D ’ S Till D ’ S Till Don’t Stop Till Don’t Stop Till You Get Enough? You Get Enough? Drugs and Their Modifying Effects Drugs and Their Modifying Effects

on the Human Bodyon the Human Bodyon the Human Bodyon the Human Body

Ryan D. Wynne, Ph.DLehigh University

BioS 10Bioscience in the 21st CenturyBioscience in the 21 Century

September 10, 2010

OutlineOutlineI. Overview of Drugs

I. ClassificationII. Facts and FiguresIII. Systems Affected

II.CocaineII.CocaineI. How it worksII. Side effects

III AmphetaminesIII. AmphetaminesI. How it worksII. Side effects

IV HeroinIV. HeroinI. How It worksII. Side effects

V Pop lar Dr gs of the 21st Cent rV. Popular Drugs of the 21st Century

What is a Drug?What is a Drug?• Drug ‐‐‐ A chemical substance that, when taken into the body, alters the structure or functioning of the body in some way

Four Categories of Drug‐Taking Behaviors, Derived F Th C bi ti f G l d L l St tFrom The Combination of Goal and Legal Status

Illicit Drug Use Prevalence Rates For ll dU.S. College Students In 2008

U.S. Deaths per Year From Tobacco, Alcohol, d Illi i D Uand Illicit Drug Use

Routes of Drug AdministrationRoutes of Drug Administration

The BrainThe Brain

Synaptic TransmissionSynaptic Transmission

Play

http://www.emedillustration.com/animation/animationpage.html

Drugs and the CNSg

The Major Stimulants: CocaineThe Major Stimulants: Cocaine

The Major Stimulants: Cocaine

ff f C i A i 2

The Major Stimulants: Cocaine

Effect of Cocaine Abuse on Dopamine D2 Receptors

normal subject

cocaine abuser (1 month post)

The Major Stimulants: CocaineThe Major Stimulants: Cocaine

Side Effects• Powerful burst of energy• General sense of well‐being• Heart rate and respiration are• Heart rate and respiration are 

increased• Appetite is diminished• Blood vessels constrict and blood 

pressure is increased• Pupils are dilatedPupils are dilated• Continuously stuffy or runny nose

• Hallucinations (cocaine psychosis)

The Major Stimulants: CocaineThe Major Stimulants: Cocaine

The Major Stimulants: AmphetaminesThe Major Stimulants: Amphetamines

PlPlay

http://www.stumbleupon.com/su/1PMK3Z/learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/addiction/drugs/mouse.cfm

The Major Stimulants: Amphetamines• Euphoria 

• Insomnia 

• Increased heart rate 

• Increased blood pressure 

• Dilated pupils 

• Parkinson's‐like symptoms 

• Tremors• Tremors 

• Convulsion 

• ParanoiaParanoia 

• Hallucinations 

• Strokes 

• Cardiovascular collapse, death 

The Major Stimulants: AmphetaminesThe Major Stimulants: Amphetamines

The Narcotics: HeroinThe Narcotics: Heroin

The Narcotics: HeroinThe Narcotics: HeroinSide Effects• Intense euphoriaIntense euphoria• Subsequent tranquil drowsiness• Elevated body temperature

Withdrawal• Increased blood pressure• Tearing runny nose• Tearing, runny nose• Diarrhea• Spontaneous ejaculations• Restlessness• Restlessness• Involuntary kicking movements• Pain and irritability• Depression and anxiety• Depression and anxiety

The Narcotics: HeroinThe Narcotics: Heroin

21st Century Drugs21 Century Drugs

Performance-Enhancing Drugsg g

Performance-Enhancing DrugsPerformance Enhancing Drugs• Androgenic ‐ acting to 

promote masculinizingpromote masculinizing changes in the body

• Anabolic ‐ acting to promote growth and muscular developmentdevelopment

• Anabolic‐androgenic steroids g(anabolic steroids) ‐ a group of drugs patterned after the testosterone moleculetestosterone molecule, producing anabolic and androgenic effects

Performance-Enhancing DrugsPerformance Enhancing Drugs• Shrunken testicles 

• Diminished sperm count 

• Enlarged breasts nlarged breasts

• Frequent, sustained, painful 

penile erections (priapism)penile erections (priapism)

• Acne on shoulders and back

• Increased facial hair, accelerated balding

Performance-Enhancing DrugsPerformance Enhancing Drugs

• Lower voice • Increased facial hair E l d lit i• Enlarged clitoris 

• Increased aggressiveness• Increased appetite and• Increased appetite and decreased body fat

• Diminished menstruation• Decreased breast size • Increased body hair • Increased loss of scalp hair 

Performance-Enhancing Drugsg g

Misuse of Prescription DrugsMisuse of Prescription Drugs

Misuse of Prescription DrugsMisuse of Prescription Drugs

Prescription Drugs

Misuse of Prescription DrugsMisuse of Prescription Drugs

Diprivan