DST INSPIRE LECTURE

Hardev Singh VirkVisiting Professor, SGGS World University,

Fatehgarh Sahib (Punjab)Ex-Director Research, GND University, Amritsar

Present Indian Scenario

• According to a recent survey by INSA (2004), it was found that only 3.6 % of talented students opt for science after school and only 157 out of every million people in India opt to become scientists as compared to 2,666 in Britain, 4095 in the US and 5095 in Japan.

• India has a unique demographic advantage of having the largest young population in the coming decades compared with other nations.

Science is Mother of Engineering

• Newton’s theory of gravitation (1687) leads to Rocketary and Space technology.

• Ohm’s law (1827) and laws of Ampere, Voltas, Oersted, Faraday lead to Electrical engineering

• Laws of thermodynamics (Joule, Kelvin, Carnot during 1850s) lead to Mechanical engineering.

• Maxwell’s theory of EM waves (1873)leads to Telecommunication engineering.

Science is Mother of Technology• Roentgen’s discovery of X rays (1895) leads to Radiography and CT Scan.• Thomson’s discovery of electron (1897) leads to Electronics technology.• Einstein’s theory of photoelectric effect (1905) leads to Optoelectronics

and Photonics.• Einstein’s theory of stimulated emission of radiation (1917) leads to

Laser technology. Chadwik’s discovery of neutron (1932) and Fermi’s work on nuclear fission leads to Nuclear Technology & engineering. Discovery of Raman Effect (1928) leads to Laser Raman Spectroscopy and Spectrophotometry. Discovery of Nuclear magnetic resonance by Bloch and Purcell (1946)

leads to Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).

Why India lags behind Science and Technology?

• Indian youth prefers to study Medicine, Engineering and Business and Science is the fourth choice.

• Civil services attract the most talented youth even after their professional degrees.

• Scientific career remains the last choice of Indian students.

• There is lack of role models in Science to Inspire Indian youth.

The Role Models of Indian Youth

• Shah Rukh Khan: 15.4 %• APJ Abdul Kalam: 14.8 %• Sachin Tendulkar: 11.3 %• Anna Hazare : 9.4 %• Rahul Gandhi : 8.0 %• Sonia Gandhi : 7.5 %• Narayana Murthy : 5.3 %• Amartya Sen, Nobel Laureate: 1.5 %• Arvind Kejriwal: Make a Guess?

A NEW SOURCE OF INSPIRATION FOR THE YOUNG

• C.V. Raman published his first research paper “UNSYMMETRICAL DIFFRACTION-BANDS DUE TO A RECTANGULAR APERTURE", while he was a B.Sc. Student in Presidency College, Madras in Philosophical Magazine (Vol. 12, No. 71, pp. 494 – 498, Nov. 1906) and started his journey to Nobel Laureate-hood. This achievement by C.V. Raman can inspire many present day students of similar age to be creative and start on a career of research scientist. We should declare Nov., 2006 to Oct., 2007 as the CENTENARY YEAR OF C.V. RAMAN’S FIRST RESEARCH AS A STUDENT.

Prof. Ved Ratna, Vice-President, IAPT

Indian Predicament

• India is facing a national problem today. The number of students opting for excellent research and teaching in pure science has gone down drastically, hence the nation can not advance technologically. Both teachers and the Government agencies have to play their role to attract science students to opt for pure sciences. There need to be a paradigm shift in teaching of science, so that a talented young person feels attracted towards it. The suggestion for observing “Centenary Year of CV Raman’s First Research as a Student” is aimed towards this objective.

MOTIVATION PROGRAMMES

• Motivation programs may be organised for talented students. They may interact with eminent scientists, visit S & T institutions, do experimental work in a leading research laboratory, design an innovative experiment, etc. Talented students for such a program may be top scorers in Boards' examinations or participants in Science Olympiads. Prof. Yash Pal once opined that our students are taught many things of which few are understood by them and yet, without understanding they can pass the examination.

• Programs like Children’s Science Congress, science exhibitions, experiment based science quiz, etc. are very good in themselves. These make children interested in science and technology, provide them opportunity to see good experiments, work by hands, etc. Do these attract children to pure science? Do these inspire children to innovate experiments and try to discover new knowledge, as C.V Raman did as a student? Do these inspire children to take up research and teaching in pure science as a career? Do these help identify children who have some inclination to be a researcher? Impact of these activities needs to be studied.

Daily Routine of CV RAMAN

• Lokasundri, wife of Raman, tells about his clock-like daily routine in Calcutta:

• 5.30-9.30 AM: Research work at IACS Lab• 10.0-5.00 PM: Regular Job in Govt. Deptt.• 5.30-9.30 PM: Research work in IACS Lab Raman set up a research laboratory at his

home when posted outside Calcutta, in Nagpur and Rangoon.

Important Contributions of RAMAN

• Blue Colour of the Sea Water (1921)• Discovery of RAMAN Effect (1928)• Raman-Nath Theory (1934-1936)• Studies on Brillouin Scattering (1933-40)• Discovery of the Soft Mode (1938-40)• Other contributions: Optical & Magnetic

anisotropy, Acoustics & Indian Classical Music, Crystal Dynamics, Physiology of Colour and Vision.

Quotable quotes of RAMAN• Good science was not created merely by spending money,

starting laboratories and passing orders. More important was the human element, and if quantity replaces quality then disaster would surely follow.

• Government control not only inhibits creativity, but more disastrously, it encourages sloth and intrigue, besides rewarding non-performance.

• Raman was one of the first to raise his voice against the bureaucratic approach in the post-independence era but bureaucracy has survived, thrived and grown to even more ominous proportions. And there is no body left now to raise a word of public interest.

Frustrations of CV Raman’s Life

• Raman lost his Nobel Prize money in an overseas investment company.

• Raman was frustrated in his efforts to upgrade IISc and its Physics department.

• On the contrary, he was charged with embezzlement of funds and removed from directorship of IISc in April, 1938.

• Raman was charged to be antagonistic to applied science and inviting German Scientists (Max Born & Sommerfeld) to IISc, Bangalore.

Raman Effect Discovery was made using this Spectrograph (Cost Rs. 400 in 1928)

Raman was fascinated by Colors of Crystals, Flowers, Butterflies, Birds

Raman Research Institute, Bangalore

Nobel Prize Medal of CV Raman

CV Raman with Bawa Kartar Singh D.Sc. (Cantab)

My Scientific Journey• Khalsa H/S Lassoi (1953-55): Poor teaching

arrangements; No Laboratory.• Govt. H/S Malerkotla( 1955-57): Physics quite difficult &

boring. My Interest in Literature.• Govt. College Malerkotla (1957-59):Teacher Competent;

Interest revived in Physics.• Mohindra College Patiala (1959-61): B.Sc. Distinction in

Physics. Wrote Punjabi Poems.• AMU Aligarh (1961-63): M.Sc. Inspired by PS Gill,

Particle Physics (Cosmic Rays) my favorite subject.• Marie Curie University, Paris (1970-72): Ph.D. in Particle

Physics; Visit to CERN, Cambridge Univ.

Govt. H/S Malerkotla (1955-57)(First Photograph of my Life in 8th)

Professor Piara Singh Gill: My Physics Teacher in AMU Aligarh(1961-63)

Marie Curie University, Paris after Award of Doctorate (26 Sept.1972)

First Prize: Brahmandi Kirna di Kahani (Story of Cosmic Rays)P.U.Patiala(1969)

A Meeting with Nobel Laureates in ICTP, Italy Peter Higgs is standing 3rd from left (1987)

Abdus Salam:My Friend & Philosopher

Abdus Salam Honoured in Guru Nanak Dev Univ. Amritsar ( 26 Jan. 1981)

Punjabi Nobel Laureates Who Inspired

Professor Puran Singh: Scientist & Poet (My Role Model)

Meeting President of India as Member and Vice President of IAPT (1990)

Training on Experimental Nuclear Reactor (Budapest, Hungary, 1999)

Radon Recording in Palampur (HP)(with RC Ramola & BS Randhawa)

Books which Inspired Me

• The Universe & Dr. Einstein by Lincoln Barnett• Atomic Energy by Egon Larsen• Spirit of the Sikh by Puran Singh• Spirit Born People by Puran singh• Up against Odds by Piara Singh Gill• A Brief History of Time by Stefan Hawking• Tao of Physics by Fritzof Capra

Topics of My Interest in Physics

• Elementary Particles & Cosmic Rays• Cosmology: How Universe was Created?• Study of Nuclear Tracks in Solids• Geochronology: Dating of Rocks• Earthquake Studies using Radon/He Precursor• Heavy Ion Radiation damage in Polymers• Radiation Health Hazards, and• Nanotechnology: Nanowires & Nanomaterials

COSMOLOGY

• What is Cosmology?• What is Universe?• How big is Universe? Finite or Infinite?• History of Universe?• Man and Universe?• Origin of Life in Universe?• Is there a Creator (God) of Universe?

Some Interesting Facts about the Universe

• Size of Universe = 80 billion light year ~ 1million billion billion km (0.76x1024 km).

• Universe contains 100 billion galaxies, each having million-billion stars in it.

• Virgo Cluster has 1000 galaxies inside, some of them are colliding.

• Black holes are present in the centre of galaxies.• A star has a tendency to become a Black Hole if its

mass exceeds 5 Solar masses.

Stephan Hawking

Top Ten Physicists of the World*1. Albert Einstein 2. Issac Newton3. J.C. Maxwell4. Niels Bohr5. Werner Heisenberg6. Galileo Galilei7. Richard Feynmann8. Paul Dirac9. Erwin Schrodinger10. Ernest Rutherford* J. Physics World (Dec.1999)

Origin of Universe in the Vision of Guru Nanak Dev (SGGS pp. 1035-36)

• Arbd nrbd DuMDUkwrw ] Drix n ggnw hukmu Apwrw ] nw idnu rYin n cMdu n sUrju suMn smwiD lgwiedw ]1] KwxI n bwxI paux n pwxI ] Epiq Kpiq n Awvx jwxI ] KMf pqwl spq nhI swgr ndI n nIru vhwiedw ]2] nw qid surgu mCu pieAwlw ] dojku iBsqu nhI KY kwlw ] nrku surgu nhI jMmxu mrxw nw ko Awie n jwiedw ]3] bRhmw ibsnu mhysu n koeI ] Avru n dIsY eyko soeI ] nwir purKu nhI jwiq n jnmw nw ko duKu suKu pwiedw ]4]

• jw iqsu Bwxw qw jgqu aupwieAw ] bwJu klw Awfwxu rhwieAw ] bRhmw ibsnu mhysu aupwey mwieAw mohu vDwiedw ]14] ivrly kau guir sbdu suxwieAw ] kir kir dyKY hukmu sbwieAw ] KMf bRhmMf pwqwl ArMBy gupqhu prgtI Awiedw ]15] qw kw AMqu n jwxY koeI ] pUry gur qy soJI hoeI ] nwnk swic rqy ibsmwdI ibsm Bey gux gwiedw ]16]3]15] {pMnw 1035-1036}

• For billions of years, there was nothing but utter darkness. There was neither day nor night, nor moon, nor sun, but the Lord alone sat in profound trance. Neither there was creation, nor air, nor water. There were no continents, nor underwords, nor seven oceans, nor rivers nor the flowing of water. There was neither death nor time. There was no Brahma, nor Vishnu or Shiva.

• When He so willed, He created the world and supported the firmament without support. He created Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva and extended the love of mammon. He founded the continents, solar systems and underworlds, and from the absolute self He became manifest.

Experimental Observations

• Radio telescopes have recorded evidence for various components of the expanding Universe. Star formation out of the Gas Clouds in the Galaxies is still going on. Evidence of Supernova explosions, Pulsars, Quasars, Neutron Stars and Black Holes is provided by Radio telescopes.

Thank You !!!