Simon’s model ,Simon’s model , DSS Generators & DSS Generators &

Specific DSSSpecific DSS

The Decision-making The Decision-making ProcessProcess

Simon divides any decision-making Simon divides any decision-making process into the phases of decision-process into the phases of decision-making making intelligenceintelligence - is there a problem or an - is there a problem or an

opportunity for change? opportunity for change? designdesign - what are the decision - what are the decision

alternatives? alternatives? choicechoice -  -  which alternative is best? which alternative is best?

Simon’s ModelSimon’s Model

Planning StagesPlanning Stages

ProblemsProblems GoalsGoals ObjectivesObjectives AlternativesAlternatives EvaluationsEvaluations ChoiceChoice ImplementationImplementation MonitoringMonitoring

Planning MethodsPlanning Methods SWOTSWOT BargainingBargaining BrainstormingBrainstorming DELPHIDELPHI Scenario writingScenario writing Consensus buildingConsensus building Public meeting supportPublic meeting support ConsultantsConsultants Stakeholder involvementStakeholder involvement

Components of SDSSComponents of SDSS

Data Base Management SystemData Base Management System contains the functions to manage the contains the functions to manage the geographic data basegeographic data base

Model Base Management SystemModel Base Management System contains the functions to manage the contains the functions to manage the model basemodel base; ;

Dialog Generation and Management Dialog Generation and Management SystemSystem manages the interface  between manages the interface  between the user and the rest of the system. the user and the rest of the system.

DSS ToolsDSS Tools Procedural programming languages and code libraries Procedural programming languages and code libraries

(e.g., VB, AML, Avenue, TransCAD - Caliper Script (e.g., VB, AML, Avenue, TransCAD - Caliper Script macro language, MapInfo - MapBasic); macro language, MapInfo - MapBasic);

Visual progamming language (e.g. STELLA, Cantata Visual progamming language (e.g. STELLA, Cantata and Khoros); and Khoros);

Inter-application communication software (e.g. Inter-application communication software (e.g. dynamic data exchange (DDE), object linking (OLE), dynamic data exchange (DDE), object linking (OLE), open database connectivity (ODBC)); open database connectivity (ODBC));

Simulation languages and software (e.g. SIMULINK, Simulation languages and software (e.g. SIMULINK, SIMULA); SIMULA);

Application programming interfaces (API) (e.g. the Application programming interfaces (API) (e.g. the IBM's geoManager API, Java Advanced Imaging API, IBM's geoManager API, Java Advanced Imaging API, TransCAD's API); TransCAD's API);

Applets  (e.g. GISApplet,  Microsoft Visual J++), Applets  (e.g. GISApplet,  Microsoft Visual J++), Visual interfaces, graphics and color subroutines (e.g. Visual interfaces, graphics and color subroutines (e.g.

graphical user interfaces – GUI, OpenGL, SVG, etc.)graphical user interfaces – GUI, OpenGL, SVG, etc.)

DSS GeneratorDSS Generator Package of related hardware and software which Package of related hardware and software which

provides a set of capabilities to quickly and easily provides a set of capabilities to quickly and easily build a specific SDSSbuild a specific SDSS

GISystems (e.g. ARC/INFO, ArcView, GISystems (e.g. ARC/INFO, ArcView, ARCNetwork, Spatial Analyst, MapObjects LT, ARCNetwork, Spatial Analyst, MapObjects LT, GRASS, IDRISI, MapInfo, TransCAD)GRASS, IDRISI, MapInfo, TransCAD)

Database packages  (e.g. dBase, Access, Paradox); Database packages  (e.g. dBase, Access, Paradox); Decision analysis and optimization software (e.g. Decision analysis and optimization software (e.g.

LINDO, EXPERT CHOICE, LOGICAL DECISION); LINDO, EXPERT CHOICE, LOGICAL DECISION); Statistical and geostatistical software (e.g. S-Statistical and geostatistical software (e.g. S-

PLUS, SPSS, SAS); PLUS, SPSS, SAS); Simulation (e.g. Spatial Modeling Environment) Simulation (e.g. Spatial Modeling Environment)

Specific DSSSpecific DSS Systems devoted to the analysis of a Systems devoted to the analysis of a

particular set of decision problemsparticular set of decision problems Support decision makers in tackling semi-Support decision makers in tackling semi-

structured problemsstructured problems Active Response Geographic Information Active Response Geographic Information

SystemSystem IDRISI Decision SupportIDRISI Decision Support GeoMedGeoMed Spatial Group ChoiceSpatial Group Choice winR+GIS Spatial Decision SupportwinR+GIS Spatial Decision Support CommunityVisCommunityVis

SummarySummary SDSS has been defined as an interactive, computer-SDSS has been defined as an interactive, computer-

based system designed to support a user or group of based system designed to support a user or group of users in achieving a higher effectiveness of decision users in achieving a higher effectiveness of decision making while solving a semi-structured spatial decision making while solving a semi-structured spatial decision problemproblem

The SDSS concept is based on the DDM (dialog, data, The SDSS concept is based on the DDM (dialog, data, model) paradigm; a well-design SDSS should have model) paradigm; a well-design SDSS should have balance among the three capabilities. balance among the three capabilities.

There are three sets of technologies for building an There are three sets of technologies for building an SDSS: the DSS development tools, the DSS generators, SDSS: the DSS development tools, the DSS generators, and specific SDSS and specific SDSS

The DSS tools facilite the development of specific SDSS The DSS tools facilite the development of specific SDSS or they can be configured into a DSS generator which in or they can be configured into a DSS generator which in turn can be used to build a variety of specific SDSS. turn can be used to build a variety of specific SDSS.