Narcotic DrugsNarcotic Drugs Pharmacologically

classified as an analgesic

Central Nervous System Depressants

Popular drugs – heroin, morphine, codeine, methadone and propoxyphene

Pharmacologically classified as an analgesic

Central Nervous System Depressants

Popular drugs – heroin, morphine, codeine, methadone and propoxyphene

HallucinogensHallucinogens Marijuana

Derived from the plant Cannabis Hashish – concentrated Sinsemilla – unfertilized

flowering tops of the female Cannabis plant

Active ingredient is THC Potency is normally 4-5% Simsemilla averages 6-12% Liquid hashish averages 8-

22% Potential medical uses

Marijuana Derived from the plant

Cannabis Hashish – concentrated Sinsemilla – unfertilized

flowering tops of the female Cannabis plant

Active ingredient is THC Potency is normally 4-5% Simsemilla averages 6-12% Liquid hashish averages 8-

22% Potential medical uses

HallucinogensHallucinogens LSD – derived from ergot, a fungus

of certain grains and grasses Powerful drug Visual hallucinations, changes in

moods, anxiety, tension, etc Flashbacks possible Phencyclidine – PCP

Human response unpredictable Dangerous drug – paranoia and

violence possible Schizophrenic behavior possible

days after use Methylenedioxymethamphetamine

(aka MDMA or ecstasy) Originally patented as appetite

suppressant Severe adverse reactions,

including fatal side effects

LSD – derived from ergot, a fungus of certain grains and grasses

Powerful drug Visual hallucinations, changes in

moods, anxiety, tension, etc Flashbacks possible Phencyclidine – PCP

Human response unpredictable Dangerous drug – paranoia and

violence possible Schizophrenic behavior possible

days after use Methylenedioxymethamphetamine

(aka MDMA or ecstasy) Originally patented as appetite

suppressant Severe adverse reactions,

including fatal side effects

DepressantsDepressants Alcohol (aka ethanol, ethyl alcohol, booze,

etc.) Central nervous system depressant Legalized and most widely used drug A common effect is impairment Legal blood alcohol level in Oklahoma is 0.10%, or 100 mg/dL

Barbiturates All are derivatives of barbituric acid Big 5: amobarbital, secobarbital,

phenobarbital, pentobarbital and butalbital

Methaqualon . Tranquilizers

Major players: reserpine, chlorpromazine, meprobamate, chlordiazepoxide, diazepam

Inhalants Volatile organic solvents – toluene,

naphtha, gasoline among others Initial exhilaration and euphoria followed

by impaired judgment, drowsiness and stupor

Danger of liver, heart and brain damage

Alcohol (aka ethanol, ethyl alcohol, booze, etc.) Central nervous system depressant Legalized and most widely used drug A common effect is impairment Legal blood alcohol level in Oklahoma is 0.10%, or 100 mg/dL

Barbiturates All are derivatives of barbituric acid Big 5: amobarbital, secobarbital,

phenobarbital, pentobarbital and butalbital

Methaqualon . Tranquilizers

Major players: reserpine, chlorpromazine, meprobamate, chlordiazepoxide, diazepam

Inhalants Volatile organic solvents – toluene,

naphtha, gasoline among others Initial exhilaration and euphoria followed

by impaired judgment, drowsiness and stupor

Danger of liver, heart and brain damage

StimulantsStimulants Amphetamines

Initial feeling of well-being and alertness followed by fatigue and a loss of appetite

Amphetamine, methamphetamine and “ice” (crystal meth) are favorites

Phenmetrazine and phendimetrazine have similar properties

Cocaine First used medically by Freud in

Europe Medical use is now limited Extracted from the leaves of coca

plant (Erythroxylon coca) “Crack” cocaine is the drug of

choice Cocaine produces the strongest

psychological compulsions for continued use

Amphetamines Initial feeling of well-being and

alertness followed by fatigue and a loss of appetite

Amphetamine, methamphetamine and “ice” (crystal meth) are favorites

Phenmetrazine and phendimetrazine have similar properties

Cocaine First used medically by Freud in

Europe Medical use is now limited Extracted from the leaves of coca

plant (Erythroxylon coca) “Crack” cocaine is the drug of

choice Cocaine produces the strongest

psychological compulsions for continued use

Drugs: Organized by Control Laws

Drugs: Organized by Control Laws

Federal law restricting the manufacture and distribution of dangerous substances

The U.S. Attorney General has the authority to change the schedules

The criminal penalties associated with this law are greatest with schedules I and II.

Federal law restricting the manufacture and distribution of dangerous substances

The U.S. Attorney General has the authority to change the schedules

The criminal penalties associated with this law are greatest with schedules I and II.

Controlled Substances ActControlled Substances Act Schedule I

No medical use High potential for abuse Heroin, LSD, methaqualone and marijuana High potential for abuse Cocaine, opiates, PCP, amphetamines, methadone and fast-acting

barbiturates

Schedule II Accepted medical use Potential for psychological or physical dependence Cocaine, opiates, PCP, amphetamines, methadone and fast-acting

barbiturates

Schedule III Less potential for abuse than schedules I and II Currently accepted medical use Potential for low or moderate physical dependence or high psychological

dependence Anabolic steroids, some codeine preparations and some barbiturate

preparations (phenobarbital not included)

Schedule I No medical use High potential for abuse Heroin, LSD, methaqualone and marijuana High potential for abuse Cocaine, opiates, PCP, amphetamines, methadone and fast-acting

barbiturates

Schedule II Accepted medical use Potential for psychological or physical dependence Cocaine, opiates, PCP, amphetamines, methadone and fast-acting

barbiturates

Schedule III Less potential for abuse than schedules I and II Currently accepted medical use Potential for low or moderate physical dependence or high psychological

dependence Anabolic steroids, some codeine preparations and some barbiturate

preparations (phenobarbital not included)

Controlled Substances ActControlled Substances Act Schedule IV

Low potential for abuse relative to schedule III drugs Currently accepted medical use Relatively low limited dependence risk Propoxyphene, phenobarbital, meprobamate, diazepam and

chlordiazepoxide

Schedule V Low abuse potential Medical use Less potential for producing dependency Certain opiate drug mixtures that contain non-narcotic

medicinal ingredients

Designer drugs Can be placed under schedule I Fentanyl analogues

Control of chemical precursors Example – precursors to amphetamine, methamphetamine and

PCP are controlled as schedule II substances

Schedule IV Low potential for abuse relative to schedule III drugs Currently accepted medical use Relatively low limited dependence risk Propoxyphene, phenobarbital, meprobamate, diazepam and

chlordiazepoxide

Schedule V Low abuse potential Medical use Less potential for producing dependency Certain opiate drug mixtures that contain non-narcotic

medicinal ingredients

Designer drugs Can be placed under schedule I Fentanyl analogues

Control of chemical precursors Example – precursors to amphetamine, methamphetamine and

PCP are controlled as schedule II substances

Extraction, Separation and isolation Liquid-Liquid TLC HPLC

Characterization Color tests - often termed presumptive tests

Marquis – purple color in presence of opiates and orange-brown in presence of amphetamines

Dillie-Koppanyi – violet-blue color in presence of barbiturates

Duquenois-Levine – purple color in presence of marijuana

Van Urk – blue-purple color in presence of LSD Scott – blue color in presence of cocaine

Characterization UV and IR Spectroscopy GC-MS

Extraction, Separation and isolation Liquid-Liquid TLC HPLC

Characterization Color tests - often termed presumptive tests

Marquis – purple color in presence of opiates and orange-brown in presence of amphetamines

Dillie-Koppanyi – violet-blue color in presence of barbiturates

Duquenois-Levine – purple color in presence of marijuana

Van Urk – blue-purple color in presence of LSD Scott – blue color in presence of cocaine

Characterization UV and IR Spectroscopy GC-MS

Drugs: Organized by ChemistryDrugs: Organized by Chemistry

Note that the neutral classification includes thosedrugs that have no ionizable center and those which are amphoteric

Alkaloids are generally derived from plants ehile the nonalkaloids are syhtthetic or semisynthetic

Methyl Salicylate - AspirinpKa = 3.5

MorphineamphotericDia(acetyl)morphine - opiod,

active ingredient in heroinpKa = 8

Problem#1

Problem#2

Problem#3

Problem#3

Problem#3

HPLC Separation of Methamphetamines

Column: C8, 4.6 x 150 mm

Mobile Phase: 85% 25 mM phosphate buffer15% ACN

Flow Rate:  1.0 mL/min

Temperature:  35°C

Detection: 254 nm

Sample: Amphetamines pKa1. Phenylpropanolamine        9.42. Ephedrine 9.63.Amphetamine 9.9 4. Methamphetamine 10.15. Phenteramine 10.1

5. Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) has a of 3.5. The pH of the stomach is approximately 1, while the pH of the intestines is approximately 6. Calculate the fraction of aspirin that is ionized in each area (show your work), anduse the results to predict where the drug is preferentially absorbed.

6. Repeat the calculation in Question 5 for caffeine, a weak base with a of 0.6.

7. Diazepam tablets are supplied in 2-, 5-, and 10-mg increments. Suppose several tablets are received in a laboratory as evidence and, using the Physician’s DeskReference, an analyst was able to tentatively identify them as Valium®, 10 mg. Suppose further that you learn that the tablets also contain anhydrous lactose,starches, dyes, and calcium stearate. Describe a method for isolating the active ingredient from fillers, using a LLE scheme. Justify and explain each step ofthe method.

8. Quinine is a dibasic molecule with of 5.1 and 9.7. It is encountered as a diluent (cutting agent) for heroin. To extract quinine from an aqueous solution, what pH should be used and why?

9. Devise a solvent extraction method that could be used to separate a mixture of powdered sugar, cornstarch, cocaine, and amphetamine. Justify each step and separation.

Problems; Bell page 128