DSA ITS APPLICATION AND ADVANCEMENT

Moderator:MR. S.R.CHOWDHURYTUTOR,DEPT.OF RADIO-DIAGNOSIS & IMAGING,PGIMER CHANDIGARH

Presented by:DEEPAK GUPTABSc final year Student ,DEPT.OF RADIO-DIAGNOSIS & IMAGINGPGIMER CHANDIGARH

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ANGIO?

ANGIO means blood vessel

And angiography is the radiological study of blood vessel in the body after the introduction of iodinated contrast media.

SUBTRACTION?

It is simply a technique by which bone structures images are subtracted or canceled out from a film of bones plus opacified vessels, leaving an unobscured image of the vessels.

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"DSA" means "Digital Subtraction Angiography"

WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY DSA

DSA-The acquisition of digital fluoroscopic images combined with injection of contrast material and real-time subtraction of pre- and post contrast images to perform angiography is referred to as digital subtraction angiography

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The Portuguese neurologist Egas Moniz,( Nobel Prize

winner 1949), in 1927developed the technique of

contrast x-ray cerebral angiography to diagnose

diseases, such as tumors and arteriovenous

malformations.

HISTORY

The idea of subtraction images was first proposed by the Dutch radiologist Ziedses des Plantes in the 1935, when he was able to produce subtracted images using plain films.With the introduction of the Seldinger

technique in 1953, the procedure became

safer as no sharp devices need to remain

inside the vascular lumen.

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HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

CONVENTIONAL SUBTRACTION TECHNIQUE

Photographic method used to eliminate unwanted images.No addition of information;only purpose to make diagnostically important information to see.First described by a Dutch radiologist, Zeides des Plantes, 1935.3 conditions:SCOUT FILM ANGIOGRAM FILM-CONTRAST NO MOTION OF HEAD

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The principles of subtraction are based on the following:The scout film shows the structural details of the skull and the adjacent soft tissue.Angiogram film shows exactly the same anatomic details, if the patient does not move, plus the opacified blood vessels.If all the information in the scout film could be subtracted from the angiogram film, only the opacified vessel pattern would remain visible.

CONTD.

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EQUIPMENTTHE AOT CHANGER:Can change films –6/s or 1/5s Two of these changers can be coupled electronically and mechanically and will operate out of phase or synchronously with each other.

Radiographs in 2 planes simultaneously-one mounted vertically and other horizontal.

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LOADING MAGZINE Large steel container.

Inside the container are arranged a no. of strong wire separators.

30 sheets of film.Precautions :each film should slide into position

by it’s own wt.

RECIEVING / LOADING MAGZINE

AOT CONTD.

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30 SEPERATING WIRES

EXPOSURE AREA :Rectangular, slightly recessed area at the top of the changer.Defined by heavy metal frame.Within this is a secondary grid.Supported on 4 small helical springs placed cornerwise and to consist of a stout Al plate, to the lower side of which is attached an intensifying screen.

RECEIVING CASSETTE:Shallow,polished metal container.Lid is a sliding section in a side which can be pushed down by firm finger pressure and is retained by central spring loaded catch.

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THE ROLL FILM CHANGER:

Mechanically easier to wind roll films.12/s.

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DIGITAL SUBTRACTION

ANGIOGRAPHY

HISTORY:Developed in 1970s.University of Wisconsin, University of Arizona,University of Kiel.Commercial systems introduced in 1980.

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Angiography theory ages

Single shot angiographyManual changerAOT PUCKDSA

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EQUIPMENT AND APPARATUS

Both film and digital capabilities are usually present and the fluoroscopy equipment operates in the conventional way.Brief review :

Output phosphorLight intensity

Electrical signal

Input surface Visible light Light detectedamplified

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DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSOR

DIGITIZER DIGITAL ARITHEMATIC UNIT

DIGITAL IMAGE MEMORY

DISPLAY SECTION

COMPUTER MONITOR

DIGITALDISK

STORAGE

MULTIFORMAT CAMERA

X-RAY

CONTROL

SIGNALS

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X-Ray Unit

Should be capable of rapid serial exp. @2-8

frames/sec for up to 20 sec.

Near monochromatic beam consistent output.

Isocentre motorized table ,tilt 90-0-90 , up-down,

sliding ,floating capable

Ceiling mounted C-arm with versatile movements

II system with multi field ( 6”,9”,12”,16”)

High resolution TV /CCD camera

Computer with high definition monitor system

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High output preferably high frequency

generator

High heat loading capacity ,fast heat

dissipation, high speed anode

Target material

tungsten,rhenium,graphite.

Oil-water close loop cooling

Contd.

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In our dept.Siemens polydoros SX 65-80Polystar

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GAS , AIR & VACUUM PORTS

Boyle apparatus

NECESSARY EQUIPMENT USED WITH ANGIO(DSA)

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BED SIDE MONITOR

INJECTOR

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IMAGE INTENSIFIER-CONSTRUCTION

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WORKING

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Modern DSA systems are based on digital fluoroscopy/fluorography systems, which are equipped with special software and display facilities. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was developed to improve vessel contrast. This is a technique that uses a computer to subtract two images, obtained before and after contrast media is injected into the vessels of interest. The anatomical structures that are the same in the two images can be removed and the resulting image shows the vessels only.

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 The image before the contrast agent is administered is called the mask image. Once the contrast is administered, a sequence of images are taken by a television camera in analog form, which is then digitised by computer.

 The DSA processor has two separate image memories, one for the mask and the other for the images with contrast medium. These two image memories are subtracted from one another arithmetically, and the result goes to an image processing and display unit.

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Adjust contrast & brightness.Remasking – correcting misregistered images.Pixel shifting.Edge enhancement – edges of the vessels can

be enhanced so that small details can be made more obvious.

Image zoom.land marking – a small amount of original

image is added into the subtracted image.Noise smoothing – operates by reducing the

statistical fluctuations in each pixel by averaging the pixel with it's closest neighbors. The visual prominence of noise has been suppressed by averaging, but resolution is decreased.

IMAGE PROCESSING

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Road mapping is useful for the placement of catheters and wires in complex and small vasculature. A DSA sequence is performed, and the frame with maximum vessel opacification is identified;this frame becomes the road map mask. The road map mask is subtracted from subsequent live fluoroscopic images to produce real-time subtracted fluoroscopic images overlaid on a static image of the vasculature

Road Mapping

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When a digital subtraction technique is used, patient motion that occurs between acquisition of the precontrast images and acquisition of the postcontrast images will result in artifacts due to misregistration of the two images. If these arti-facts are observed, it is possible to reregister the pre- and postcontrast images by shifting the subtraction mask (precontrast image) with respect to the postcontrast image and resubtracting the two images

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VIDICON CAMERA TUBE

• Diameter 1 inch

• Length 6 inch

• Main parts -

• Target section

• Electron gun

• Electromagnetic focusing coil

• Two pair of electrostatic deflecting coil

• A scanning section

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Working principle of T.V monitor

Control Grid

No. of e-ns & the brightness of individual

dots

Produce bright area in the TV Picture

Dark Area

Strikes the fluorescent Screen

Emits large no. of light photons

VISIBLE TV IMAGE

Receive Video signal from ccu & regulate

Grid cuts off the e-ns flow almost completely

E-ns is Accelerated

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• In the scanning section of tube, externally mounted coil (emitting focusing coil and electrostatic deflecting coil) produce an axial electromagnetic field by means of which-

• The electrons are focused on the target of tube and

• The beam is moved over the target area in an orderly scanning scan

• Two types scanning system

• Sequential scanning pattern and

• Interlaced scanning pattern

SCANNING SECTION/ SYSTEMS

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SEQUENTIAL SCANNING PATTERN

• Also called progressive scanning

Disadvantages • Technical• Requires a wide frequency band during

transmission

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Interlaced scanning

• Instead of scanning all 625 line

consequently, only the even

no. of lines are scanned the

first half of the frame and only

the odd no. lines are scanned

during second half.

• In this pattern the transmission

is easier and cheaper because

the actual picture frequency is

lower

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TELEVISION IMAGE QUALITY

The assessment of the quality of TV images is a complex subject but there are a no. of image characteristics relating specifically to TV system

• Resolution • Contrast • Brightness • Image lag• Distortion

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Resolution is the process by which something is separated into its component part

The resolution of imaging system refers to the amount of detail which is observable

It may be formulated as the number of pairs of black and white lines which an image forming or image recording device can demonstrate in a length of 1 mm

Vertical resolution is determined by no. of vertical scan lines (e.g. 625).

In recent years the manufactures of radio diagnostic imaging equipment have developed his definition TV system which employ 1249 or even more lines.

Resolution

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The contrast of the image on a TV screen clearly depends on the

contrast of the original image focused onto the signal plate of the

pick up tube.

Both camera and monitor affect the contrast of a TV image.

A vidicon camera reduces contrast by a factor of approx. 0.8 and the

monitor enhances by a factor of 2.

Contrast

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The term luminance and brightness are often used when discussing the aspect of tv imageLuminance can be defined as light emitted per unit area from a surface. It is measured in candela per square meter (cd/m2)

Brightness

Automatic brightness control (ABC)

• ABC helps to maintain the image intensifier exposure rate based on the subject’s thickness

• It is critical to the patient dose and image quality

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The ABC monitors the light output from an area of the face of the image intensifier and it tries to maintain the signal travel within an approximate range of that output and adjust tube potential (kvp) and tube current (mA) a/c to predefined algorithm

It refers to control of x-ray exposure levels

Automatic gain control (AGC)If brightness is controlled by varying sensitivity of

the TV system the term AGC is used.It is fairly simple and inexpensive way to control

image brightness It does not change the x-ray dose rate to the patient

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Image lag Lag is the term used to describe inability of an

imaging system to follow rapid changes in its input image

Distortion Distortion of the image occur in the image

intensifier or in the optical coupling system which links its output phosphor to the signal plate of the TV pick up tube

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ArtifactsLagVignetting,Veiling glare Pincushion distortionS distortion.

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Lag Lag is the persistence of luminescence after x-

ray stimulation has been terminated. Lag degrades the temporal resolution of the dynamic image. Older image intensifier tubes had phosphors with lag times on the order of 30–40 msec. Current image intensifier tubes have lag times of approximately 1 msec.

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Vignetting

A fall-off in brightness at the periphery of an image is called vignetting. Vignetting is caused by the unequal collection of light at the center of the image intensifier compared with the light at its periphery. As a result, the center of an image intensifier has better resolution, increased brightness, and less distortion.

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Veiling GlareScattering of light and the defocusing of photoelectrons within the image intensifier are called veiling glare. Veiling glare degrades object contrast at the output phosphor of the image intensifier. As mentioned, the contrast ratio is a good measure of determining the veiling glare of an image intensifier. X-ray, electron, and light scatter all contribute to veiling glare.

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Pincushion Distortion• Pincushion distortion is a geometric, nonlinear

magnification across the image. • The magnification difference at the periphery of the

image results from the projection of the x-ray beam onto a curved input surface.

• The distortion is easily visualized by imaging a rectangular grid with the fluoroscope.

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S DISTORTION

Electrons within the image intensifier move in paths along designated lines of flux. External electromagnetic sources affect electron paths at the perimeter of the image intensifier more so than those nearer the center. This characteristic causes the image in a fluoroscopic system to distort with an S shape .Manufacturers include a highly conductive mu-metal shield that lines the canister in which the vacuum bottle is positioned to reduce the effect of S distortion.

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INDICATIONSNon traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

(SAH).Arterial dissection or lacerationAneurysmPseudoaneurysmThrombosis.Arterio-venous malformation (AVM). Arterio-venous fistula (AVF).Tumor vascularity.Gastrointestinal bleed/Uterine artery bleedTherapeutic.

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CONTRAINDICATIONSNo absolute contraindication.

Poor renal reserve.

Deranged coagulogram.

Allergic to contrast media.

Recent barium examination –abd.angio

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Contrast Media

Blood vessels are not normally seen in an x-ray image, because of low tissue contrast.

To increase image contrast, contrast agents, which are dense fluids with elements of high atomic numbers, such as iodine, are injected into a blood vessel during angiography. Because of its higher density and high atomic number, iodine absorbs photons more than blood and tissue.

This creates detailed images of the blood vessels in real time.

The first contrast media used for intravascular injection were called high-osmolar contrast media (HOCM). (osmolality is the measure of the particle concentration in a solution.)

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 HOCM had osmolarity seven to eight times

higher than plasma. This high osmolarity

caused adverse effects such as pain,

endothelial damage, thrombosis, and

increased pressure in the pulmonary

circulation.

 Low-osmolar contrast media (LOCM) were

first developed in the 1970's and these

helped to reduce these side effects.

 One of the major risks of modern iodine

contrast media is an allergic reaction to

iodine.

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Non ionic Iso-osmolar contrast media.

30-40% dilution with normal saline.

50 ml of diluted contrast media is enough to

do a standard cerebral angiogram with total 8

projections.

Approx. 5-8 ml diluted contrast / injection.

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Materials used

Catheters

Arterial sheath

Medicut

Guidewires

Contrast

Connector/100

cm.tubing

Surgical blade48

Saline

Disposable

syringes

Local anesthesia

Heparin

Surgical gloves

Elastoplast

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Picard

Pigtail

Sim-1

Cathetars

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VASCULAR SHEATH

MEDICUT

GUIDE WIRES

ELASTOPLAST STRIPS

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CONTRAST ANESTHESIA

ANTICOAGULANT

PVA-PARTICLESGEL FOAM

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PREPARATION

Appointment time

Nil orally 4-6 hrs.

On trolley

In hospital gown

Groin shave

Records

PTI

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Should be well

hydrated.

Should void before

procedure.

Peripheral pulses

marked.

I.V line in place.

INFORMED CONSENT

MUST

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DSA

DIAGNOSTIC• Cerebral- 4 vessel• Upper & lower limb • Renal • IVC graphy • Pulmonary • Abdominal - coelic

& branches• -sup.

mesentric A.• - inf.

mesentric A.• Transjugular liver

biopsy• Balloon occlusion test.

THERAPEUTIC

• Embolization • - coil • - gel• - particle• - ballon• Stenting

• TACE

• Vertebroplasty

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PROCEDUREGaining arterial access.

Selective arterial catheterization.

Image acquisition.

Closure of arterial access.

Post processing

Hard copy

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During angiography, patients may be sedated to reduce anxiety.

Their heart rate and rhythm, breathing, and oxygen saturation are monitored throughout the procedure.

Patient clean draped . A local anesthetic is usually used in the area

where the catheter is to be inserted, most commonly the femoral artery.

First, a small incision given, medicut is inserted into the artery. fluoroscopy is used to guide the needle to the proper position .

The needle is then removed after placing guide wire in the artery and vascular sheath is inserted over the guide wire . The catheter is then inserted along the guide wire through the sheath.

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When the catheter is in the correct position, the wire is pulled out and dye is injected through the catheter.

Images are acquired during contrast injection. Injections can be made directly into the artery of interest (selective arteriography)

Complications from an arteriogram are very rare, but there is some risk. Most problems that occur can be detected at the time of the procedure or immediately after the procedure. The artery may be injured at the puncture site or along the artery where the catheter is passed.

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COMPLICATIONS0.16% major complication rate.Local complications: hematoma,

vessel laceration, dissection, peudoaneurysm, AV fistula.

Systemic complications: contrast reactions, fever, sepsis, dehydration, death.

CNS complication: aggravation of preexisting complaints, neurological deficit.

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POSTPROCEDURAL CARE

After the catheter is removed compression is applied to the puncture site.The patient is asked for bed rest for a minimum of 4 hoursDuring rest patient is monitored and vital sign like peripheral pulse like distal to Puncture are regularly The extremity is also checked for warmth, color, numbness to ensure circulation has not been disrupted.

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Oral fluid is given and analgesics are given if required.Special care should be given in case of children and geriatric patient since additional Patience is required. They have given warming blanket to keep the body temp. Normal. Geriatric patient also frequently feel nervous and afraid of falling off the Table ,reassurance and additional care from the technologist will enable the Patient to feel secure and comfortable.

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Digital subtraction techniques

DSA has many techniques

Mask subtraction

Dual energy subtraction

• Time interval differencing

Temporal filtering

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Mask subtractionThe mask image is

subtracted from the

image with dye to

reveal just the vessels

uncontaminated by

overlying bone

structures.

PRE CONTRAST POST CONTRAST

SUBTRACTED ENHANCED

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Dual energy subtraction

2 images are taken within a very short period (no pt. movement ).

One at low KVp & other at high KVp.

K EDGE HYBRID

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K edge subtractionIodine attenuates diagnostic x-rays almost

entirely by P.E.E.One method for achieving high iodine

contrast is removal of all x-rays from the beam except those that lie below the k-shell B.E of ‘I’.

An x-ray filter made of rare earth named cerium can do this well, since B.E = 40 KeV.

Thick filter will remove most of the x-rays above 40 KeV.

The image to be subtracted should contain few

x-rays.

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Hybrid subtraction

High KVp & low KVp image pair is collected.

No pt. movement – soft tissues cancel properly. but bone

edges cause severe artifact.

Consider the subtracted images to consist of only 2 atomic

no. materials (iodine & bone).

The hybrid subtraction produces 2 sets of subtracted images.

The same bone & iodine structures are present on both sets.

D.E.S can now be used to eliminate bone leaving only iodine.

The final image – more noise.

Mask subtraction + dual energy subtraction

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Time interval differencing

In simple mask subtraction, an early image is

used as a mask.

TID – a new mask for each subtraction.

Each subtracted image is the difference b/w the

images separated by some fixed interval of time.

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Temporal filtering

Temporal filters are used.

This filter generates one final image by

adding & subtracting some of the

original images together, & then shifting

& repeating to form the next image.

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ADVANCEMENTSIN OUR DEPARTMENTPhilips Allura Xper FD 20/10 and interventional tools

The Allura Xper FD20/10 is a biplane flat

detector system with integrated 3D for

intricate neurovascular procedures.

Combining the proven stable geometry with

'real-time' Allura

3D- reconstructions,

Xper CT,

SPECTRA BEAM

3D Roadmapping,

and multi-modality information integration,

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the Allura Xper FD20/10 balances

superb image quality with excellent

dose safety.  The flat detector's

unique distortion-free imaging chain

redefines image clarity and captures

information at a resolution four

times greater than conventional X-

ray systems.

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Xper ctWith XperCT clinicians can access CT-like imaging right on the angio system so that they can assess soft tissue, bone structure and other body structures before, during or after an interventional procedure. The XperCT reconstruction is created from a rotational acquisition performed on the Allura Xper system. This reconstruction can be overlaid with the 3D vascular image.

IT Bring 3D soft tissue imaging to your angio suite

3D soft tissue imaging supports diagnosis, planning, interventions and treatment follow-up, XperCT can be combined with Allura 3D-RA images to visualize soft tissue and vascular anatomy on one image. Using CT-like imaging for a post-procedural check can help reduce delays and improve patient comfort.

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XperCT overlay on both the internal carotid and vertebral arteries

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Spectra Beam

It is basically a selectable copper beam filtration

The combination of SpectraBeam with the MRC- tube allows increased X-ray output with better filtration of soft radiation. SpectraBeam offers filters of 200, 500 and 1000 microns thickness Cu equivalent to provide a high level of radiation protection regardless of the projection or patient absorption. This reduces patient X-ray dose for cardiac and vascular applications, while maintaining the same image quality.

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When the acquisition sequence is initiated, the C-arm rotates from left

to right for 220o at 40o per second but

dataacquisition is accomplished at the

range Of 200o, acquiring at 8.8 frames per

second

for 5 seconds resulting in 44mask images

The gantry then rotates back to the starting position. When the C-arm returns to the starting position, the Power injector is initiated according to the injector delay protocol, which is Mask-to-Image delay of 1.1 seconds and Injector-to-Image delay of 1.1 seconds.The Power injector injects 18

milliliterof Visipaque 280 at the rate of 3.6ml/second for Internal Carotid Artery(ICA). The gantry repeats the maskacquisition path and acquires

another44 images with contrast. Real timesubtraction angiographs are

displayedon post processing screen.

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System components

GeneratorsX-Ray TubesII/Flat detectorImaging ChainPatient Table

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Generator characteristicsX-ray generators High powered x-ray generators to provide

almost constant potential power supply to the tube.

Two Velara CVFD microprocessor-controlled 100 kW high-

frequency converter generators.

Minimum exposure time of 1 ms.

Voltage range: 40 kV to 125 kV.

Max current:

- MRC-GS 04-07: 802 mA at 80 kV.

- MRC-GS 05-08: 1062.5 mA at 80 kV.

Automatic kV and mA control for optimal image quality prior

to run to reduce dose.

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Generator characteristics cont. Max continuous power for fluoroscopy: 2.4 kW for 0.5 hour

and 2 kW for 8 hours.Nominal power (highest electrical power): 100 kW (1000

mA at 100 kV)Reference loading conditions: 110 kV, 18 mA continuous. Pulsed X-ray of 3.75, 7.5, 15 and 30 frames/sec. in

monoplane and biplane mode for pulsed fluoroscopy. Pulsed X-ray of 0.5 to 6 frames/sec. for digital subtracted

acquisition in monoplane and biplane mode.Pulsed X-ray up to 6 frames/sec. for digital acquisition in

monoplane and biplane mode. 15 and 30 frames/sec. Noise < 55 dB(A).

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X-Ray Tubes

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The high performance metal ceramic tubes .Most relevant feature is support of the rotor anode in a spiral groove bearingThe spiral groove bearing glides on a thin film of liquid metal to maximize heat dissipation allowing virtually unlimited X-ray sessions without forced cool down delays.• The MRC tube runs silently offering a more comfortable patient environment.• Another secret of the MRC tube is the enormous heat storage capacity of its 200 mm diameter anode, eliminating waiting times.• And, the MRC X-ray tube can image the heaviest patients even at steep angles, while maintaining image quality.

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Tube Specifications

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Tube Specifications …

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DetectorsMore recently, however,

the image intensifier/CCD combination has been replaced by an advanced flat detector imaging device.

The flat detector converts the light generated by the absorbed X-ray energy in the scintillation layer directly into a digital electrical signal.

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Flat detector frontalSize of housing 42x52 cmMaximum field view 30x38cmImage matrix

2480x1920 pixel at 14 bit heightDetector zoom fields

30x30cm,22x22cm, 16x16cm,13.5x13.5cm,

11x11cm formats Pixel size 154x154 μm Detective Quantum Efficiency

(DQE): >73% at low spatial frequencies

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Flat detector lateral

• Size of housing 28x28 cm

• Maximum field view 18x18cm

• Image matrix 1024x1024 pixel at 14 bit height

• Detector zoom fields 14.5x14.5cm, 11x11cm formats

Pixel size 184x184 μm Detective Quantum Efficiency

(DQE): 75%84

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Patient supportAngioDIAGNOST 5

Length: 303 cm (119.3 inch). Metal-free overhang: 125 cm

(49.2 inch). Width: 50 cm (19.7 inch).Longitudinal float: 100 cm (39.4

inch). Transverse float: 36 cm (14.2

inch). Height adjustment (without

pivot option): 76 to 104 cm (29.9 to 40.9

inch). Maximum levelling speed (height

adjustment):- 2 cm/s (0.8 inch/s).Table tilt:L-arc position Angulation

(degrees) Rotation (degrees)Head-end of table 45 Caudal to 45

cranial 27 RAO to 115 RAO85

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Examination lightLight intensity: 30,000 Lux.

Colour temperature: 4300° K.

Focusable light field size: 14 - 25 cm (5.5

- 9.8 inch).

Working distance: 70 -140 cm (27.6 -

55.1 inch).

Light intensity at 30,000 Lux: 114 W/m2.

Lamp type: halogen 22.8 / 24 V 50 W.

Mains power: 220/240 V.

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Quality Assurance

Weekly 3D calibration is carried out. The calibration data is valid for only 14 days (7 days pre- and post- acquisition).

The calibration is to rectify S-distortion as well as pin cushion distortion.

S-distortion is caused by geo- magnetic field s on moving electrons within the Image Intensifier and pin cushion distortion is caused by the curvature of the input phosphor of the Image Intensifier.

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Radiation Protection- Dose reductionDoseWise is active throughout at every level of system

- from spectra beam, pulsed fluoroscopy to syncratouch. It ensures every possible opportunity to

reduce dose, while maintaining image quality.

DoseWise includes three highly effective strategies for dose management:

Spectra Beam technology to remove unwanted ‘soft’ radiation and minimize scatter radiation, automatically. Spectra Beam filters during fluoro and exposures remove unwanted soft radiation, i.e. those X-rays that hit the patient but do not have enough energy to reach the image detector. In this way, filtering significantly reduces patient dose and scattered radiation for staff while maintaining a high image quality.

 

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Advantages Dose reduction3-D road mappingXper CTBolus ChaseQuantitative analysis packages

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DIS-ADVANTAGES OF DSA

Mis-registration .

Poor resolution compared to conventional

angiography. User dependent success rate. Risk of emboli may reaching to healthy

tissue. Not suitable for everyone.

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ConclusionDespite recent advances in CT angiography and MR

angiography, digital subtraction angiography (DSA) remains the standard imaging technique for evaluation of the cerebral vasculature .

Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the dataset acquired during rotational DSA represents the latest development in the neurovascular imaging armamentarium.

This technique combines the anatomic resolution of DSA with the 3D visualization abilities previously offered by only CT or MR angiography and provides more detailed information than does DSA alone in the evaluation of neurovascular lesions, such as cerebral aneurysms .

3D-DSA has taken a prominent role in treatment planning by enabling better appreciation of the morphology of complex vascular lesions before endovascular or surgical management.

It is also superior in the performance of sophisticated tasks such as aneurysm volume measurement

On the other hand, the inability of 3D-DSA to simultaneously image osseous and vascular structures is noted as a weakness of this technique compared with CT angiography .

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THANK

YOU

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