kii idudip, ]bd `dl}xki {tdp}gal eax

tp k} }bd at}pd} skp sbd}bdx }bgp ~kx}g`tikx kp~d`} ae famdxl axcklgzk}galp”}bk} gp) }bd

sgmdp~xdkm ~xdpdl`d ae k hdigde gl }bd drgp}dl`d ae AD”`kl hd dr~ikgldm klm) ge pa) sbd}bdx }bd

hdigde gl AD `kl hd exkfdm gl k skw }bk} etx}bdx dlbkl`dp atx olasidmcd khat} pa`gki iged sg}bgl

klm kfalc axcklgzk}galp,

Fkoglc Pdlpd ae Axcklgzk}galki Dugi

]a xdg}dxk}d atx ea`tp gl }bgp `bk~}dx) sd kxd àlpgmdxglc bas klm sbw pa&`kiidm dugi dfdxcdp

sg}bgl axcklgzk}galp kp sdii kp ukxgatp p`dlkxgap eax mdkiglc sg}b g} sbdl g} madp dfdxcd, Sd

hdcgl sg}b }bd "]w~d M' kpptf~}gal }bk} ha}b axcklgzk}galp klm }bd àl`d~} ae dugi kxd





842

etl`}galki pa`gki àlp}xt`}p) àlp}g}t}dm gl p~d`geg` pg}tk}galp klm `ti}txki fgigdtr, ]bdw kxd) eax

kii gl}dl}p klm ~tx~apdp) bgp}axg`kiiw klm `ti}txkiiw àl}glcdl} pa`gki ek`}p "Pdkxid) ;774',

Xdckxmglc axcklgzk}galp) sd kpptfd }bd àlp}xt`}gugp} ~apg}gal }bk} }bdw kxd alcaglc

pa`gki dlk`}fdl}p) }bd mwlkfg` ~xamt`} ae }bd gl}dxpthjd`}gud glp}g}t}galkigzk}gal ae pa`gki laxfp

klm ~xk`}g`dp "pdd Cdxcdl klm ]bk}`bdlodxw) ;775? Sdgò) ;737? è, Eidd}saam) 8>>4', ]btp)

dudl }a }kio khat} kl axcklgzk}gal kp k mgp}gl`} dl}g}w }bk} hdbkudp ax }kodp fdklglceti k`}gal gp)

k} hdp}) k àludlgdl} eaxf ae xdgeg`k}gal }bk}) sbgid ~xkcfk}g`kiiw klm xbd}axg`kiiw tpdeti) `kl

~xaud mwpetl`}galki gl ha}b ~xk`}g`ki klm klkiw}g`ki }dxfp,

Xdiwglc al }bgp mdxdgegdm ~dxp~d`}gud) axcklgzk}galp `kl hd ugdsdm klkiw}g`kiiw gl k

ltfhdx ae skwp) xklcglc exaf k xdik}gudiw ldt}xki pd}}glc eax glmgugmtki ax pa`gki gl}dxk`}gal

"d,c,) k p}kcd t~al sbg`b }bd btfkl mxkfk ae ’axcklgzglc‖ gp ~ikwdm at}' }a k àclg}gud ek`}ax

}bk} bdi~p àlp}g}t}d klm fdmgk}d ~tx~apdeti pa`gki k`}gug}w, Gl }bk} pdlpd) }bd axcklgzk}gal `klla}

hd xdckxmdm kp dg}bdx kcdl} ax k`}ax) wd} gl pa&`kiidm axcklgzk}galki dugi g} gp }xdk}dm kp k

àl}glcdl`w ax "k} hdp}' `ktpki ek`}ax,

Pgfgikxiw) dugi gp kipa }xdk}dm kp k pa`gki àlp}xt`} sg}b p~d`geg` etl`}galkig}w klm

`bkxk`}dxgp}g`p, Etl`}galkiiw) dugi gp tpdm gl pa`gki pg}tk}galp kp kl k}}xght}gal ae dg}bdx kl k`} ax

k`}ax tlmdx k ukxgd}w ae `gx`tfp}kl`dp, K mgp}gl`}gal `kl hd fkmd hd}sddl k}}xght}galp }bk} kxd

fkmd sg}b gl}dl}gal klm ~tx~apd "glp}xtfdl}ki' klm }bapd }bk} xdeid`} k p}xalc pthjd`}gud

xdp~alpd }a k`} ax k`}gal }bk} gp ~dx`dgudm kp }bxdk}dlglc) mdugkl} gl }bd dr}xdfd”}bk} gp) at}pgmd

}bd k}}xght}ax‗p faxki exkfd ae xdedxdl`d”tlàlp`galkhid ax a}bdxsgpd pa`gkiiw tlek}bafkhid

"dr~xdppgud',

Pa`gaiacgp}p satim xdckxm }bd k`} ae k}}xght}gal”sbd}bdx glp}xtfdl}ki ax dr~xdppgud”kp

k eaxf ae ’ikhdiglc‖ }bk}) sbk}dudx g}p gl}dl}) p}gcfk}gzdp }bd }kxcd}dm k`}!k`}ax 7

sbgid cguglc





847

pafd mdcxdd ae keed`}gud pk}gpek`}gal }a }bapd sba k~~iw ax k``d~} g},;>

Egctxd 2,8 ~xaugmdp pafd

~dxp~d`}gud al }bd }w~dp ae xdp~alpdp xdeid`}dm gl k}}xght}galp, Kl dr~xdppgud k}}xght}gal }bk}

ea`tpdp al }bd mdugkl} k`}ax sgii hd jtmcfdl}ki) kppdx}glc }bk} }bd glmgugmtki k`}dm gl kl

tlk``d~}khid skw "hkm) sxalc) glk~~xa~xgk}diw' "pdd Ok~ikl) ;7=8', Sbdl k~~igdm sg}b gl}dl})

}bd k}}xght}gal `kl hd dr}dlmdm }a `bkxk`}dxgzglc”p}gcfk}gzglc”}bd k`}ax "Caeefkl) ;750? Iglo

klm ^bdikl) 8>>;', Sbdl k~~igdm dr~xdppgudiw }a k ~kx}g`tikx k`}) }bd xdp~alpd tptkiiw xgpdp }a }bd

idudi ae glmgclk}gal klm xdpdl}fdl} "xdeid`}glc sbk} ^,E, P}xkspal `kiidm k ’xdk`}gud k}}g}tmd‖ gl

}bd k}}xght}ax' "Xtppdii) ;778? P}xkspal) ;758', Gl faxd p}xk}dcg` bklmp) }bd k}}xght}gal ae }bd k`}

kfatl}p }a `almdflk}gal klm `kiip eax pkl`}galp klm a}bdx eaxfp ae ~tlgpbfdl} "pdd ^gudl)

;72;',

+ K}}xght}gal+gp:+

Ea`tp+al:+ Dr~xdppgud+ Glp}xtfdl}ki+

K`}ax+ Jtmcfdl}ki+ P}gcfk}gzglc+

K`}+ Glmgclk}gal+ @almdflk}gal+

Egctxd+2,8:+]w~dp+ae+k}}xght}gal+xdp~alpdp +

Sbdl g} `afdp }a }bd ikhdi ’dugi)‖ }bdpd `bkxk`}dxgp}g`p ae k}}xght}galp kxd faxd dr}xdfd,

Kii k}}xght}galp ae k`}p klm k`}axp kxd igodiw }a cdldxk}d xdp~alpdp gl }bd eaxf ae `bklcdp klm

kmjtp}fdl}p gl }bd ~dx`d~}galp klm k`}galp k} kii idudip ae }bd axcklgzk}gal "d,c,) glmgugmtki)

cxat~') ht} }bapd }bk} }dlm }a skxxkl} }bd mdpgclk}gal kp dugi pddf }a `xdk}d kl gf~dxk}gud eax k

xdp~alpd) dp~d`gkiiw ge fa}guk}dm hw gl}dl} "glp}xtfdl}ki',

]bapd xdp~alpdp `kl }kod ukxgatp eaxfp gl pa`gd}w) ti}gfk}diw idkmglc }a }bd

’ldt}xkigzk}gal‖ ax ’mdp}gcfk}gzk}gal‖ ae }bd ikhdidm k`}ax ax k`} "Pwodp klm Fk}zk) ;743?

Skxxdl) ;72>', Gl pafd glp}kl`dp) }bd dugi k}}xght}gal `kl xdpti} gl }bd mdfalgzk}gal ae ikhdidm





85>

~a~tik}galp klm xdpti} gl ’faxki ~klg`p‖ "pdd hdias? @abdl) 8>>8? Caamd klm Hdl&Wdbtmk)

;77=', ]bgp) gl }txl) `kl idkm }a }bd dr~klpgal ae faxki xdctik}galp mdpgcldm }a ~xdìtmd klm

~xddf~} et}txd dugip "@xg}`bdx) 8>>7? Bgdx) 8>>8', K} a}bdx }gfdp) kl k}}xght}gal `kl hd famgegdm)

tpglc ~xa`dppdp }bk} pa`gaiacgp}p `kii ’mdikhdiglc‖ ax ’xdikhdiglc,‖ Fklw ae }bdpd p}tmgdp ea`tp

al }bd `bklcglc ae ikhdip exaf gf~iwglc mdugkl`d "d,c,) kiàbaig`' }a mdpgclk}glc pafd eaxf ae

fkikmw "d,c,) kiàbaigpf' "^xdp}al d} ki,) ;772? ]xg`d klm Xafkl) ;73>', Gl }bd pkfd skw) }bdw

gf~iw k ~xa`dpp gl sbg`b k`}p klm k`}axp glg}gkiiw k}}xght}dm kp dugi fgcb} hd xdckxmdm kp fdxdiw

mdugkl} ax pteedxglc exaf kl giildpp }bk} `ktpdm }bd md~xkudm hdbkugax,

Sd hdigdud }bdpd pkfd mwlkfg`p k~~iw sbdl mdkiglc sg}b pa&`kiidm axcklgzk}galki dugi,

Sbdl) }bxatcb dg}bdx dr~xdppgud ax glp}xtfdl}ki k}}xght}gal) axcklgzk}galki k`}p!k`}axp kxd p}kgldm

sg}b }bd ikhdi ae dugi) k ltfhdx ae ~xa`dppdp }kod ~ik`d }bk} `kl dg}bdx kccxkuk}d ax kfdigaxk}d

}bd pg}tk}gal dp}khigpbdm hw }bd k}}xght}gal, Gl }bd eaiiasglc klkiwpgp sd àlpgmdx }bxdd pt`b

~xa`dppdp: ";' mdfalgzk}gal) "8' xdikhdiglc) klm "0' xd`kp}glc,

]bd hkpgp eax atx klkiwpgp gp }bd exkfdsaxo gl Egctxd 2,0) sbg`b mgp}glctgpbdp hd}sddl

bas k`}p klm k`}axp kxd ~dx`dgudm gl }bd àl}dr} ae k ~xahidfk}g` pg}tk}gal gl sbg`b }bdw kxd }bd

ea`tp ae k}}dl}gal, Gl }bd fap} dr}xdfd pg}tk}gal "`dii M') ha}b }bd k`} klm k`}ax kxd xdckxmdm kp

dugi) `xdk}glc k p}k}d }bk} gp fap} k~~xa~xgk}diw }dxfdm ’sgòdmldpp,‖ ]bgp gp }bd ea`tp ae atx

drkfglk}gal ae mdfalgzk}gal klm faxki ~klg`p, @diip H klm @ kxd `dl}xki }a atx klkiwpgp ae

xdikhdiglc) hd`ktpd ha}b gluaiud xdàlpgmdxk}gal ae }bd fa}guk}galp klm `gx`tfp}kl`dp tlmdx

sbg`b }dxxghid k`}p a``tx, Gl @dii H) }bd dugi pt~~apdmiw xdpgmdp gl }bd k`}ax sba gp }batcb}idppiw

’jtp} eaiiasglc axmdxp‖ ax maglc sbk} gp dr~d`}dm sg}bat} xdeid`}glc al }bd àl}xght}gal ae bgp ax

bdx fglax }xklpcxdppgalp }a }bd tlp~dkokhid at}àfdp, ]bgp pg}tk}gal skp ekfatpiw mdp`xghdm hw

Bkllkb Kxdlm} kp }bd hklkig}w ae dugi) klm g} skp P}klidw Fgicxkf sba mdp`xghdm pt`b





85;

glmgugmtkip kp hdglc gl kl ’kcdl}g` p}k}d‖ ae fglm, Gl @dii @) hw àl}xkp}) kxd k`}axp sba a~dxk}d

gl sbk} ^xgfa Idug ";727' `kiidm }bd faxki ’cxkw zald)‖ gl sbg`b }bdgx kskxdldpp ae }bd baxxghid

k`}p }bdw kxd àffg}}glc gp aeepd} hw }bd lddm }a ptxugud "ax pt``ddm' sg}bgl }bdgx pa`gki fgigdt,

Eglkiiw) gl @dii K sd eglm drkf~idp ae ha}b mdikhdiglc klm }bd ldt}xkigzk}gal ae dugi k}}xght}galp

}bxatcb k`àtl}khgig}w klm a}bdx fdklp,

+K`}ax+gp+~dx`dgudm+kp: +

K`}+~dx`dgudm+kp:+]xklpcxdppax+ Dugi+

]xklpcxdppgal+ "K'+K`àtl}khgig}w+ "H'+Kcdl}g`+p}k}d +

Dugi++ "@'+Cxdw+Zald+ "M'+Sgòdmldpp+

Egctxd+2,0:+Eaxfp+ae+Pa`gkiiw+@alp}xt`}dm+Axcklgzk}galki+Dugi +"Hkpdm+al+Mthlgò+klm+Jtp}g`d)+8>>5'+

Mdfalgzk}gal: Sgòdmldpp klm Faxki ^klg`p

Kp k pa`gki àlp}xt`}gal) ~dx`dgudm sgòdmldpp gl axcklgzk}galp `kl }kod k ukxgd}w ae eaxfp, ]bd

k`}&k`}ax }gd gp kifap} kl gmdl}g}w, Gl }bd dugmdl} `kpdp eatlm gl }bd ig}dxk}txd) }bd àlld`}gal skp

p}xalc klm ~dxbk~p glpd~kxkhid: htiiwglc&htiiw "Xbamdp d} ki,) 8>;>? Ugòdxp) 8>>;) 8>;>')

xk`gpf&xk`gp} "Hxgde d} ki,) 8>>>? @ax}glk) 8>>2? Cxgeeg}b d} ki,) 8>>3? Fgp}xw klm Ik}aa) 8>>7')

klm `bgim khtpd&`bgim khtpdx "mdWatlc) ;775) 8>>2? Bgdx) 8>>2? Ftxxkw) 8>>;? Xg`bkxmpal)

Xdg`bdx} klm Iwodp) 8>>7', Gl pt`b dr}xdfd `kpdp) }bd xdk`}gal ha}b glpgmd klm at}pgmd kl

axcklgzk}gal gp }a dr}dlm }bd ~xa`dpp ae ikhdiglc }bxatcb ’mdfalgzk}gal)‖ k hkpgp eax }bd

mdudia~fdl} ae faxki ~klg`p,

Bdxd sd ea`tp al }bd `kpd ae xk`gpf kp k ’faxki dugi,‖ Cgudl }bd ialc klm }xathidm

bgp}axw gl }bd Tlg}dm P}k}dp àl`dxlglc gpptdp ae xk`d) }bd xk`gpf&xk`gp} }gd bkp hdàfd "xgcb}etiiw

pa' k xg`b }kxcd} eax mdfalgzk}gal, Gl xd`dl} wdkxp) audx} mgp`xgfglk}gal al }bd hkpgp ae àiax bkp

ae}dl xdpti}dm gl p}xalc klm pdudxd xdhtodp eax }bapd k``tpdm, ]bgp gp dp~d`gkiiw }xtd ae }bapd sba





858

`kl hd mdp`xghdm kp ~appdppglc k ’xk`gp} bdkx})‖ kl glmgugmtki àffg}}dm }a klm àf~id}diw

tlxd~dl}kl} khat} xk`gp} k`}p "Ckx`gk) ;775) ;773? è, Pbdihw) 8>>8',

Gl g}p `dl}xki klm fap} ug`gatp eaxf) g} gp k bk}xdm) gii&sgii) mgxd`}dm kckglp} k ~dxpal ax

~dxpalp al k`àtl} ae }bdgx kppgcldm xk`d, Gl k mdxguk}gud eaxf) ald gp k xk`gp} sbdl alddg}bdx madp la} `kxd k} kii ax madp la} `kxd dlatcb "g,d,) kp ft`b kp faxkig}w xd{tgxdp' ax

madp la} `kxd gl }bd xgcb} skwp khat} ~da~id kppgcldm }a k `dx}kgl xk`gki cxat~) sbdxd }bgp

mgpxdckxm gp hkpdm al xk`gki ìkppgeg`k}gal, Xk`gpf) }bdl) gp pafd}bglc }bk} dppdl}gkiiw

gluaiudp la} atx hdigdep klm }bdgx xk}galkig}w ax gxxk}galkig}w) ht} atx skl}p) gl}dl}galp)

igodp) klm mgpigodp klm }bdgx mgp}kl`d exaf }bd faxki ugx}tdp, , , , Pt`b k ugds bdi~p

dr~ikgl xk`gpf‗p àl`d~}tki }gdp }a ukxgatp eaxfp ae bk}xdm klm àl}df~}, "Ckx`gk) ;775)

5‐3'

Ckx`gk‗p ugds "bd }dxfp g} ’uaig}galki xk`gpf‖') gxalg`kiiw) exddp }bd faxki dugi ae xk`gpf

exaf g}p xk`gki faaxglcp, Sbg}d al lalsbg}d xk`gpf fgcb} bkud hddl }bd glg}gki ea`tp ae

kl}gmgp`xgfglk}gal deeax}p klm ~aig`gdp) ht} fglaxg}gdp gl ~apg}galp ae ~asdx bkud gl`xdkpglciw

hddl `kiidm }a k`àtl} eax }bdgx k`}galp àl`dxlglc mgp`xgfglk}gal }askxm ~da~id at}pgmd }bdgx

asl xk`gki!d}blg` cxat~,

Eax glp}kl`d) pbax}iw ke}dx }bd did`}gal ae Hkxkò Ahkfk gl 8>>2) pdudxki àlpdxuk}gud

fdmgk ~dxpalkig}gdp ptccdp}dm }bk} }bd àtl}xw‗p egxp} hikò ~xdpgmdl} satim drk`} xdudlcd al }bd

sbg}d ~a~tik}gal kp k fdklp ae ~kwhkò eax wdkxp ae bgp}axg`ki mgp`xgfglk}gal, Fdmgk at}id}p

kxctdm }bk} }bd Jtp}g`d Md~kx}fdl}‗p xdetpki }a `bkxcd }bd exglcd k`}gugp} cxat~ }bd Lds Hikò

^kl}bdx ^kx}w sg}b ua}dx gl}gfgmk}gal) klm kl gl`gmdl} gl sbg`b k watlc sbg}d p}tmdl} skp hdk}

t~ al k p`baai htp hw k cxat~ ae hikòp ~xaugmdm dugmdl`d ae sbk} }bd et}txd satim iaao igod gl

’Ahkfk‗p Kfdxg`k,‖

Gl Jtiw 8>;>) Hgc Caudxlfdl}) k Sdh pg}d asldm hw lds fdmgk dl}xd~xdldtx Klmxds

Hxdg}hkx}) ~ap}dm k ugmda ae k p~dd`b cgudl hw Pbgxidw Pbdxxam) kl aeeg`gki sg}b T,P, Md~kx}fdl}

ae Kcxg`ti}txd) k} kl kskxmp mglldx eax }bd Lk}galki Kppa`gk}gal eax }bd Kmukl`dfdl} ae @aiaxdm

^da~id "LKK@^', Gl }bd ugmda) Pbdxxam) kl Kexg`kl&Kfdxg`kl safkl) skp }diiglc k p}axw khat}





850

bas) dkxigdx gl bdx `kxddx) pbd bkm mgp`xgfglk}dm kckglp} k sbg}d ekxfdx sba sdl} }a bdx eax bdi~,

Paal ke}dxskxm) a}bdx fdmgk at}id}p hdckl pbasglc }bd ugmda) ìkgfglc g} kp dugmdl`d }bk} kl

Ahkfk kmfglgp}xk}gal aeeg`gki bkm dlckcdm gl xk`gki mgp`xgfglk}gal, Sg}bgl mkwp) }bd etxw

ptxxatlmglc Pbdxxam‗p p~dd`b bkm hdàfd pa gl}dlpd }bk} pbd skp eax`dm }a xdpgcl) sg}b

Kcxg`ti}txd Pd`xd}kxw ]af Ugipkò ~agl}glc }a }bd kmfglgp}xk}gal‗p ’zdxa }aidxkl`d‖ al

mgp`xgfglk}gal kp }bd xdkpal eax bdx pd~kxk}gal,

Pa`gaiacgp}p satim mdp`xghd }bgp gl`gmdl} kp k ’faxki ~klg`)‖ k }dxf egxp} tpdm hw P}klidw

@abdl gl bgp ìkppg` p}tmw ae Dlcigpb wat}b cklcp "@abdl) 8>>8', ]bdxd bd mdp`xghdp kl

drkccdxk}dm xdk`}gal }a ~bdlafdlk ax dudl}p }bk} kxd ~dx`dgudm kp }bxdk}dlglc ax t~pd}}glc

}xkmg}galki laxfp, K} }bd `dl}dx ae k faxki ~klg` gp }bd eaio mdugi: k cxat~) dl}g}w) ax ahjd`} }bk}

dfdxcdp kp }bd }kxcd} ae mgpmkgl, Mdp`xghdm kp ’}bd ~dxpalgeg`k}gal ae dugi‖ "Bgdx) 8>>8') eaio

mdugip pdxud kp ’ugpghid xdfglmdxp ae sbk} sd pbatim la} hd‖ "@abdl) 8>>8) 8', Gl }bgp xdp~d`})

eaio mdugip kxd) gl Caeefkl‗p }dxfp) p}gcfk}gzdm: mgp`xdmg}dm glmgugmtkip ax cxat~p }bk} hdkx }bd

fkxodxp ae }bdgx p}gcfk}gpf kp k ~kx} ae }bdgx pa`gki gmdl}g}w "Caeefkl) ;750', Sbk} fkodp }bd

eaio mdugi mgeedxdl} gp }bk} g} bkp hddl mdfalgzdm klm) kp k àlpd{tdl`d) g} bkp hddl fkxodm kp

dugi”k htxmdl ft`b cxdk}dx }bkl }bk} `kxxgdm hw fap} mgp`xdmg}dm cxat~p, Sbgid ’laxfkip‖ fkw

pbtl }bapd }bdw bkud p}gcfk}gzdm) }bdw kxd p}gii kiiasdm }a àdrgp}, Ht} bas madp ald àdrgp} sg}b

dugi1 Ald `klla}) }btp }bd mdfalgzdm eaio mdugi ftp} hd mdedk}dm ax ~txcdm,

Kp paal kp }bd ugmda sdl} ugxki al }bd Gl}dxld}) Pbdxxam skp }xklpeaxfdm gl}a }bd ek`d ae

sgòdmldpp, Bdxd skp k xdik}gudiw bgcb&~ik`dm hikò ~thig` aeeg`gki sba pddfdm }a xdigpb }diiglc

}bd p}axw ae bas pbd bkm al`d mgp`xgfglk}dm kckglp} }bd sbg}d ekxfdx) klm eax fklw }bd gfkcd

~xdpdl}dm ae ’Ahkfk‗p Kfdxg`k‖ hd`kfd p}xgoglciw xdki, Gl kl kcdl`w }bk} bkm xd`dl}iw hddl

k``tpdm ae ~dx~d}tk}glc mgp`xgfglk}axw ~aig`gdp sg}b xdckxm }a Kexg`kl&Kfdxg`kl ekxfdxp) }bd





854

drgp}dl`d ae }bd axcklgzdm deeax}”k ukxgd}w ae ~pw`baiacg`ki klm p}xk}dcg` fd`bklgpfp `kl àfd

gl}a ~ikw }bk} `kl fkod }bd ~dx`d~}gal g}pdie faxd ’fklkcdkhid‖ gl }bd pdlpd ae kiiasglc ha}b

axcklgzk}gal fdfhdxp klm dr}dxlki ahpdxudxp }a ’fkod pdlpd‖ ae sbk} skp glg}gkiiw

tlek}bafkhid, Fklw ae }bdpd pdlpd&fkoglc fd`bklgpfp "pdd Sdgò) ;737) ;774' gluaiud

ki}dxglc }bd fdklglc ae }bd k}}xght}gal”k ~xa`dpp }dxfdm ’xdikhdiglc‖ hw }bapd sba p}tmw }bd

pa`gaiacw ae mdugkl`d "d,c,) ^xdp}al d} ki,) ;772? ]xg`d klm Xafkl) ;73>',

]bd xdikhdiglc ~k}b at} ae }bd sgòdmldpp zald }kodp }sa eaxfp) dk`b kl k}}df~} }a

~xaugmd k fdklglceti dr~iklk}gal ax dr`tpd eax }bd ~dx`dgudm dugi k`} ax k`}ax sg}bat}

ld`dppkxgiw xdlmdxglc g} eaxcgukhid ax idckiiw k`}galkhid, Ald ~k}b gluaiudp ugdsglc }bd pa&`kiidm

dugi&madxp kp pthfgppgud kcdl}p sba kxd ahigugatp ax glmgeedxdl} }a }bd baxxgeg` gf~ig`k}galp ae

}bd axcklgzdm dlmdkuax gl sbg`b }bdw kxd dlckcdm, ]bgp gp }bd ugds xdeid`}dm gl Kxdlm}‗p

’hklkig}w ae dugi‖ ";735') klm g} xd~xdpdl}p }bd dugi&madxp kp }batcb}idpp klm tlxdeid`}gud) wd}

sgiiglc) ~kx}g`g~kl}p a~dxk}glc kp àcp gl k mdp}xt`}gud fk`bgld, Exaf }bgp ~dxp~d`}gud) }bd àxd

dugildpp igdp ~xgfkxgiw gl }bd }batcb}idpp k`}ax sba) xk}bdx }bkl hdglc xdckxmdm kp pafd bk~idpp

mai}) hdkxp faxki xdp~alpghgig}w eax kpptfglc kl ’kcdl}g` p}k}d‖ klm la} kppdx}glc }bd glbdxdl}

btfkl `k~k`g}w }a ’`baapd }a ma a}bdxsgpd,‖ ]bd ki}dxlk}gud ~k}b) mgp`tppdm hdias) htgimp al

^xgfa Idug‗p ahpdxuk}galp xdckxmglc }bd faxki ’cxkw zald‖ }bk} eaxfdm }bd pd}}glc ae

àlp`gatpiw àf~ig`g} dugi&madxp,

]a tlmdxp}klm }bd kcdl}g` p}k}d eaxf ae dugi) sd }txl }a P}klidw Fgicxkf‗p ekfatp "klm

glekfatp' p}tmw ae ahdmgdl`d "Fgicxkf) ;750) ;73=') kl dr~ig`g} }dp} ae }bgp famdi ae dugi, Gl

}bapd sdii&olasl dr~dxgfdl}p) bd ~ik`dm bgp pthjd`}p gl k pd}}glc }bk} xd{tgxdm klm eap}dxdm }bd

idcg}gfk}d dr~d`}k}gal eax ahdmgdl} hdbkugax, Al k p}xg`}iw ahjd`}gud idudi) }bd axcklgzk}galki

pd}}glc eax }bd dr~dxgfdl}p àtim bkxmiw bkud hddl faxd hdlgcl: k ikh al k tlgudxpg}w `kf~tp





855

audxpddl hw kl kt}baxg}k}gud&iaaoglc egctxd "}bd ’p`gdl}gp}‖ gl k sbg}d ikh jkòd}' klm kl

dr~iklk}gal }bk} ckud }bd gf~xdppgal }bk} }bgp skp k jtp}gegkhid dr~dxgfdl} xdik}dm }a }bd

gf~xaudfdl} ae idkxlglc, Gl }bd skg}glc kxdk) dk`b pthjd`} fd} klm `bk}}dm gleaxfkiiw sg}b }bd

a}bdx ’~kx}g`g~kl}‖ gl }bd dr~dxgfdl}) klm ha}b sdxd dugmdl}iw hdglc àf~dlpk}dm eax }bdgx }gfd,

Gl pbax}) dudxw}bglc skp mald }a mxgud }bd ~xgfkxw pthjd`} ae }bd xdki dr~dxgfdl} gl}a sbk}

Fgicxkf }dxfp kl kcdl}g` p}k}d gl sbg`b }bdxd kxd ìdkx dr~d`}k}galp ae `kxxwglc }bd a~dxk}galp }a

k pt``dppeti àf~id}gal,

^t}}glc kpgmd }bd d}bg`ki gpptdp xkgpdm hw }bd mdpgcl klm àlmt`} ae }bd Fgicxkf

dr~dxgfdl}) g}p xdpti}p ~xaugmd pt~~ax} eax k ugds }bk} axmglkxw ~da~id) ~ik`dm gl ahjd`}gudiw

hdlgcl pd}}glcp) `kl `kxxw at} pgclgeg`kl} k`}p ae }ax}txd sg}bat} k ’pdàlm }batcb}‖ khat} }bd

faxki àlpd{tdl`dp ae }bdgx hdbkugax, Eax Kxdlm} klm a}bdxp sba kmbdxd }a k Okl}gkl la}gal ae

’xkmg`ki dugi)‖ }bd kcdl}g` p}k}d kpptfdm hw glmgugmtkip gp kl glbdxdl} kp~d`} "klm mklcdx' ae

famdxl axcklgzk}galki iged }bk} `kl hd audxàfd hw fkoglc faxki `bag`dp la} }a ~kx}g`g~k}d "kp

mgm pafd pthjd`}p gl Fgicxkf‗p p}tmw', ]bapd sba ma la} ma pa”}bapd sba xdlmdx }bdfpdiudp

’pt~dxeitatp‖”kxd àlmdflkhid kp }batcb}idpp dugi&madxp,

Pbge}glc }bd pa`gkiiw àlp}xt`}dm ~dx`d~}gal ae AD exaf }bd mdfalgzk}gal ae sgòdmldpp

}a }bd }batcb}idppldpp ae kcdl}g` dugi madp la}) k} egxp}) pddf igod kl ’gf~xaudfdl}‖ gl }bd

pg}tk}gal, Ht} }bd Kxdlm}gkl eaxftik}gal `kxxgdp }bd gf~igdm pdlpd }bk} }bapd a~dxk}glc tlmdx }bd

~xdpptxdp ae kl glbdxdl} ’xkmg`ki dugi‖ àtim `baapd la} }a ma pa) ge aliw }bdw drdx`gpdm }bd faxki

sgii }a xdeid`} al sbk} }bdw kxd maglc ax hdglc kpodm }a ma, Kp pa`gki àlp}xt`}p) mdfalp kxd

ba~didpp? kcdl}p kxd pkiukcdkhid,





852

àiik~pd) klm }bd ~xahidf dfdxcdp ae bkuglc }a mdki sg}b dugi k`}p tlmdx}kodl hw k`}axp sba

`klla} hd jtmcdm tlmdx klw ae }bd dr}kl} d}bg`ki `k}dcaxgdp ax p}klmkxmp "pdd Kckfhdl) 8>>>',

Eax pt~~ax} ae }bgp ugds) sd }txl }a kla}bdx pd} ae dr~dxgfdl}p kppa`gk}dm sg}b }bd p}tmw

ae }bd btfkl `k~k`g}w eax pa&`kiidm dugi, ]bd P}kleaxm ^xgpal Dr~dxgfdl} "Zgfhkxma) ;738' gp

ae}dl ugdsdm kp k àlegxfk}gal ae }bd Fgicxkf p}tmw) ht} g} ~agl}p }a pafd}bglc {tg}d mgeedxdl}:

}bd ~asdx ae axcklgzk}galki xaidp gl }bd eap}dxglc ae fkiduaidl} hdbkugax, ]bd pd}}glc klm }bd

axgdl}k}galp ae ~kx}g`g~kl}p }a }bdgx ’jahp‖ gl }bd pbax}&igudm dr~dxgfdl} kxd sdii ma`tfdl}dm gl

egif eaa}kcd klm ~ap}dudl} gl}dxugdsp kp sdii kp sxg}glc) klm sbk} }bd dugmdl`d glmg`k}dp gp }bk}

axmglkxw glmgugmtkip `kl }xklpeaxf }bdfpdiudp gl}a dl}btpgkp}g` k`àf~ig`dp gl pbaòglc

hdbkugax, Gl xd`dl} wdkxp) Zgfhkxma klm bgp àiidkctdp bkud dr}dlmdm }bd idppalp mxksl exaf bgp

dr~dxgfdl} }a k faxd dr}dlmdm klkiwpgp }bk} kmmxdppdm dudl}p pt`b kp Kht Cbxkgh) fkoglc }bd

`kpd eax sbk} bd }dxfp }bd ’It`gedx deed`}‖ gl axcklgzk}galki pd}}glcp "Zgfhkxma) 8>>3',

Sbk} }bd cxkw zald ~dxp~d`}gud pbkxdp sg}b }bd kcdl}g` p}k}d àlp}xt`}gal ae dugi gp }bd

gf~ig`k}gal }bk} pafd}bglc `kl hd mald }a ki}dx }bd It`gedx deed`} ae axcklgzk}galki pd}}glcp, Gl

xdeid`}glc al }bd P}kleaxm dr~dxgfdl}p }sdl}w&egud wdkxp ik}dx) @xkgc Bkldw klm Zgfhkxma fkmd

k ~idk eax k`}galp }a mdki sg}b "ki}dx ax digfglk}d' }bapd pd}}glcp "Bkldw klm Zgfhkxma) ;772' gl

}bd xdki saxim ae ~xgpalp, Ht} }bdw kipa la}d }bk} sbgid fkieaxfdm ~xgpal pd}}glcp `kl }xklpeaxf

axmglkxw "’laxfki‖' glmgugmtkip gl}a khtpgud xaid }kodxp) }bapd pd}}glcp `kl kipa fkclgew

~k}baiacg`ki }dlmdl`gdp }a dp`kik}d }bd dugi&maglc "Bkldw klm Zgfhkxma) ;772) 3;7‐8>', P}gii)

fauglc pa&`kiidm dugi gl}a }bd cxkw zald ~xaugmdp k cxdk}dx a~dlglc }a k`}galkhid `bklcdp }bkl

}bk} aeedxdm hw }bd mdfalgzglc ki}dxlk}gud,





857

Xd`kp}glc: ]xklpeaxfk}gal ae Dugi @alp}xt`}

]btp ekx sd bkud àlpgmdxdm }bxdd skwp ae mdkiglc sg}b àlp}xt`}dm AD) gluaiuglc mdfalgzk}gal

klm }sa eaxfp ae ’xdikhdiglc,‖ Sbk} }bdpd k~~xak`bdp pbkxd gp k àffg}fdl} }a xd}kglglc }bd

àl`d~} ae dugi kp k skw }a fkod pdlpd ae }bd tlàlp`galkhid k`} klm }bd tlek}bafkhid k`}ax,

]bdxd gp) basdudx) k sgmd xklcd ae a~}galp eax mdkiglc }bd dugi ikhdi g}pdie) sbg`b sd hxglc

}acd}bdx tlmdx }bd gmdk ae ’xd`kp}glc,‖

Pafd ae }bdpd gluaiud ’mdikhdiglc‖ }k`}g`p hw sbg`b g} gp mdfalp}xk}dm }bk} }bd k}}xght}gal

g}pdie skp glk~~xa~xgk}d exaf }bd at}pd} ax gp la} xdidukl} tlmdx ~xdpdl} àlmg}galp, ]bd `kpd ae

Pbgxidw Pbdxxam) mgp`tppdm khaud) gp drdf~ikxw) ki}batcb xkxdiw gp }bd ~xa`dpp pa ugpghid kp skp

}bgp sgmdiw àudxdm gl`gmdl}, Mdikhdiglc ae }bk} pax} gp dr}xdfdiw mgeeg`ti} ge }bd ~xa`dpp ae

mdfalgzk}gal bkp kixdkmw `xdk}dm k faxki ~klg` }bk} pddfp }a ~dxfkldl}iw p}gcfk}gzd }bd

glmgugmtkip gluaiudm dudl sbdl }bd k``tpk}galp dudl}tkiiw ~xaud }a bkud hddl àf~id}diw

sg}bat} fdxg},;;

A}bdx eaxfp ae mdikhdiglc la}dm gl }bd mdugkl`d ig}dxk}txd gluaiud deeax}p }a bkud

k}}xght}galp dr~tlcdm exaf }bd ’xdàxm,‖ Gl }bd `kpd ae AD gl sbg`b ~dxpalldi egidp ax pgfgikx

glp}g}t}galki "d,c,) p`baai' xdàxmp fgcb} hd k àlpgmdxk}gal) }bdxd fgcb} hd fd}bamp eax

digfglk}glc ax famgewglc ald‗p ~kp} gluaiudfdl} gl eikcxkl} htiiwglc ax baxxdlmatp k`}p

àffg}}dm kp k jtudlgid "Fkbaldw) ;73=',

Kla}bdx }w~d ae xd`kp}glc gluaiudp deeax}p }a ldt}xkigzd }bd gf~k`} ae }bd dugi k}}xght}gal,

Gl k ìkppg` kx}gìd kmmxdppglc }k`}g`p tpdm hw jtudlgid mdigl{tdl}p }a aeepd} k``tpk}galp klm }bdgx

p}gcfk) Pwodp klm Fk}zk bgcbigcb} egud k~~xak`bdp }bk} `kl hd xdik}dm }a }bd ldt}xkigzk}gal ae AD

k}}xght}galp: ";' mdlwglc xdp~alpghgig}w eax }bd k`}) "8' mdlwglc }bk} kl gljtxw a``txxdm) "0'

mdlwglc }bd drgp}dl`d ae k xdki ug`}gf) "=' `bkiidlcglc }bd fa}gudp ax udxk`g}w ae }bd k``tpdxp) ax

"4' k~~dkiglc }a pafd a}bdx "’bgcbdx‖' iawki}w "Pwodp klm Fk}zk) ;743', Bkgldp ";737'





83>

kppa`gk}dp ldt}xkigzk}gal sg}b p}d~p }kodl }a ’md~aig}g`gzd‖ k mdugkl} hdbkugax hw k ~xa`dpp bd

`kiip ’dlìaptxd)‖ sbg`b deed`}gudiw xdfaudp }bd k`} ax k`}ax exaf }bd ~aig}g`ki kxdlk gl sbg`b

mdfalgzk}gal klm faxki ~klg` kxd igodiw }a baim pskw, Gl kl k~~xak`b pgfgikx }a xdikhdiglc)

cxat~p pt`b kp Kiàbaig`p Klalwfatp klm Ckfhidxp Klalwfatp bkud ialc hddl olasl eax

}bdgx deeax}p }a bkud }bdgx ea`ki hdbkugaxp klm k`}axp }xdk}dm kp giildppdp "g,d,) ’fdmg`kigzk}gal‖'

"^xdp}al d} ki,) ;772? ]xg`d klm Xafkl) ;73>' ax a}bdxsgpd xdckxmdm kp cdld}g`kiiw ~xdmgp~apg}gal

"g,d,) ’p`gdl}gzk}gal‖' "pdd Skppdxfkl) 8>>=', Gl }bdgx glg}gki deeax}p }a ldt}xkigzd }bd gf~k`} ae

`bgim khtpd àffg}}dm hw ìdxcw) pafd idkmdxp ae }bd @k}baig` @btx`b xdigdm al ìkgfp ae

mdfalg` ~appdppgal klm deed`}gudiw eaxfdm kl dlìaptxd hw gf~iwglc }bk} }bgp skp kl gl}dxlki

fk}}dx }bk} àtim hdp} hd bklmidm hw a}bdx fdfhdxp ae }bd @btx`b bgdxkx`bw "Hdlwdg) ;772?

P`bd~dx&Btcbdp klm Mdugld) 8>>0', Gf~xdppgal klm xd~t}k}gal fklkcdfdl} }d`blg{tdp `kl kipa

hd xdigdm al kp k fdklp ae ldt}xkigzglc AD k}}xght}galp "Hxafidw) ;770? Exglo klm Edxxgp) ;772?

Idkxw klm Oaskipog) ;77>',;8

Gl àl}xkp} }a xd`kp}glc kgfdm k} ldt}xkigzglc }bd AD k}}xght}gal) `xgfglkigzk}gal "ax g}p

axcklgzk}gal d{tgukidl}' gp kl deed`}gud skw ae xdlmdxglc AD k`}p ax k`}axp idckiiw k`}galkhid, Hw

`xgfglkigzk}gal) sd fdkl }bd eaxfki mdpgclk}gal ae pafd k`} "ax k`}ax àffg}}glc }bd k`}' kp

pkl`}galkhid) }bxatcb dg}bdx }bd `xgfglki jtp}g`d pwp}df at}pgmd }bd axcklgzk}gal klm!ax }bd

mgp`g~iglkxw pwp}df sg}bgl kl axcklgzk}gal,

]bk} ’klm!ax‖ ~bxkpd gp kl gf~ax}kl} ald }a odd~ gl fglm, Ki}batcb pafd hdbkugaxp

sg}bgl kl axcklgzk}gal fgcb} la} xgpd }a }bd idudi ae `xgfglkig}w kp mdegldm hw }bd dr}dxlki idcki

pwp}df) }bdw `kl hd xdckxmdm kp pkl`}galkhid sg}bgl }bd axcklgzk}gal, Htiiwglc) eax drkf~id) fkw

hd ~dx`dgudm kp kl dugi k`} sg}bgl kl axcklgzk}gal klm fkmd pthjd`} }a ~dxpalldi pkl`}galp

"Ugòdxp) 8>>;') ht} g} gp la} ld`dppkxgiw pthjd`} }a k`}tki `xgfglki ~xapd`t}gal tl}gi g} xgpdp }a }bd





83;

idudi ae ~bwpg`ki }bxdk}p klm ugaidl`d "Xbamdp d} ki,) 8>;>', ^dxlg`gatp hdbkugax pt`b kp pdrtki

bkxkppfdl} fgcb} hd ~xabghg}dm kp ~kx} ae kcdl`w ~aig`w klm df~iawfdl} àl}xk`}p) ht} }bd

p}klmkxmp eax fkoglc k jtxgmg`ki ìkgf at}pgmd }bd axcklgzk}gal kxd }w~g`kiiw ft`b faxd dikhaxk}d

klm gluaiudm, Ldudx}bdidpp) }bd pdlpd ae ’pkl`}galkhgig}w‖ `kl hd xd~xamt`dm }a pafd dr}dl}

sg}bgl axcklgzk}galp,

Ki}batcb fklw k`}p }bk} fkw àfd }a hd xdckxmdm kp dugi kxd kixdkmw pthjd`} }a idcki

k`}gal hd`ktpd }bdw ekii tlmdx }xkmg}galki mdeglg}galp ae `xgfglki k`}gug}w "d,c,) ~bwpg`ki k}}kòp

`kl hd ~xapd`t}dm kp kppkti}p') }bdgx p}k}tp kp k eaxf ae dugi ae}dl cdldxk}dp }bd `xdk}gal ae iksp

ax xdctik}galp }bk} mdki mgxd`}iw sg}b }bd ~dx`dgudm ’dugi lk}txd‖ ae }bd hdbkugax, ]bd fap}

ahugatp àl}df~axkxw drkf~idp gluaiud }bd ~xapd`t}gal ae pafd kppkti}p kp ’bk}d `xgfdp)‖ k

xd`kp}glc }bk} pdxudp }bd mdfklm }bk} pt`b fgphdbkugax hd ~xapd`t}dm klm jtmcdm eax sbk}

fa}guk}dm }bd k`}) la} jtp} }bd ~bwpg`ki bkxf `ktpdm "Gcklpog) 8>>;? Jdlldpp klm Cxk}}d}) ;775',

Gcklpog‗p p}tmw eatlm pt~~ax} eax pt`b xd`kp}glc&}bxatcb&`xgfglkigzk}gal kp k xdeid`}gal ae }bd

pdlpd }bk} bk}d&fa}guk}dm `xgfdp ’btx} faxd)‖ ht} ald `klla} audxdp}gfk}d }bd ukitd ae

}xklpeaxfglc dugi hdbkugax gl}a k `xgfglki k`} }bk} `kl hd ~xapd`t}dm, ]bd `xgfglkigzk}gal ~xa`dpp

bkp kipa hddl k~~igdm }a fklw a}bdx k`}p) pt`b kp mxtc tpd "Lkmdifkll) ;727') mxguglc sbgid

gl}arg`k}dm "Ctpegdim) ;72;? Xdglkxfkl) ;722') klm k`}axp mddfdm pa hdbkugaxkiiw mdugkl} "g,d,)

dugi' kp }a skxxkl} pdudxd eaxfki pkl`}galglc gl iks ax g}p d{tgukidl} sg}bgl axcklgzk}galp "d,c,)

}bd fdl}kiiw gii? pdd [tklhdò) Exwd) klm Ki}pbtidx) 8>>0? ]d~igl) ;720',

Ald pgclgeg`kl} `bkxk`}dxgp}g` ae }bgp eaxf ae xd`kp}glc gp }bk} }bd ea`ki k`} ax k`}ax gp

xdlmdxdm pthjd`} }a k`àtl}) klm bdxd sd pdd }bd àlld`}gal hd}sddl k`àtl}khgig}w klm g}p xaid

gl ~xdudl}glc klm mdkiglc sg}b ~dx`dgudm AD, Fklw ae }bd axcklgzk}galki fd`bklgpfp ~t} gl

~ik`d }a falg}ax ax ~xdudl} fgpedkpkl`d ax fkiedkpkl`d "d,c,) xd~ax}glc) ktmg}glc' `kl hd





838

xk}galkigzdm al cxatlmp }bk} }bdxd lddmp }a hd pafd skw ae hitl}glc }bd ~a}dl}gki eax AD "Ithg})

8>>=? Sbgòdx) ;775', Pgfgikxiw) fkoglc dr~ig`g} }bd axcklgzk}gal‗p àffg}fdl} klm

sgiiglcldpp }a }kod k`}gal kckglp} "g,d,) baim k`àtl}khid' }bapd sba fgcb} dlckcd gl htiiwglc)

xk`gpf) pdrtki bkxkppfdl}) klm a}bdx sgmdiw àlmdfldm hdbkugaxp `kl hd xdckxmdm kp ~kx} ae }bd

cdldxki deeax} }a ~xdìtmd klm ~xddf~} hdbkugax }bk} fgcb} }kod al AD {tkig}gdp,

]bdpd ukxgatp xd`kp}glc ~xa`dppdp) klm }bd }k`}g`p kppa`gk}dm sg}b }bdf);0

bkud k

~kxkmarg`ki xdik}galpbg~ sg}b k}}xght}galp ae AD }bk} ca }a }bd àxd ae atx ugds }bk} AD gp k pa`gki

àlp}xt`} klm) }bdxdeaxd) gp pthjd`} }a xdàlp}xt`}gal gl axmdx eax }bd axcklgzk}gal klm g}p

fdfhdxp }a fkod pdlpd ae klm mdki sg}b ~dx`dgudm dugi, ]bd ~kxkmar ae dugi gp }bk} deeax}p }a mdki

sg}b g} ftp} deed`}gudiw }xklpeaxf g} gl}a pafd}bglc a}bdx }bkl dugi, Mdikhdiglc) ldt}xkigzk}gal)

klm `xgfglkigzk}gal k`àf~igpb }bgp hw tlmdxfglglc }bd tlek}bafkhidldpp ae AD hw mgeedxdl}

fdklp, Mdikhdiglc pddop }a digfglk}d }bd k}}xght}gal) sbgid lk}txkigzk}gal k}}df~}p }a xdmt`d ax

aeepd} }bd gf~k`} ae mdfalgzk}gal, @xgfglkigzk}gal }xklpeaxfp dugi gl}a kl k`}galkhid

~bdlafdlal hw xdlmdxglc g} giidcki klm pkl`}galkhid”tlmdxfglglc g}p ~asdx kp k pt~dxlk}txki

ek`}ax gl atx igudp, Tpglc k`àtl}khgig}w fd`bklgpfp klm ~aig`gdp }a ~xdìtmd ax ~xddf~} }bd

dfdxcdl`d ae hdbkugaxp }bk} fgcb} p~kxo àl`dxlp khat} AD pbatim kipa hd ~kx} ae }bd xdp~alpd

gl axcklgzk}galp }bk} kxd pdlpg}gud }a }bd }bxdk}p ~apdm hw }bd k}}xght}gal,

]bd Gf~ig`k}galp ae Axcklgzk}galki Dugi

Axcklgzk}galki dugi gp la} xdki gl }bd pdlpd ae drgp}glc kp k àbdxdl} }bglc&gl&g}pdie glmd~dlmdl} ae

}bd àl}dr}tkiiw àl}glcdl} klm faxki àfftlg}w&p~d`geg` hdigdep ae p~d`geg` p}kodbaimdxp, ]a

ugds g} kp pt`b) sd àl}dlm) gp ae ig}}id ~xk`}g`ki ax df~gxg`ki ukitd, Xk}bdx) AD gp k bgcbiw tpdeti

àl`d~} ge sd kòlasidmcd g} kp k etl`}galki pa`gki àlp}xt`} }bk} gmdl}gegdp faxkiiw





830

glàf~xdbdlpghid hdbkugax, Hd`ktpd xdp~alpdp }a "gl}dx'pthjd`}gudiw ahpdxudm ax dr~dxgdl`dm

axcklgzk}galki dugi `kl ukxw kialc k àl}glttf xklcglc exaf baxxgeg`kiiw hkm }a dlaxfatpiw

hdldeg`gki) g} gp gf~ax}kl} }a tlmdxp}klm bas }bapd xdp~alpdp kxd cdldxk}dm klm) gl ~kx}g`tikx)

bas }bd faxd ~a}dl}gkiiw hdldeg`gki }w~dp ae xdp~alpd `kl hd xdigkhiw ~xamt`dm glp}dkm ae }bd

faxd bkxfeti ax tl~xamt`}gud aldp, Atx dr~iaxk}axw) `kpd&hkpdm klkiwpgp xdàtl}dm gl }bd

~xd`dmglc pd`}gal idkmp tp }a k }dl}k}gud ~xdp`xg~}gal eax axcklgzk}galki ~xk`}g`d) sbg`b kipa

pdxudp kp k bw~a}bdpgp }bk} sd hdigdud fdxg}p pwp}dfk}g` }dp}glc gl axcklgzk}galki xdpdkx`b,;=

Gl k lt}pbdii) sd hdigdud }bk} gl axmdx }a gl`xdkpd }bd igodigbaam ae pt``dppetiiw ~xdudl}glc

ax xdfdmgk}glc baxxgeg`kiiw hkm "dugi' k`}p gl axcklgzk}galki pd}}glcp) kii fdfhdxp ae

axcklgzk}galp) ht} dp~d`gkiiw }bapd sg}b faxd }bkl }xgugki kfatl}p ae mgp`xd}gal) `kl hd

dlàtxkcdm }a mdudia~ klm tpd }bdgx pogiip gl ~xk`}g`ki d}bg`ki xdkpalglc, ]bgp) kmfg}}dmiw) fkw

àfd k} }bd àp} ae mgfglgpbdm df~iawdd ahdmgdl`d "klm) ~dxbk~p) iappdp gl htxdkt`xk}g`

deeg`gdl`w' }a }bd dr}dl} }bk} axcklgzk}galki fdfhdxp kxd dlàtxkcdm ax }kod g} t~al }bdfpdiudp

}a {tdp}gal }bd faxki kt}baxg}w klm glp}xt`}galp ae }bdgx bgdxkx`bg`ki pt~dxgaxp, Basdudx) kp gl

a}bdx fk}}dxp ae axcklgzk}galki xat}gldp klm `ti}txdp) }bd ~xd`gpd hkikl`d ae }bd }xkmdaee `kl hd

kmjtp}dm hw kmd~} idkmdxpbg~ }a ptg} }bd xd{tgxdfdl}p ae p~d`geg` axcklgzk}galp) fgppgalp)

àl}dr}p) klm àl}glcdl`gdp, ]bgp xd{tgxdp }bk} k eaxf ae d}bg`ki xgpo klkiwpgp hd ~dxeaxfdm)

gluaiuglc kppdppfdl} ae }bd ~xahkhgig}w }bk} gld~} xdk`}galp }a ~dx`dgudm dugi "ax tl}bgloglc

ahdmgdl`d }a glp}xt`}galp ax gf~tipdp }bk} fgcb} wgdim k`}galp }bk} satim {tkigew kp dugi gl }bd

egxp} ~ik`d' ~apd k }bxdk} }a glmgugmtkip ax }a }bd axcklgzk}gal‗p fgppgal,

Ki}batcb kla}bdx pafd}gfdp xdàffdlmdm ~xa~bwik`}g` gp }a md}dxfgld klm ~xaftick}d

k `dl}xki pd} ae ukitdp eax ~thig` pdxukl}p cdldxkiiw ax fdfhdxp ae p~d`geg` ~thig` pdxug`d

axcklgzk}galp) sd bkud kxctdm dipdsbdxd }bk} pt`b kl k~~xak`b `kl `xdk}d faxd ~xahidfp }bkl g}





83=

paiudp "pdd Mthlgò klm Jtp}g`d) 8>>5', ]bd drkf~idp ae k~~kiiglc) pwp}dfk}gzdm hxt}kig}w hw

axcklgzk}galp klm cxappiw glk~~xa~xgk}d hdbkugax hw glmgugmtkip }bk} bkud ~xaugmdm }bd gf~d}tp

eax ~xdp`xghglc }baxatcbcaglc d}bg`ki p}g~tik}gal klm ptxudgiikl`d k~~dkxdm }a tp gl ek`} }a hd

giitp}xk}galp ~xd`gpdiw ae }bd mklcdxp ae }bk} ~xdp`xg~}gal, Sbgid sd `dx}kgliw ba~d }bk} ~thig`

pdxukl}p sgii ahdw d}bg`kiiw klm glp}xtfdl}kiiw àxxd`} glp}xt`}galp exaf }bd idkmdxp ae ~thig`

axcklgzk}galp) sd kipa hdigdud }bk} }bdw ftp} hd sgiiglc klm khid }a xdàclgzd sbdl hkpg`

ahdmgdl`d }a glp}xt`}galp gp glpteeg`gdl} ax dudl àl}xkxw }a }bd etiegiifdl} ae }bdgx ~thig` klm

d}bg`ki mt}gdp, ]bgp xd{tgxdp }bk} axmglkxw p}kodbaimdxp kp sdii kp idkmdxp ~appdpp ha}b d}bg`ki

àf~d}dl`d klm k sgiiglcldpp }a k`} k`àxmglciw,

Mdudia~glc pt`b d}bg`ki àf~d}dl`d }bxatcbat} kl axcklgzk}gal gp tl{tdp}galkhiw k

lal}xgugki }kpo) klm g} gp igodiw }bk} }bd hkikl`d p}xtò gl ~xk`}g`d hd}sddl ahdmgdl`d klm

glmd~dlmdl} jtmcfdl} fkw la} kiskwp hd drk`}iw xgcb} eax dudxw axcklgzk}gal k} dudxw ~agl} gl

g}p iged `wìd, Lald}bdidpp) g} pddfp faxd àlp}xt`}gud }a saxo }askxm mdudia~glc d}bg`ki

àf~d}dl`d k} kii idudip ae kl axcklgzk}gal }bkl }a ~xdptfd }bd gldug}khgig}w ae glàf~d}dl`d klm

k}}df~} }a àf~dlpk}d eax }bk} hw glma`}xglk}glc kl axcklgzk}gal#p fdfhdxp gl igdt ae mdudia~glc

}bdgx pogiip, Gl ek`}) d}bg`ki mdudia~fdl} kp a~~apdm }a p}g~tik}gal pddfp igodiw }a hd k xd{tgpg}d

eax }bd oglm ae mgp}xght}dm idkmdxpbg~ kmua`k}dm hw pafd àl}df~axkxw dr~dx}p gl axcklgzk}galki

idkmdxpbg~ kp k skw }a dlbkl`d axcklgzk}galki deeg`gdl`w, Sd satim dr~d`} deed`}gud glmd~dlmdl}

~xk`}g`ki d}bg`ki xdkpalglc }a idkm glmgugmtki p}kodbaimdxp }a saxo }a kmukl`d sbk} }bdw hdigdud

}a hd }bd idcg}gfk}d "gl ha}b }bd glp}xtfdl}ki klm d}bg`ki pdlpdp' saxo ae }bd axcklgzk}gal, ]a }bd

dr}dl} kl axcklgzk}gal#p idkmdxp `kl àlugl`d d}bg`kiiw àf~d}dl} p}kodbaimdxp }bk} }bdgx

glp}xt`}galp kxd xdkpalkhiw mdpgcldm }a kmukl`d d}bg`kiiw klm glp}xtfdl}kiiw idcg}gfk}d ~tx~apdp)





834

}bd àlìtpgalp mxksl exaf glmd~dlmdl} xdkpalglc pbatim xdgleax`d }bapd glp}xt`}galp klm

k`}tkiiw ~xafa}d ahdmgdl`d,

Sbdl glmd~dlmdl} xdkpalglc klm ahdmgdl`d kxd k} ammp) g} gp ~appghid }bk} }bdxd bkp hddl

k ekgitxd ae idkmdxpbg~) p}kodbaimdx d}bg`ki xdkpalglc) ax ha}b, Sbdxd idkmdxp# glp}xt`}galp kxd la}

sdii ptg}dm }a kmukl`glc }bd axcklgzk}gal#p idcg}gfk}d fgppgal) d}bg`ki glmd~dlmdl`d ~xaugmdp k

`bdò kckglp} ikxcd&p`kid dxxax, Sbdxd k~~xa~xgk}d glp}xt`}galp kxd xdpgp}dm) mtd }a ~aax

àfftlg`k}galp hw idkmdxp ax dxxaxp gl jtmcfdl} hw a}bdx fdfhdxp ae }bd axcklgzk}gal)

gldeeg`gdl`w klm dxxax fkw sdii xdpti}, Ht} g} pddfp xdkpalkhid }a bw~a}bdpgzd }bk} axcklgzk}galp

sbapd fdfhdxp bkud hddl kmd{tk}diw ~xd~kxdm klm df~asdxdm }a ~xk`}g`d d}bg`ki jtmcfdl} sgii

eglm }bgp xgpo "kp fdkptxdm hw }bd àfhglk}gal ae igodigbaam klm pdudxg}w ae tlmdpgxkhid

hdbkugax' }a hd pfkiidx audx }gfd }bkl }bd xgpop kppa`gk}dm sg}b #axcklgzk}galki dugi# ax a}bdx

àlpd{tdl`dp ae }batcb}idpp ahdmgdl`d,

Eglkiiw) sd la}d }bk} }bgp gp la} k ~gd&gl&}bd&pow gf~appghgig}w klm fgcb} hd hkxdiw faxd

mgeeg`ti} }bk} pgf~iw glma`}xglk}glc df~iawddp pgf~iw }a ahdw glp}xt`}galp ax k pglcid audxxgmglc

pd} ae axcklgzk}galki ax pa`gd}ki laxfp, ^xk`}g`ki sgpmaf) }a tpd Kxgp}a}id‗p }dxf) gp k pogii }bk}

`kl hd mdudia~dm }bxatcb ~xk`}g`d kgmdm hw mde} glp}xt`}gal klm dlàtxkcdfdl}, Drkf~idp ae

~a}dl}gkiiw k~~xa~xgk}d glp}xt`}galki k~~xak`bdp eax ukxgatp pd}}glcp glìtmd }bapd dfhamgdm gl

haaop }kxcd}glc ~thig` kmfglgp}xk}gal }xkglddp "d,c,) Idsgp klm Cgifkl) 8>>4? Pukxk) 8>>3' klm

}bd cdldxki ~thig` "pdd P`bskx}z klm Pbkx~d) 8>;>',;4

Klw ae }bdpd k~~xak`bdp àtim

àl`dgukhiw hd kmk~}dm eax tpd sg}bgl axcklgzk}galp kp sdii kp gl p}klmkxm k`kmdfg` pd}}glcp, Gl

ptf) sbgid }bd hkm ldsp gp }bk} }xdk}glc axcklgzk}galki dugi kp k }bglc&gl&g}pdie gp k

àtl}dx~xamt`}gud k~~xak`b) }bd caam ldsp gp }bk} k faxd ~xkcfk}g` tlmdxp}klmglc ae

’axcklgzk}galki dugi‖ gf~igdp pafd ~appghid mgxd`}galp eax }bd mdudia~fdl} ae k ~xk`}g`ki klm





835

~xk`}g`khid k~~xak`b }a axcklgzk}galki d}bg`p }bk} `kl md`xdkpd }bd igodigbaam ae pa&`kiidm

axcklgzk}galki dugi sg}bat} tlk``d~}khiw mdcxkmglc axcklgzk}galp# khgig}w }a ~dxeaxf }bdgx

idcg}gfk}d fgppgalp deed`}gudiw klm deeg`gdl}iw, Jtp} kp axcklgzk}galp bkud ~xaudl `k~khid ae

àl}dlmglc sg}b }bd igfg}p ae btfkl k}}dl}gal klKm àclg}gud khgig}gdp "d,c,) hatlmdm xk}galkig}w'

klm }bd gf~dxed`}galp ae fkxod}p klm a}bdx glp}g}t}galp) pa g} `kl mdudia~ }bk} fdklp eax mdkiglc

sg}b }bapd tlek}bafkhid dudl}p klm hdbkugaxp }bk} kii }aa ae}dl ekii tlmdx }bd ikhdi ae

axcklgzk}galki dugi,

La}dp

;, ]bd ~xahidf ae dugi mdhk}d xdfkglp k`}gud) ht} faxd kp kl kxctfdl} gl iacg` }bkl gl

~bgiapa~bw "pdd @aa~dx) ;720',

8, ]bd àl`d~} ae ’~xkcfk}g` xdkigpf‖ gp k}}xght}khid }a @bkxidp ^dgx`d ht} gp }amkw fap}

ae}dl kppa`gk}dm sg}b }bd sxg}glcp ae Bgikxw ^t}lkf gl }bd ;77>p "bd bkp pgl`d famgegdm bgp

ugdsp al xdkigpf', Pdd ^t}lkf) ;72;) ;728,

0, Sd sgii la} }kòid bdxd }bd gpptdp xkgpdm hw }bd glìglk}gal ae }bapd sba dp~atpd ]w~d

K ~dxp~d`}gudp }a ea`tp al }bd àiid`}gud "kp a~~apdm }a }bd glmgugmtkigp}g`' lk}txd ae pa`gd}w)

a}bdx }bkl }a kòlasidmcd }bk} hgkp klm }a bgcbigcb} }bd ek`} }bk} }bdxd kxd ki}dxlk}gud) faxd

glmgugmtkigp} ~dxp~d`}gudp }bk} `kl hd k~~igdm, Eax ìkppg` dr~apg}galp al }bgp gpptd kp g} xdik}dp }a

fd}bamaiacg`ki glmgugmtkigpf) pdd Kxxas) ;77=? Dip}dx) ;728, Dudl faxd xdidukl} }a }bd

drkfglk}gal ae AD gp }bd alcaglc mdhk}d audx àiid`}gud klm pbkxdm xdp~alpghgig}w) d,c,)

Edglhdxc) ;752? Fkw) ;778,

=, Al }bd md`gpgal fkoglc hdbglm A~dxk}gal Xdglbkxm) glìtmglc }bd ek`} }bk} }bd

axcklgzk}galki }d`blaiacw eax `kxxwglc at} }bd dr}dxfglk}gal ~xa`dpp skp kixdkmw gl ~ik`d hdeaxd

}bd ~aig`w skp eaxfkigzdm) pdd Ftpgki) 8>>>,

4, Ktp`bsg}z&Hgxodlkt skp kipa ìkppgegdm kp k ’àl`dl}xk}gal `kf~‖ }bk} dlckcdm gl

dr}dlmdm gf~xgpalfdl}, Kxkm‗p p}tmw bgcbigcb}p Hdizd`) Pahghax) klm ]xdhiglok kp }bd }bxddfkjax mdk}b `kf~p,

5, Pdd ^t}lkf) ;72;) ;728? è, Htlcd) 8>>5? Mdug}}) ;77;,

3, G} gp }df~}glc }a ~t} Caimbkcdl ";775' kfalc }bgp igp} ae xdidukl} ]w~d H p}tmgdp) ht} k

ìapd xdkmglc glmg`k}dp }bk} Caimbkcdl fgcb} hd faxd xdidukl} eax K ax @ }w~dp? pdd Kieaxm)

;773k,





833

2, ]bd ~apg}gal kpptfdm hw kmua`k}dp ae ]w~d H ugdsp gp kifap} gmdaiacg`ki gl lk}txd

cgudl g}p àffg}fdl} }a }bd Sdhdxgkl ugds ae famdxl axcklgzk}galp, Pt`b k àffg}fdl} gp gl

~kx} hkpdm al k fgpxdkmglc "fgp}xklpik}gal' ae }bk} Sdhdxgkl ugds "d,c,) Hkdbx) 8>>;? Odl})

;720' ax k fwa~g` glmgeedxdl`d }a ~dxp~d`}gudp mxksl exaf ki}dxlk}gud "d,c,) Bdcdigkl' }xkmg}galp

"pdd Pdhkp}gkkl klm ^k}xgò) 8>>2? Pbks) ;778',

;>, Eax k ìkppg` audxugds klm xdeid`}gal al ikhdiglc) pdd Hdòdx) ;730,

;;, Pdd mdWatlc) 8>>3, MdWatlc) k pa`gaiacgp} sba ìapdiw eaiiasdm }bd glekfatp

F`Fkx}gl ^xdp`baai `kpd gluaiuglc `bkxcdp ae xg}tki `bgim khtpd "d,c,) mdWatlc) ;77='

àlmt`}dm k eaiias&t~ kppdppfdl} ae sbk} bk~~dldm }a }bapd `bkxcdm ax àlug`}dm }sdl}w&egud

wdkxp ke}dx }bd kppa`gk}dm faxki ~klg` hdckl,

;8, Hdxhxgdx }kodp la}d ae k ~kx}g`tikx eaxf ae gf~xdppgal fklkcdfdl}”

gl}diid`}tkigzk}gal”tpdm hw sbg}d pt~xdfk`gp} cxat~p }a aeepd} }bd }kgl} ae xk`gpf }bk} ~ik`dp

}bdf p{tkxdiw kfalc }bd mdfalgzdm gl Kfdxg`kl pa`gd}w "Hdxhxgdx) ;777',

;0, Eax kl dr`diidl} audxugds ae xdikhdiglc klm xd`kp}glc exaf }bd ~dxp~d`}gud ae }k`}g`p)

pdd Xacdxp klm Hteekia) ;73=, ]bdw aeedx k exkfdsaxo }bk} cdldxk}dp ’lgld famdp‖ ae kmk~}gud

xdp~alpdp }a mdugkl`d) klm fap} kxd xdidukl} }a }bd ~xdpdl} klkiwpgp,

;=, ]bgp gp la} kl tltptki pg}tk}gal eax p`baikxp ae axcklgzk}galp, Pafd a}bdx drkf~idp ae

}bdaxgdp ae fa}guk}gal }bk} sdxd kma~}dm kp fklkcdxgki ~xdp`xg~}galp al }bd hkpgp ae bw~a}bd}g`ki

eaxftik}galp gl kmukl`d ae xgcaxatp df~gxg`ki }dp}glc glìtmd Fkpias‗p bgdxkx`bw ae btfkl

lddmp) Bdxzhdxc‗p gmdl}geg`k}gal ae ’bwcgdld ek`}axp‖ klm ’fa}guk}axp)‖ klm kxctfdl}p gl ekuax

ae Matcikp F`Cxdcxax‗p fklkcdxgki ’]bdaxw W‖ audx ’]bdaxw R,‖

;4, ]bd P`bskx}z klm Pbkx~d haao gp hkpdm al kl dikhaxk}d klm glcdlgatp àtxpd

mdpgcldm hw }bd kt}baxp eax kmukl`dm tlmdxcxkmtk}dp k} Pskx}bfaxd @aiidcd,

Xdedxdl`dp

Kmkfp) C,H,) klm M,I, Hkieatx, 8>>=, Tlfkpoglc Kmfglgp}xk}gud Dugi ) xdu, dm, Kxfalo) LW: F,D,

Pbkx~d,

Kckfhdl) C, 8>>>, Xdflkl}p ae Ktp`bsg}z: ]bd Sg}ldpp klm }bd Kx`bgud, Lds Waxo: Zald Haaop,

Kieaxm) @, Exdm, ;773k, Bg}idx‗p sgiiglc drd`t}galdxp: Sbk} madp ’sgiiglc‖ fdkl1 ]bdaxw klm Pa`gd}w) 85)

3;7‐302,

”””, ;773h, Sbk} Dugi Fdklp }a Tp, G}bk`k: @axldii Tlgudxpg}w ^xdpp,

Kxkm) W, ;723, Hdizd`) Pahghax) ]xdhiglok: ]bd A~dxk}gal Xdglbkxm Mdk}b @kf~p, Hiaafglc}al: Glmgklk

Tlgudxpg}w ^xdpp,

Kxdlm}) B, ;735, Dg`bfkll gl Jdxtpkidf: K Xd~ax} al }bd Hklkig}w ae Dugi, Lds Waxo: ^dlctgl Haaop,Kxxas) O,J, ;77=, Fd}bamaiacg`ki glmgugmtkigpf klm pa`gki olasidmcd, Kfdxg`kl Dàlafg` Xdugds) 2=)

;‐7,

Hkdbx) ^, 8>>;, ]bd ’gxal `kcd‖ klm }bd ’pbdii kp bkxm kp p}ddi‖: ^kxpalp) Sdhdx) klm }bd P}kbibkx}dp

Cdbítpd fd}k~bax gl }bd ^xa}dp}kl} d}bg` klm }bd p~gxg} ae `k~g}kigpf, Bgp}axw klm ]bdaxw) =>)

;40‐;57,

”””, 8>>8, Gmdl}gewglc }bd tl~xd`dmdl}dm: Bkllkb Kxdlm}) }a}kig}kxgklgpf) klm }bd `xg}g{td ae

pa`gaiacw, Kfdxg`kl Pa`gaiacg`ki Xdugds) 53) 2>=‐20;,





832

Hktfkl) Z, ;727, Famdxlg}w klm }bd Baia`ktp}, G}bk`k: @axldii Tlgudxpg}w ^xdpp,

Hdòdx) B,P, ;730, Ikhdiiglc }bdaxw xdàlpgmdxdm, Gl At}pgmdxp? P}tmgdp gl }bd Pa`gaiacw ae Mdugkl`d,

Lds Waxo: Exdd ^xdpp,

Hdlwdg) @,X, ;772, Tlmdxp}klmglc @idxcw Fgpàlmt`} gl Xdigcgatp Pwp}dfp: P`k~dcak}glc) Ekfgiw

Pd`xd}p) klm }bd Khtpd ae âsdx, Lds Waxo: Bksax}b ^kp}axki ^xdpp,

Hdxhxgdx) F, ;777, Gf~xdppgal fklkcdfdl} eax }bd }bgloglc xk`gp}: K `kpd p}tmw ae gl}diid`}tkigzk}gal kp

p}gcfk }xklpeaxfk}gal gl àl}df~axkxw sbg}d pt~xdfk`gp} mgpàtxpd, Pa`gaiacg`ki [tkx}dxiw) =>)=;;‐=00,

Hdxcdx) X,J, ;774, Kcdl`w) p}xt`}txd) klm Jdsgpb ptxuguki ae }bd Baia`ktp}: K iged bgp}axw p}tmw,

Pa`gaiacg`ki [tkx}dxiw) 05) ;4‐05,

Hxgde) K,^,) J, Mgd}z) X, Xdgzdlp}dgl @abdl) P,M, ^tcb) klm J,H, Ukpias, 8>>>, Jtp} maglc htpgldpp:

Famdxl xk`gpf klm ahdmgdl`d }a kt}baxg}w kp dr~iklk}galp eax df~iawfdl} mgp`xgfglk}gal,

Axcklgzk}galki Hdbkugax klm Btfkl Md`gpgal ^xa`dppdp) 2;) 38‐73,

Hxafidw) M,H, ;770, Xd~t}k}gal) Gfkcd klm Gf~xdppgal Fklkcdfdl}, Lds Waxo: Jabl Sgidw % Palp,

Hxaslglc) @,X, ;778, Axmglkxw Fdl: Xdpdxud âig`d Hk}}kigal ;>; klm }bd Eglki Pait}gal gl âiklm, Lds

Waxo: Bkx~dx@aiiglp,

Htlcd) F, 8>>5, @bkpglc Xdkig}w: P}xged Audx Xdkigpf, ]axal}a: Tlgudxpg}w ae ]axal}a ^xdpp,

@abdl) P, 8>>8, Eaio Mdugip klm Faxki ^klg`p, Lds Waxo: Xat}idmcd,

@aa~dx) O,J, ;720, Bdxd sd ca kckgl: ^god up, îkl}glck al }bd ~xahidf ae dugi, Gl}dxlk}galki Jatxlki eax ^bgiapa~bw ae Xdigcgal) ;=) ;>3‐;;5,

@ax}glk) I,F, 8>>2, Tlpddl gljtp}g`d: Gl`gugig}w kp famdxl mgp`xgfglk}gal gl axcklgzk}galp, K`kmdfw ae

Fklkcdfdl} Xdugds) 00) 44‐34,

@xg}`bdx) @, 8>>7, Sgmdlglc }bd ea`tp, Hxg}gpb Jatxlki ae @xgfglaiacw) =7) ;3‐0=,

Mdug}}) F, ;77;, Xdkigpf klm ]xt}b, @kfhxgmcd) FK: Hkpgi Hikòsdii,

MdWatlc) Fkxw, ;77=, Ald ek`d ae }bd mdugi: ]bd pk}klg` xg}tki khtpd faxki `xtpkmd klm }bd iks,

Hdbkugaxki P`gdl`dp klm }bd Iks) ;8) 027&=>3,

”””, ;775, K ~kgl}dm mdugi: @alp}xt`}glc }bd pk}klg` xg}tki khtpd ae `bgimxdl ~xahidf, Kccxdppgal klm

Ugaidl} Hdbkugax) ;) 804‐8=2,

”””, 8>>3, ]sa md`kmdp ke}dx F`Fkx}gl: K eaiias&t~ ae 88 àlug`}dm mkw `kxd df~iawddp, Jatxlki ae

Pa`gaiacw klm Pa`gki Sdiekxd) 0=) 7‐00,

”””, 8>>2, ]bd mkw `kxd xg}tki khtpd faxki ~klg`: K pa`gaiacg`ki klkiwpgp, Pa`gaiacw @af~kpp) 8);3;7‐;300,

Mthlgò) F,J, 8>>>, ]bd `kpd eax kmfglgp}xk}gud dugi: K `xg}g{td, ^thig` Kmfglgp}xk}gal Xdugds) 5>) =5=‐

=3=,

Mthlgò) F,J,) klm J,H, Jtp}g`d, 8>>5, K`àtl}khgig}w klm }bd dugi ae kmfglgp}xk}gud d}bg`p, Kmfglgp}xk}gal

% Pa`gd}w) 02) 805‐853,

Dip}dx) J, ;728, ]bd `kpd eax fd}bamaiacg`ki glmgugmtkigpf, ]bdaxw klm Pa`gd}w) ;;) =40‐=28,

Edglhdxc) J, ;752, @aiid`}gud xdp~alpghgig}w, Jatxlki ae ^bgiapa~bw) 54) 53=‐522,

Eidd}saam) P, 8>>4, Al}aiacw gl axcklgzk}gal klm fklkcdfdl} p}tmgdp: K `xg}g`ki xdkigp} ~dxp~d`}gud,

Axcklgzk}gal) ;8) ;73‐888,

Exglo) M,M,) klm C,X, Edxxgp, ;772, K`àtl}khgig}w) gf~xdppgal fklkcdfdl}) klm caki pd}}glc gl }bd

~dxeaxfkl`d dukitk}gal ~xa`dpp, Btfkl Xdik}galp) 4;) ;847‐;820,

Ckx`gk) J,I,K, ;775, ]bd bdkx} ae xk`gpf, Jatxlki ae Pa`gki ^bgiapa~bw) 83) 4‐=5, ”””, ;773, @txxdl} àl`d~}galp ae xk`gpf: K `xg}g`ki drkfglk}gal ae pafd xd`dl} pa`gki ~bgiapa~bw,

Jatxlki ae Pa`gki ^bgiapa~bw) 82) 4‐=8,

Cdxcdl) O,J,) klm ],J, ]bk}`bdlodxw, ;775, Axcklgzk}gal p`gdl`d kp pa`gki àlp}xt`}gal: âp}famdxl

~a}dl}gkip, Jatxlki ae K~~igdm Hdbkugaxki P`gdl`d) 08) 045‐033,

Caeefkl) D, ;750, P}gcfk: La}dp al }bd Fklkcdfdl} ae P~agidm Gmdl}g}w, Lds Waxo: ]at`bp}ald!Pgfal

klm P`btp}dx,

Caimbkcdl) M,J, ;775, Bg}idx‗p Sgiiglc Drd`t}galdxp: Axmglkxw Cdxfklp klm }bd Baia`ktp}, Lds Waxo:

Kiexdm K, Ola~e,





837

Caamd) D,) klm L, Hdl&Wdbtmk, ;77=, Faxki ~klg`p: @ti}txd) ~aig}g`p) klm pa`gki àlp}xt`}gal, Klltki

Xdugds ae Pa`gaiacw) 8>) ;=7‐;3;,

Cxgeeg}b) M,F,) D,I, @bgimp) D, Dlc) klm U, Jdeexgdp, 8>>3, Xk`gpf gl axcklgzk}galp: ]bd `kpd ae k àtl}w

~thig` bdki}b md~kx}fdl}, Jatxlki ae @afftlg}w ^pw`baiacw) 04) 823‐0>8,

Ctpegdim) J,X, ;72;, ]bd @ti}txd ae ^thig` ^xahidfp: Mxgloglc&Mxguglc klm }bd Pwfhaig` Axmdx, @bg`kca:

Tlgudxpg}w ae @bg`kca ^xdpp,

Bkòglc) G, ;777, ]bd Pa`gki @alp}xt`}gal ae Sbk}1 @kfhxgmcd: Bkxukxm Tlgudxpg}w ^xdpp,Bkgldp) B,B, ;737, @aclg}gud ìkgfp&fkoglc) dlìaptxd) klm }bd md~aig}g`gzk}gal ae pa`gki ~xahidfp,

Pa`gaiacg`ki [tkx}dxiw) 8>) ;;7‐;0>,

Bkldw) @,) klm ^, Zgfhkxma, ;772, ]bd ~kp} klm et}txd ae T,P, ~xgpal ~aig`w: ]sdl}w&egud wdkxp ke}dx }bd

P}kleaxm ~xgpal dr~dxgfdl}, Kfdxg`kl ^pw`baiacgp}) 40) 3>7‐383,

Bgdx) P,^, 8>>8, @al`d~}tkigzglc faxki ~klg` }bxatcb k faxki dàlafw ae bkxf, @xg}g`ki Pa`gaiacw) 82)

0;;‐00=,

”””, 8>>2, ]bgloglc hdwalm faxki ~klg`, ]bdaxd}g`ki @xgfglaiacw) ;8) ;30‐;7>,

Bgihdxc) X, ;724, ]bd Mdp}xt`}gal ae }bd Dtxa~dkl Jdsp) p}tmdl} dm, Lds Waxo: Baifdp % Fdgdx,

”””, ;778, ^dx~d}xk}axp) Ug`}gfp) Hwp}klmdxp: ]bd Jdsgpb @k}kp}xa~bd) ;700‐;7=4, Lds Waxo:

Bkx~dx,

Btffdi) X,^, 8>>2, ]bd Htxdkt`xk}g` Dr~dxgdl`d: ]bd âp}famdxl @bkiidlcd) 4}b dm, Kxfalo) LW:

F,D, Pbkx~d,Gcklpog) ^, 8>>;, Bk}d `xgfdp btx} faxd, Kfdxg`kl Hdbkugaxki P`gdl}gp}) =4) 585‐502,

Jdlldpp) U,) klm X, Cxk}}d}, ;775, ]bd `xgfglkigzk}gal ae bk}d: K àf~kxgpal ae p}xt`}txki klm ~aig}w

gleitdl`dp al }bd ~kppkcd ae ’hgkp&`xgfd‖ idcgpik}gal gl }bd Tlg}dm P}k}dp, Pa`gaiacg`ki

^dxp~d`}gudp) 07) ;87‐;4=,

Ok~ikl) K, ;7=8, Kxd faxki jtmcfdl}p kppdx}galp1 ^bgiapa~bg`ki Xdugds) 4;) 82>‐0>0,

Odl}) P,K, ;720, Sdhdx) Cad}bd) klm }bd Lgd}zp`bdkl kiitpgal: @k~}txglc }bd patx`d ae }bd ’gxal `kcd‖

fd}k~bax, Pa`gaiacg`ki Klkiwpgp) ==) 873‐0;7,

Odxpbks) G, ;770, ’Saxoglc }askxmp }bd Eùbxdx‖: Xdeid`}galp al }bd lk}txd ae }bd Bg}idx mg`}k}axpbg~,

@al}df~axkxw Dtxa~dkl Bgp}axw) 8) ;>0‐;;2,

Oxdfdx) D,J,) klm F,J, Ik}zdx) dm, 8>>;, ]bd ^xahidf ae Dugi gl Dkxiw Famdxl ^bgiapa~bw, ]axal}a:

Tlgudxpg}w ae ]axal}a ^xdpp,

Idkxw) F,X,) klm X,F, Oaskipog, ;77>, Gf~xdppgal fklkcdfdl}: K ig}dxk}txd xdugds klm }sa&àf~aldl}famdi, ^pw`baiacg`ki Htiid}gl) ;>3) 0=‐=3,

Idug) ^, ;727, ]bd Mxasldm klm }bd Pkudm, Lds Waxo: Ugl}kcd Gl}dxlk}galki,

Idsgp) @,S,) klm P, Cgifkl, 8>>4, ]bd D}bg`p @bkiidlcd gl ^thig` Pdxug`d: K ^xahidf&Paiuglc Ctgmd,

Pkl Exkl`gpà: Jappdw&Hkpp,

Iglo) H,C,) klm J,@, ^bdikl, 8>>;, @al`d~}tkigzglc p}gcfk, Klltki Xdugds ae Pa`gaiacw) 83) 050‐005,

Ithg}) X,B, 8>>=, @a~glc sg}b ]arg` Fklkcdxp) Pthaxmglk}dp”klm A}bdx Mgeeg`ti} ^da~id, T~~dx Pkmmid

Xgudx) LJ: E] ^xdl}g`d Bkii,

Fkbaldw) K,X, ;73=, ]bd deed`} ae ikhdiglc t~al wat}bp gl }bd jtudlgid jtp}g`d pwp}df: K xdugds ae }bd

dugmdl`d, Iks klm Pa`gd}w Xdugds) 2) 420‐5;=,

Fkw) I, ;778, Pbkxglc Xdp~alpghgig}w, @bg`kca: Tlgudxpg}w ae @bg`kca ^xdpp,

Fgicxkf) P, ;750, Hdbkugaxki p}tmw ae ahdmgdl`d, Jatxlki ae Khlaxfki klm Pa`gki ^pw`baiacw) 53) 03;‐

032, ”””, ;73=, Ahdmgdl`d }a Kt}baxg}w: Kl Dr~dxgfdl}ki Ugds, Lds Waxo: Bkx~dx,

Fgp}xw) F,) klm J, Ik}aa, 8>>7, Tlàudxglc }bd ek`d ae xk`gpf gl }bd saxo~ik`d, Hxg}gpb Jatxlki ae

Fdmg`ki ^xk`}g}galdxp) 8) 8) 8>‐8=,

Ftxxkw) P,H, 8>>;, Sbdl k p`xk}`b hdàfdp ’p`kxw p}axw‖: ]bd pa`gki àlp}xt`}gal ae fg`xa ~klg`p gl

`dl}dx&hkpdm `bgim `kxd, Pa`gaiacg`ki Xdugds) =7) 4;8‐487,

Ftpgki) H, 8>>>, ]bd axgcglp ae ’A~dxk}gal Xdglbkxm‖: ]bd md`gpgal&fkoglc ~xa`dpp eax }bd fkpp ftxmdx

ae }bd Jdsp gl }bd ’Cdldxkicatudxldfdl},‖ Wkm Ukpbdf P}tmgdp) 82) ;;0‐;40,





82>

Lkmdifkll) D,K, ;727, Mxtc ~xabghg}gal gl }bd Tlg}dm P}k}dp: @ap}p) àlpd{tdl`dp) klm ki}dxlk}gudp,

P`gdl`d) 8=4) 707‐7=3,

^gudl) E,E, ;72;, Mdugkl} hdbkugax klm }bd xdfkoglc ae }bd saxim, Pa`gki ^xahidfp) 82) =27‐4>2,

^xdp}al) E,S,) H,J, Hdxlbkxm) X,D, Btl}dx) klm I,H, Pbkllal, ;772, Ckfhiglc kp p}gcfk}gzdm hdbkugax:

Xdcgalki xdikhdiglc klm }bd iks, Kllkip ae }bd Kfdxg`kl K`kmdfw ae âig}g`ki klm Pa`gki

P`gdl`d) 445) ;25‐;75,

^t}lkf) B, ;72;, Xdkpal) ]xt}b klm Bgp}axw, Lds Waxo: @kfhxgmcd Tlgudxpg}w ^xdpp, ”””, ;728, ]bxdd oglmp ae p`gdl}geg` xdkigpf, ^bgiapa~bg`ki [tkx}dxiw) 08) ;74‐8>>,

[tklhdò) @,) F, Exwd) klm I, Ki}pbtidx, 8>>0, Fklgk klm }bd iks gl @kigeaxlgk: Tlmdxp}klmglc }bd

`xgfglkigzk}gal ae }bd fdl}kiiw gii, Kfdxg`kl Jatxlki ae ^pw`bgk}xw) ;5>) ;8=4‐;84>,

Xdglkxfkl) @, ;722, ]bd pa`gki àlp}xt`}gal ae kl kiàbai ~xahidf: ]bd `kpd ae Fa}bdxp Kckglp} Mxtlo

Mxgudxp klm pa`gki àl}xai gl }bd ;72>p, ]bdaxw klm Pa`gd}w) ;3) 7;‐;8>,

Xbamdp) @,) K, ^tiidl) F,B, Ugòdxp) P,X, @idcc) klm K, ^g}pgp, 8>;>, Ugaidl`d klm saxo~ik`d htiiwglc,

Kmfglgp}xk}gud ]bdaxw % ^xkrgp) 08) 75‐;;4,

Xg`bkxmpal) J,],) J, Xdg`bdx}) klm U, Iwodp, 8>>7, Pk}klgpf gl Kfdxg`k: Kl t~mk}d, Pa`gki @af~kpp

Pa`gki @af~kpp) 45) 448‐450,

Xacdxp) J,S,) klm F,M, Hteekia, ;73=, Egcb}glc hkò: Lgld famdp ae kmk~}k}gal }a k mdugkl} ikhdi, Pa`gki

^xahidfp) 88) ;>;‐;;2,

Xapdlhktf) X, ;772, Dr~ikglglc Bg}idx: ]bd Pdkx`b eax }bd Axgcglp ae Bgp Dugi, Lds Waxo: XklmafBatpd,

Xtppdii) ^, ;778, P}xkspal‗p skw ae lk}txkigzglc xdp~alpghgig}w, D}bg`p) ;>8) 823‐0>8,

P`bd~dx&Btcbdp) L,) klm J, Mdugld, 8>>0, ^xgdp}iw `dighk`w klm `bgim pdrtki khtpd, Pdrtkig}gdp) 5) ;4‐=>,

P`bskx}z) H,) klm O, Pbkx~d, 8>;>, ^xk`}g`ki Sgpmaf, Lds Waxo: Xgudxbdkm Haaop,

Pdkxid) J,X, ;774, ]bd @alp}xt`}gal ae Pa`gki Xdkig}w, Lds Waxo: Exdd ^xdpp,

Pdhkp}gkkl) ^,],) klm A, ^k}xgò, 8>>2, Dp`k~glc }bd gxal `kcd: Sdhdx klm Bdcdi al htxdkt`xk`w klm

exddmaf, Kmfglgp}xk}gud ]bdaxw % ^xkrgp) 0>) 3;‐7;,

Pbks) @,O,W, ;778, Bdcdi‗p }bdaxw ae famdxl htxdkt`xk`w, Kfdxg`kl âig}g`ki P`gdl`d Xdugds) 25) 02;‐

027,

Pbdihw) ], 8>>8, Gp xk`gpf gl }bd ’bdkx}‖1 Jatxlki ae Pa`gki ^bgiapa~bw) 00) =;;‐=8>,

Pglcdx) F,C, 8>>=, ]bd àl`d~} ae dugi, ^bgiapa~bw) 37) ;24‐8;=,

Paepow) S, ;775, ]bd Axmdx ae ]dxxax: ]bd @al`dl}xk}gal @kf~, ^xgl`d}al: ^xgl`d}al Tlgudxpg}w ^xdpp,P}xkspal) ^,E, ;758, Exddmaf klm xdpdl}fdl}, ^xa`ddmglcp ae }bd Hxg}gpb K`kmdfw) =2) ;‐84,

Pukxk) J,B, 8>>3, ]bd D}bg`p ^xgfdx eax ^thig` Kmfglgp}xk}axp gl Caudxlfdl} klm Lal~xaeg}

Axcklgzk}galp, Ptmhtxw) FK: Jaldp klm Hkx}id}},

Pwodp) C,F,) klm M, Fk}zk, ;743, ]d`blg{tdp ae ldt}xkigzk}gal: K }bdaxw ae mdigl{tdl`w, Kfdxg`kl

Pa`gaiacg`ki Xdugds) 88) 55=‐53>,

]d~igl) I,K, ;720, ]bd `xgfglkigzk}gal ae }bd fdl}kiiw gii: P~d`tik}gal gl pdkx`b ae mk}k, ^pw`baiacg`ki

Htiid}gl) 7=) 4=‐53,

]amaxau) ], ;775, Ek`glc }bd Dr}xdfd: Faxki Iged gl }bd @al`dl}xk}gal @kf~p, Lds Waxo: Bdlxw Bai},

]xg`d) B,F,) klm ^,F, Xafkl, ;73>, Mdikhdiglc) xdikhdiglc) klm Kiàbaig`p Klalwfatp, Pa`gki

^xahidfp) ;3) 402‐4=5,

]patokp) B, 8>>>, Ekipd mgidffkp gl axcklgzk}gal }bdaxw: xdkigpf ax pa`gki àlp}xt`}gugpf1 Axcklgzk}gal)

3) 40;‐404,Ugòdxp) F,B, 8>>;, Htiiwglc kp tlkòlasidmcdm axcklgzk}galki dugi: K xdpdkx`bdx‗p p}axw, Df~iawdd

Xdp~alpghgig}gdp klm Xgcb}p Jatxlki) ;0) =) 8>4‐8;5,

”””, 8>;>, Gl}xamt`}gal”Htiiwglc) fahhglc) klm ugaidl`d gl ~thig` pdxug`d saxo~ik`dp,

Kmfglgp}xk}gud ]bdaxw % ^xkrgp 08) 3‐8=,

Skiik`d) X,J, ;77=, Xdp~alpghgig}w klm }bd Faxki Pdl}gfdl}p, @kfhxgmcd: Bkxukxm Tlgudxpg}w ^xdpp,

Skxxdl) @,K,H, ;72>, Mdp}gcfk}gzk}gal ae gmdl}g}w: Exaf mdugkl} }a `bkxgpfk}g`, [tkig}k}gud Pa`gaiacw)

0) 47‐38,





Skppdxfkl) M, 8>>=, Gp }bdxd ukitd gl gmdl}gewglc glmgugmtki cdld}g` ~xdmgp~apg}galp }a ugaidl`d1 Jatxlki

ae Iks) Fdmg`gld % D}bg`p) 08) 8=‐00,

Sdg`o) O,D, ;737, ]bd Pa`gki ^pw`baiacw ae Axcklgzglc, Xdkmglc) FK: Kmmgpal&Sdpidw,

”””, ;774, Pdlpdfkoglc gl Axcklgzk}galp, ]batpklm Akop) @K: Pkcd,

Sbg`odx) F,I, ;775, ]arg` Idkmdxp: Sbdl Axcklgzk}galp Ca Hkm, Sdp}~ax}) @]: [taxtf Haaop,

Zgfhkxma) ^,C, ;738, ^k}baiacw ae gf~xgpalfdl}, ]xklpk`}gal!Pa`gd}w) 7) 5) =‐2,

”””, 8>>3, ]bd It`gedx Deed`}: Tlmdxp}klmglc Bas Caam ^da~id ]txl Dugi, Lds Waxo: XklmafBatpd,

Dubnick Justice & Bearfield 2012

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