DRUGS. Drug Tolerance The diminishing effect with regular dose of the same dose. Psychological v....
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Transcript of DRUGS. Drug Tolerance The diminishing effect with regular dose of the same dose. Psychological v....
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DRUGS
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Drug Tolerance
• The diminishing effect with regular dose of the same dose.
Psychological v. Physical dependence
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Withdrawal
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Rohypnol-A Date Rape Drug
Characteristics 7-10 times more potent than valium Produces profound, prolonged sedation,
a feeling of well-being, and short-term memory loss
Legally prescribed in England and 26 other countries for insomnia and pre-op anesthetic – not approved in US
mid-1990’s popular as a “party drug” Tasteless, odorless, and colorless.
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Date Rape Use
Drinks are spiked Causes sedation in 15 minutes –
enhanced by alcohol and marijuana
No memory of sedation period Victims don’t recall experience
making prosecution difficult
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Street Use
• Smuggled from Mexico or Colombia
•‘roofies’ or ‘roches’
•$1 - $2 a pill
•1996 DEA declared is a Schedule 1 – similar to heroin – 10year prison for smuggling offense
•Up to 20 years for use in rape
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Protection Guidlines
• Don’t drink something you don’t open• Don’t exchange or share drinks• Don’t accept a drink from a punch bowl• Don’t drink from a container being passed
around• Don’t leave your drink unattended• If someone orders from a bar, accompany
the person and watch it being poured.
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Psychoactive Drugs• Depressants: slow down body
functions.• Stimulants: arouse body
functions.• Hallucinogens: distort
perceptions or evoke sensation without sensory input.
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DepressantsAlcohol• Slows down
sympathetic nervous system.
• Disrupts memory processing.
• Reduces self-awareness.
• Involved in up to 60% of all crimes.
• The worst drug from a macro perspective out there.
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• Alcohol Consumption among College Students• 81% drank alcohol in the past year – men slightly less
likely to abstain• Percentage of abstainers and frequent binge drinkers
increased • Of those who consume
– 48% say getting drunk is an important reason– 44% were occasional or frequent binge drinkers (5 in a row for
men, 4 for women)– Male, white, aged 23 or younger, never married, and belonging
to fraternities or sorority houses had higher binge drinking rates– Frequent bingers are more likely to miss a class, fall behind,
forget where they were, get hurt, damage property• Fraternities and sororities constitute the heart of the
campus alcohol culture– 66% are binge drinkers
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• Task Force on College Drinking– 1400 college students die annually from alcohol-
related unintentional injuries– 500,000 students are unintentionally injured annually– 600,000 students are assaulted by drinking student– 70,000 are victims of alcohol-related sexual assault or
date rape– 400,000 students had unprotected sex and more than
100,000 report having been too intoxicated to know if they had sex
– 25% report academic consequences of their drinking– 150,000 develop an alcohol-related health problem
and between 1.2 and 1.5% indicate they tried to commit suicide
– 2.1 million drove while under the influence– 11% report they had damaged property while under
the influence– 31% met the criteria for a diagnosis of alcohol abuse
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• Of particular interest –• Heavy drinkers frequently drink to the point of
physical distress• Problem drinkers not only drink heavily, but also
experience trouble with authorities as a result – frequently, problem drinkers don’t label their own drinking pattern as problematic
• Context-dependent drinkers typically drink in social settings rather than at home by themselves or with family
• The single best expectancy predictor for heavy and context-dependent drinkers was social and physical pleasure, whereas the most powerful expectancy predictor for problematic drinkers was tension reduction
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DepressantsBarbiturates• Tranquilizers• Taken to sleep (but
reduce REM sleep).• Taken with other
drugs- you can get a synergistic effect.
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Depressants
Opiates• Heroin and
morphine• Addition comes
fast and the withdrawal symptoms are bad
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Stimulants
• Amphetamines (Speed)
• Cocaine• Crack• “the crash”
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Caffeine – Is it Harmful?• Most popular, and most ancient, drugs• Drug occurs naturally in more than 60 plants and
trees• Stimulates neurotransmitters in the CNS• Temporarily increases heart rate, metabolism, and
stomach-acid secretion• Dilates some blood vessels and constricts others• Wards of drowsiness and increases alertness• Shortens reaction time but little effect on verbal
fluency, numerical reasoning, or short-term memory
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Can Produce -
• Trembling• Chronic muscle tension• Throbbing headaches• Depression• Insomnia • Very little long term effects
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Hallucinogens
LSD (Acid)• Can cause
PTSD and schizophrenia.
• Geometric patterns
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Hallucinogens
Marijuana• THC
(Tetrahydrocannabinl)• Difficult to classify• Can amplify senses• Is it addictive?
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LSD
• Drug of choice in mid-1990’s• First ‘acid trip’ was taken in 1943 by
chemist Albert Hofmann, the creator of LSD:
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“Last Friday, April 16, 1943, I was forced to stop my work in the laboratory in the middle of the afternoon and to go home, as I was seized by a particular restlessness associated with a sensation of mild dizziness. On arriving home, I lay down and sank into a kind of drunkenness which was not unpleasant and which was characterized by extreme activity of imagination. As I lay in a dazed condition with my eyes closed there surged upon me an uninterrupted stream of fantastic images of extraordinary plasticity and vividness and accompanied by an intense kaleidoscope-like play of colors.”
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Characteristics
•Called acid, sugar, big D, trips, or microdots
•Extremely potent hallucinogen
•Average dose is .5-1.0 micrograms
•Neither physical or psychological dependency, but tolerance develops quickly
•Ingestion shows effects in 30 – 45 minutes and lasts for 8 – 10 hours
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Effects
•Mood and mental set will ‘color’ experience
•Changes in sensory perception
•Great variations in emotion, including depersonalization and detachment
•Vision most affected – feeling of perceptual sharness, illusions develop as objects seem to change shape and color
•Walls and other objects become wavy
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•Bizarre shapes and designs with no basis in reality appear
•One sensory experience may translate into another – red is seen as warm; music is seen
•Difficult to distinguish between past, present, future
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Reported personal changes
•Early proponents suggested it helped them to achieve personal insight
•Enhanced their creative activity
•Timothy Leary described religiouslike experiences; insight into philosophy, religion, and daily life
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Timothy Leary & Richard Alpert (Baba Ram Dass)
In 1963, he and Richard Alpert were fired from their positions at Harvard after which they both lived at Millbrook for a time. At Milbrook they continued to work with psychedelics both therapeutically and recreationally...with the occasional help of Allen Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac, William Burroughs, Abbie Hoffman and Aldous Huxley.
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Near-Death Experiences
Near-Death Experience an altered state of
consciousness reported after a close brush with death
often similar to drug-induced hallucinations