Drugs Your brain is incredibly good at Psychoactive drugs ... · Marijuana Short-Term Effects ......
Transcript of Drugs Your brain is incredibly good at Psychoactive drugs ... · Marijuana Short-Term Effects ......
1
Drugs Drug
– chemical substance that can alter structure and function of body
Psychoactive drugs
– alters behavior, thought, or perceptions
– affect nervous system, neurotransmitters
– most cross blood–brain barrier
75
Your brain is incredibly good at
1. Noticing new things (“news”)
2. Adapting to these changes
76
Three Laws of Drugs
1. All drugs act by changing the rate of
what’s already going on
2. All drugs have side effects
3. The brain adapts to all addictive drugs
by producing the exact opposite
effect.
77
a process =
drug’s effect
b process =
brain adapts
79
STATE
A
STATE
B
SETPOINT
a process =
drug’s effect
b process =
brain adapts
80
STATE
A
STATE
B
SETPOINT
a process =
drug’s effect
b process =
brain adapts
81
STATE
A
STATE
B
SETPOINT
2
1. Tolerance
decreased
effect with
same amount
increase
amount to get
same effect
Begin using…
continue with
same amount
ADDICTION
OVERDOSE
2. Withdrawal
Physical & psychological response when not
taking drug
– nicotine irritability
– caffeine drowsiness, headaches
– alcohol anxiety, shaking; can be fatal
84
3. Abuse, Dependence, & Addiction
Addiction Dependence
•Tolerance
•Withdrawal
• Intense craving
•Use even in face
of negative
health & social
consequences
•Tolerance &
withdrawal;
normal
functioning only
when using the
drug
Abuse
•Use of the drug
continually
causes problems
Three Pillars of Addiction
86
C R A V I N G
The Reward System and Addiction
Naturally occurring rewards promote survival
of self and offspring
– Food
– Water
– Sex
– Parental care
Activate brain circuits that produce dopamine
Dopamine leads to reward-seeking behavior
rewarding
on their
own
87
Rat self-administers drug through needle
placed directly into brain
Needle to
reward center
3
What Is Dopamine?
Neurotransmitter, helps make pleasure very
memorable
Drives us to seek reward
Getting the reward repeatedly can lead to
addiction
dopamine
molecule
91
Categories of Drugs
Depressants
Stimulants
Hallucinogens
93
A. Psychoactive Drugs
1. Depressants
– Slow brain activity
– Relax and calm a user
– Cause sleep at higher doses
– examples:
• alcohol
• opioids
94
Depressants Alcohol
Active ingredient = ethanol (ethyl alcohol)
In U.S., about 65% adults use alcohol
Which drink has most alcohol?
each is one
“standard drink”
95
Alcohol’s Effects
arousal
inhibitions
reaction time
D
E
C
R
E
A
S
E
S
97
Blood Alcohol Content (BAC)
mg alcohol per 100 mg blood
.08 = .08% of bloodstream is alcohol
Average person eliminates one standard
drink per hour
98
4
Alcohol Usage
Moderate drinking
– Women 1 per day; men 2 per day
Heavy drinking
– Women 8+/week
– Men ≥ 15+/week
Binge drinking
– For men, 5 or more drinks in single occasion
– For women, 4 or more drinks in single
occasion 99
Alcohol Usage
• 30% don’t drink
• 30% drink <1/wk
• Top 10% drink
more than half of
all alcohol in
given year
100
Alcohol: Factors Affecting Absorption
1. Food consumption
– Slows down, doesn’t prevent
2. Body weight and build
3. Gender
– Lower enzyme activity in women
101
Alcohol: Biological Effects
Breathing, heartbeat
Vision
Self-control, decision making,
movement
Balance, coordination
Memory
104
Alcohol: Biological Effects
105
Alcohol: Biological Effects
Tolerance
– chronic use more liver enzymes to
break it down
Withdrawal
– Severe cravings
– Delirium tremens (“the DTs”)
• Shaking, hallucinations, seizures
Physical Dependence & Addiction
106
5
Alcohol-Related Diseases
Heart disease
Cancer: mouth, throat, etc.
Liver diseases: cirrhosis, alcoholic hepatitis
healthy liver cirrhosis 107
1. Individual response to alcohol
2. Personality traits (e.g., impulsive)
3. Influence of social group
Alcoholism Risk Factors:
Psychological & Social
108
Alcoholism Risk Factors: Genes
Alcoholism can be inherited
No evidence of one specific gene that causes alcoholism
Environmental factors work with genes to create risk
109
Alcoholism Risk Factors: Genes
What is inherited?
– Break down alcohol faster
– Higher tolerance
BUT….
Most children of alcoholic parent DO NOT develop alcohol problems
Some genes may prevent alcoholism
110
112
113
6
114
115
Opiates (Narcotics)
From opium poppy
Act on opioid receptors
Medical uses = pain relief
Psychological effects = euphoria (intense
excitement & happiness)
Natural: opium, morphine, codeine
Semi-synthetic: heroin, OxyContin
Synthetic: fentanyl
124
Morphine
1803 - morphine separated from opium
1856 - development of hypodermic needle
• Use became widespread
• Used during Civil War for injuries (dependence known as “soldier’s disease”)
132
Heroin
Heroin
– 1874 - first made
– 1898 - sold as cough medicine
– Why “heroin”?
135
Heroin Products
An asthma medicine
136
7
Heroin
Injected, smoked, snorted
Often “cut” with other substances
137
Heroin
Short-term effects
– Euphoria, flushing of skin
Long-term effects
– Addiction
– Collapsed veins
– Organ damage
138
Why is fentanyl so deadly?
On the left, a lethal dose of heroin;
on the right, a lethal dose of fentanyl 139
Stimulants
mood
alertness
blood pressure
heart rate
fatigue
appetite
– examples:
• Caffeine, nicotine, cocaine
141
Stimulants
Caffeine
Found in coffee, tea, soft drinks,
chocolate, some nuts, and some medicines
142
Caffeine
Found in > 60 plants
Most commonly used drug in world
Blocks adenosine (drowsiness)
143
8
Caffeine in Selected Drinks
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350 330
230
145
76
54 47 47 35 18 C
AFFEIN
E I
N M
ILLIG
RA
MS
144
Caffeine
500-600 mg/day probably OK
Excess anxiety, insomnia, fast heartbeat
Linked with osteoporosis, miscarriage
145
2. Stimulants
Nicotine
Active ingredient in tobacco
A tobacco leaf
146
Nicotine
Tobacco products
– Cigarettes, cigars,
pipes
– “Dip”
– Chewing tobacco Cans of “dip” Chewing
tobacco
147
Nicotine
Rates
Adult cigarette smokers =
HS smokers =
Smoking is higher among:
– Males
– 25-64
– No HS diploma
– Below poverty level
15.1%
8%
148
Chemicals in Cigarettes
More than 4000 chemicals in smoke
Some are for flavor, but also to increase
effect of nicotine
158
9
Cancer Causing Chemicals
Identified in Cigarettes
Acetaldehyde
Acetamide
Acrylamide
Acrylonitrile
2-Amino-3,4-dimethyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (MeIQ)
3-Amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido [4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-1)
2-Amino-l-methyl-6-phenyl-1H-imidazo [4,5-b]pyridine (PhlP)
2-Amino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole (Glu-P-1)
3-Amino-l-methyl-5H-pyrido {4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-2
2-Amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (MeAaC)
2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AaC)
4-Aminobiphenyl
2-Aminodipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole (Glu-P-2)
0-Anisidine
Arsenic
Benz[a]anthracene
Benzene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Benzo[b]fluoranthene
Benzo[j]fluoranthene
Benzo[k]fluoranthene
Benzo[b]furan
Beryllium
1,3-Butadiene
Cadmium
Catechol (1,2-benzenediol)
p-Chloroaniline
Chloroform
Cobalt
p,p'-DDT
Dibenz[a,h]acridine
Dibenz[a,j]acridine
Dibenz(a,h)anthracene
7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole
Dibenzo(a,e)pyrene
Dibenzo(a,i)pyrene
Dibenzo(a,h)pyrene
Dibenzo(a,i)pyrene
Dibenzo(a,l)pyrene
3,4-Dihydroxycinnamic acid (caffeic acid)
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene oxide
Formaldehyde
Furan
Glycidol
Heptachlor
Hydrazine
Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene
IQ 92-Amino-3-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline)
Isoprene
Lead
5-Methyl-chrysene
2-Naphthylamine
Nitrobenzene
Nitrogen mustard
Nitromethane
2-Nitropropane
N-Nitrosodi-n-butylamine (NDBA)
N-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine (NDPA)
N-Nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA)
N-Nitrosodiethylamine (DEN)
N-Nitrosodimethylamine (DMN)
N-Nitrosoethylmethylamine (NEMA, MEN)
4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridinyl)-1-
butanone (NNK)
N'-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN)
N-Nitrosopiperidine (NPIP, NPP)
N-Nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR, NPY)
Polonium-210 (Radon 222)
Propylene oxide
Safrole
Styrene
Tetrachloroethylene
o-Toluidine (2-methylaniline)
Trichloroethylene
Urethane (carbamic acid, ethyl ester)
Vinyl acetate
Vinyl chloride
4-Vinylcyclohexene
2,6-Xylidine (2,6-dimethylaniline)
159
Smoking:
Psychological Effects
Increased alertness
Feelings of pleasure
Teen smokers:
– anxiety disorders
– depression higher rates
160
Smoking: Health Effects
1 in 5 deaths in U.S. linked to smoking
(including secondhand smoke)
Life expectancy 10 years less for smokers
Thirdhand smoke
– Chemicals left on surfaces, even long
after smoking stopped
– Dangers currently being studied
162
Smoking-Related Diseases
(A Partial List)
Lip Cancer
Oral Cavity Cancer
Tongue Cancer
Pharyngeal Cancer
Esophageal Cancer
Stomach Cancer
Pancreatic Cancer
Laryngeal Cancer
Tracheal Cancer
Lung Cancer
Kidney Cancer
Urinary Bladder Cancer
Cervical Cancer
Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Peripheral vascular disease
Coronary Heart Disease
Ischemic Heart Disease
Cerebrovascular Disease
Atherosclerosis
Aortic Aneurysm
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Complications of pregnancy
164
166
Lung Images
HEALTHY LUNG CANCER EMPHYSEMA
169
10
Nicotine: Quitting Smoking
<10% able to quit on first try
Hardest = starting before age 21 (80-90% start in teens)
– Nicotine replacement therapy
• Gum, lozenge, patch
– Medication
171 173
180 182
185
BOTH DIED OF LUNG CANCER
189
11
190
Stimulants
Cocaine
Coca plant
Mid-1800s
– Used as an
anesthetic
– Common ingredient
191
19th Century Cocaine Products
192
19th Century Cocaine Products
195
Stimulants
Cocaine
Snorted, smoked, injected
crack cocaine powder cocaine 196
Stimulants
Cocaine
Short-term effects
– Intense euphoria
– Very fast-acting
– Effects short-lived urge to use more
Long-term effects
– Heart disease
– Damaged septum
197
12
Stimulants
Amphetamines
Benzedrine®, Ritalin®, Adderall®
Increases alertness, decreases appetite
Dependence & tolerance
Altered thoughts
– Paranoia
– Similar to schizophrenia
198
Amphetamine Ads
199
Stimulants
Methamphetamine
Similar to amphetamines, but stronger
Street names:
speed, ice, meth, crystal meth
Made in home labs
Pills, injected, snorted, smoked
200
Hallucinogens
Affect mood, thought, memory,
judgment, and perception
Effects vary depending on the user and
the particular drug
– examples:
• marijuana
• LSD
• ecstasy
207
3. Hallucinogens
a. Marijuana
– Cannabis elsewhere
– Active ingredient = THC
– Most widely used illegal drug
– Usually smoked
cannabis plant
208
3. Marijuana
Short-Term Effects
• Things seem more interesting
• Impairs
– memory during and between use
– motor coordination
– judgment
• High doses paranoia & psychosis
209
13
Some Medical Uses
• Nausea
• AIDS-related wasting
• Chronic pain
210
Long-Term Effects
• Addiction
– 9% among all users
– 1 in 6 of people starting as adolescents (17%)
9%
91%
17%
83%
All Start as Adolescents 211
Long-Term Effects
• Addiction
– 25-50% of daily users
25%
50%
212
Increase in THC Potency
Across Time
216
3. Hallucinogens
b. LSD
– Lysergic acid diethylamide
– Street name “acid”
– Psychological effects are called
a “trip”, lasts 6-14 hours
– Visual and auditory changes
– Changes in time/distance perception
– Flashbacks very uncommon
220
Effects of LSD on the Brain
With eyes-closed, much more of the brain contributes to the visual experience under LSD than under placebo
placebo LSD
221
14
True or False?
LSD is stored in the body’s fat cells
long after use has stopped
Once a person has used LSD a
certain number of times, they are
considered legally insane
The US government gave LSD to
people without their knowledge
or permission
– Project MKUltra
FALSE
TRUE!
FALSE
223
3. Hallucinogens
c. Ecstasy – Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
(MDMA)
– Causes massive release of serotonin in
the brain
• May lead to long-term problems
with serotonin levels
• May contribute to depression and
memory problems 224