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A Dual Case Study: A Comparison on Attitude towards treatment and cruelty to Dogs and Cats
A Dual Case Study Proposal: A Comparison between a First World Country
and A Developing Country’s Attitude towards treatment of and animal
cruelty to Dogs and Cats
Maria Helga MelgarMBA Candidate
Business Information and Decision Making (MGMT 5500)August 06, 2015
A Dual Case Study: A Comparison on Attitude towards treatment and cruelty to Dogs and Cats
“The greatness of a nation and its moral progress, can be judged by the way its animals are treated.”
– Mahatma Gandhi
A Dual Case Study: A Comparison on Attitude towards treatment and cruelty to Dogs and Cats
The Positive News
A Dual Case Study: A Comparison on Attitude towards treatment and cruelty to Dogs and Cats
The Negative News > United StatesWarning: Some images or videos may be graphic.
A Dual Case Study: A Comparison on Attitude towards treatment and cruelty to Dogs and Cats
Warning: Some images or videos may be graphic.
The Negative News > Other Countries
A Dual Case Study: A Comparison on Attitude towards treatment and cruelty to Dogs and Cats
Statement of the ProblemThe literature reviewed in preparing this proposal yielded
specific data on the following concepts:
1) Animals as “sentient” beings
2) Current attitudes towards animals
3) Psychology of Animal Cruelty
4) International State of Animal Affairs
A Dual Case Study: A Comparison on Attitude towards treatment and cruelty to Dogs and Cats
Statement of the Problem“HOW can they do that?”
Judging from the cases on animal cruelty worldwide, there appears to be a skew of the acts and instances in favor of developing countries over developed countries.
Literature review did not yield such a study in existence.
A Dual Case Study: A Comparison on Attitude towards treatment and cruelty to Dogs and Cats
Purpose of the StudyTo prove with empirical data that there is a correlation between
the socio-economic status of a country and its attitude towards
the treatment of and animal cruelty to dogs and cats.
Future implications:
- Provide new insight into the problem of animal cruelty
globally.
- Provide empirical bases for betterment programs for
promotion of health programs, animal welfare and a more
humane world.
Unit of analysis : Cultural/country
A Dual Case Study: A Comparison on Attitude towards treatment and cruelty to Dogs and Cats
Hypotheses1. There is a correlation between the socio-economic status
of a country known by its international development
category, and its attitude towards the treatment of and
dogs and cats.
2. There is a correlation between the socio-economic status
of a country known by its international development
category, and its attitude towards animal cruelty to dogs
and cats.
A Dual Case Study: A Comparison on Attitude towards treatment and cruelty to Dogs and Cats
Who Would care?Humane Society International, Animal Rights Advocacy
groups, Sociologists, Psychologists, Culture experts, Health
agencies, Veterinary professionals, Animal Welfare Agencies,
Animal law, Pet Products and Services industries for
international marketing purposes, and all animal lovers.
Based on the comparative results and the surfaced variables,
there is an opportunity to expand on a specific variable if
necessary, for instance, concept of dogs as part of livestock.
A Dual Case Study: A Comparison on Attitude towards treatment and cruelty to Dogs and Cats
Potential BiasPotential Bias
The researcher is an animal advocate, dog and cat
owner, and a firm believer in animal sentience.
The researcher will not participate directly in the
research conduct, relying on neutral experts in the
implementation and analyses of the findings.
A Dual Case Study: A Comparison on Attitude towards treatment and cruelty to Dogs and Cats
Definition of Terms Animal Cruelty — acts of violence or neglect perpetrated against
animals. While fundamentally different at the source, all forms result in
the physical and/or emotional suffering of the animal victim (ASPCA)
Attitude - An attitude is "a relatively enduring organization of beliefs,
feelings, and behavioral tendencies towards socially significant objects,
groups, events or symbols" (Hogg, & Vaughan 2005, p. 150)
Treatment—the perceiver’s “thoughts and feelings about themselves
that are derived from past experiences, especially the reactions of
others” (Swann & Read, 1981, p. 352).
A Dual Case Study: A Comparison on Attitude towards treatment and cruelty to Dogs and Cats
Definition of Terms Developed country -- While there is no one, set definition of a developed
economy it typically refers to a country with a relatively high level of
economic growth and security. Some of the most common criteria for
evaluating a country's degree of development are per capita income or
gross domestic product (GDP), level of industrialization, general
standard of living and the amount of widespread infrastructure
(Investopedia.com, 2015)
Developing country -- Developing countries are defined according to their
Gross National Income (GNI) per capita per year. Countries with a GNI of
US$ 11,905 and less are defined as developing (The World Bank, 2013).
A Dual Case Study: A Comparison on Attitude towards treatment and cruelty to Dogs and Cats
Literature ReviewAnimals as “sentient” beings.
Passantino, A. (2008). Companion Animals: An Examination of their
Legal Classification in Italy and the Impact on their Welfare, Actuality
and Prospective. Journal of Animal Law, IV, 59-60. 015. Descriptive.
Expert article/paper – analysis of “State-Regions Agreement on
Companion Animal Welfare and Pet Therapy.
Low, P. (2012). The Cambridge Declaration of Consciousness in Non-
Human Animals. Retrieved August 3, 2015. Declaration. Secondary
data. Expert paper – presented at the Francis Crick Memorial
Conference signed in the presence of Stephen A. Hawking.
A Dual Case Study: A Comparison on Attitude towards treatment and cruelty to Dogs and Cats
Current Attitudes towards Animals Blaisdell, J. (1999). The Rise of Man's Best Friend: The Popularity of Dogs as Companion
Animals in Late Eighteenth-Century London as Reflected by the Dog Tax of 1796.
Anthrozoos: A Multidisciplinary Journal of The Interactions of People & Animals Anthroz
Jour Inter Peo Ani, 12(2), 76-87. Secondary data. Article summation from research from
records, references cited in work.
Sullivan, Diane, and Holly Vietzke. "An Animal is not an iPod." Journal of Animal Law IV
(2008): 41-42. Print. Expert review, published.
Taylor, N., & Signal, T. (2009). Pet, Pest, Profit: Isolating Differences in Attitudes
towards the Treatment of Animals. Anthrozoos: A Multidisciplinary Journal of The
Interactions of People & Animals Anthroz Jour Inter Peo Ani, 22(2), 129-13 (Australia).
Buddhism and Animals. Religions. BBC Online. 2011. Presents Buddhist attitude
towards animals. Retrieved from:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/buddhism/buddhistethics/animals.shtml
A Dual Case Study: A Comparison on Attitude towards treatment and cruelty to Dogs and Cats
Psychology of Animal Cruelty
Furnham, A., Mcmanus, C., & Scott, D. (2003). Personality, empathy and attitudes
to animal welfare. Anthrozoos: A Multidisciplinary Journal of The Interactions of
People & Animals Anthroz Jour Inter Peo Ani, 16(2), 135-146. Descriptive.
explained. Precisely what variables/factors are important in predicting attitudes
to animals have yet to be discovered.
Baldry, A. (2004). The Development of the P.E.T. Scale for the Measurement of
Physical and Emotional Tormenting Against Animals in Adolescents. Society &
Animals, 1-17. Descriptive study. The Physical and Emotional Tormenting Against
Animals Scale (P.E.T.) is a new self-administered scale to measure physical and
emotional abuse against animals among adolescents. The scale measures
different dimensions of animal abuse, ranging from mild to more severe:
bothering, tormenting, hitting, harming, and being cruel to an animal.
A Dual Case Study: A Comparison on Attitude towards treatment and cruelty to Dogs and Cats
Tallichet, Suzanne E., Hensley, Christopher, O’Bryan, Adam, & Hassel, Heidi
(2005). Targets for Cruelty: Demographic and Situational Factors Affecting the
Type of Animal Abused. Criminal Justice Studies, Vol.18, Issue 2, p173-182, 10p.
Descriptive study, assessing the impact of demographic characteristics and
situational factors on the type of animal abused among incarcerated inmates in a
Southern state.
Siebert, C. (2010, June 13). The Animal-Cruelty Syndrome. The New York Times,
MM42-MM42. Descriptive. Expert article. From collective secondary, empirical
data. References in article. The link between animal abuse and interpersonal
violence is becoming so well established that many U.S. communities now cross-
train social-service and animal-control agencies in how to recognize signs of
animal abuse as possible indicators of other abusive behaviors.
A Dual Case Study: A Comparison on Attitude towards treatment and cruelty to Dogs and Cats
International State of Animal Affairs.
Jensen Kerr, Andrew, and Yu Dan. "Tradition as Precedent: Articulating Animal
Law Reform in China." Journal of Animal and Natural Resource Law XI (2015):
71. Print. Expert article (descriptive).
Rahman, S.A., Walker, L. & Ricketts, W. (2005). Global Perspectives on animal
welfare: Asia, Far East, and Oceania. Revue Scientifique et Technique de
L’Office International des Epizooties, 24(2), 597-610. Descriptive.
Rahman, S. (2008). Transport of Animals for Slaughter: Animal welfare issues
and perspectives in developing countries. Proceedings, The 15th Congress of
FAVA, S63-S66. Descriptive. Conference paper. Secondary Data. Animal
Welfare Organizations will have to play a key role in the education of the
stakeholders in the proper methods of animal welfare and act as
A Dual Case Study: A Comparison on Attitude towards treatment and cruelty to Dogs and Cats
Bendixsen, T. (2014, May 16). There is Hope for the Victims of the Vietnam
Dog Meat Trade. Retrieved August 1, 2015. Discusses the origin of dog
meat trade in Vietnam and why there is hope for change.
Ortega-Pacheco, A., Rodriguez-Buenfil, J., Bolio-Gonzalez, M., Sauri-Arceo,
C., Jiménez-Coello, M., & Forsberg, C. (2007). A Survey of Dog Populations
in Urban and Rural Areas of Yucatan, Mexico. Anthrozoos: A
Multidisciplinary Journal of The Interactions of People & Animals Anthroz
Jour Inter Peo Ani, 20(3), 261-274. Retrieved August 1, 2015.
A Dual Case Study: A Comparison on Attitude towards treatment and cruelty to Dogs and Cats
Research DesignResearch DesignDescriptive, Case Study Strategy
Operationalize with dimensions partially based on World
Animal Protection’s Animal Protection Index (API)
indicators, with additional characteristics based on review
of various literature in the review.
http://api.worldanimalprotection.org/compare
*secondary data
A Dual Case Study: A Comparison on Attitude towards treatment and cruelty to Dogs and Cats
Dimensions/CharacteristicsPresence of animal welfare support system
Support for the Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare
Laws against causing animal suffering
Protecting companion animals
Protecting animals used for draught and recreation
Governance structures and systems
Government accountability for animal welfare
A Dual Case Study: A Comparison on Attitude towards treatment and cruelty to Dogs and Cats
Animal welfare standards
OIE (World Organization for Animal Health) animal
welfare standards
Reporting on progress
Providing humane education
Education on animal care and protection including
population control
Promoting communication and awareness
Recognizing dogs and cats as pets
A Dual Case Study: A Comparison on Attitude towards treatment and cruelty to Dogs and Cats
Surface independent variablesPredicted
Cultural beliefs and practices
Location of residence - City or Urban
Past ownership experience of dogs and/or cats
Direct or indirect experience with dogs and/or cats
Socio-economic status - employed or unemployed
Household size
Population density of stray dogs and cats
Educational achievement
Recognition of animal sentience
View of dogs and cats – pets, property or pest
A Dual Case Study: A Comparison on Attitude towards treatment and cruelty to Dogs and Cats
MethodologyStructured, closed questionnaire tested for content validity
(cross-cultural equivalence)
Combination approach:
United States:
Divide into urban (city) and rural samples
City - self-administered, electronic
Urban - Mailed out questionnaires will sent out.
A Dual Case Study: A Comparison on Attitude towards treatment and cruelty to Dogs and Cats
Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Divide into urban (city) and rural samples
City – self-administered, mailed out
Rural - Personally administered questionnaires
Assumptions:
Literacy rate of rural subjects in Vietnam
Internet Access – as of 2012, only 30% of the entire $90+ million
population
Time Horizon: cross section
Secondary information - statistics on each country’s Department of
Health, agencies animal welfare and animal protection agencies.
A Dual Case Study: A Comparison on Attitude towards treatment and cruelty to Dogs and Cats
SamplingComplex Random Sampling – Stratified random
sampling on the basis of geographical area.
Sample size of at least 385 per country for (95%
confidence)
- Efficiency. Scientific Sample Size Table (Krejcie
and Morgan, 1970)
*384 on population of 1,000,000
A Dual Case Study: A Comparison on Attitude towards treatment and cruelty to Dogs and Cats
Instrumentation Measure attitude and animal cruelty tendencies
Modified closed, structured questionnaire in a modified scale
Use combination of:
Boat Inventory on Animal-Related Experiences (Boat, 1998)
Animal Attitude Scale (AAS) (Herzog, Betchart & Pittman, 1991)
The P.E.T. Scale (Physical and Emotional Tormenting animals)
for animal cruelty.
Content validity and reliability utilizing Face validity and
equivalence.
A Dual Case Study: A Comparison on Attitude towards treatment and cruelty to Dogs and Cats
Ethical ConsiderationsData Collection and Analysis Procedures
US urban dwelling subjects - Online or electronic
access
US rural dwelling subjects – Mailed out
Vietnam rural dwelling subjects – mailed out self-
administered questionnaire
Vietnam rural dwelling subjects – Personally
administered questionnaire
A Dual Case Study: A Comparison on Attitude towards treatment and cruelty to Dogs and Cats
Ethical ConsiderationsProtection of Human Rights
Ethical guidelines, following US Institutional Review Board
(IRB) and Vietnam’s Ministry of Public Health and Ministry of
Health (International Compilation of Human Research
Standards)
A Dual Case Study: A Comparison on Attitude towards treatment and cruelty to Dogs and Cats
Projected AnalysisData Analysis
Quantitative
Tables for coded results Parts 1 and 2 – Attitude
Frequency from Part 3 – Animal Cruelty
Scatter graphs and tables
demographic information vs. yielded results attitude from treatment dimensions.
Animal cruelty - dimensions
Use of pie chart for demographic breakdown and found applicable variables, e.g.
past experience with pet
Projected
Predictive Findings on Hypotheses
A Dual Case Study: A Comparison on Attitude towards treatment and cruelty to Dogs and Cats
“Our prime purpose in this life is to help others. And if you can't help themat least don't hurt them.”
Dalai Lama
Cruelty might be very human, and it might be cultural, but it's not acceptable.
Jodie Foster