Drug Testing in Sports
description
Transcript of Drug Testing in Sports
Drug Testing in Sports
Chapter 17Pharmacology
Drug Abuse in Sports
The history of taking drugs to improve performance dates back to World War II when German soldiers were given steroids to increase their strength and aggression.
Athletes take drugs
By purpose Accidentally
Self-Administration Quacks
Couch Advice Doctors Paramed
What is Drug Testing?Drug testing generically refers to the
analysis of bodily tissues or fluids to determine the presence and/or concentration of a particular substance
Drug Testing vs. Drug ScreeningDrug Testing vs. Drug Screening• Drug Screening Drug Screening is the qualitative analysis of body is the qualitative analysis of body
tissue or fluid to broadly determine the tissue or fluid to broadly determine the presencepresence of of particular substancesparticular substances
• Drug TestingDrug Testing in the most precise sense refers to in the most precise sense refers to quantitative analysis of bodily tissues or fluids to quantitative analysis of bodily tissues or fluids to determine determine concentrationsconcentrations of particular substances of particular substances
History of Drug Testing
First drug testing was for alcohol during prohibitionAnother early use of drug testing was in sports
First used to detect if horses were being given morphine thought to be a performance enhancer
Human athletes were being tested by the 1960’sThe military began testing during the Vietnam war.
However systematic testing did not begin until the 1980’s
Private industry began drug testing of employees in the 1980’sPractice became widespread following Executive Order
#12564, by President Reagan, establishing Drug Free Work Place
Examples of Athletes using Examples of Athletes using drugsdrugs
Ben Johnson:The American 100-meter gold medal winner was
disqualified in Seoul Olympics 1988 due to Stanozolol abuse. Then lifetime ban in 1993 due to Testosterone abuse.
Examples of Athletes using Examples of Athletes using drugsdrugs
Ronnie O'Sullivan:The British snooker player has forfeited prize money of $100,000 after a positive test for cannabis.
Examples of Athletes using Examples of Athletes using drugsdrugs
Dieter Binus:Accused of causing bodily harm to female East German swimmers by giving them anabolic steroids.
Effectiveness of Drug Testing
Difficult to evaluate effectiveness because of multiplicity of goals of drug testing:Identification of drug users in an organizationDeterrence of drug useImprovement of worker moraleIncreased productivityDecreased workplace accidentsOverall cost-effectiveness
Controversies Surrounding Drug TestingReliability of Drug Testing
Great potential for false positives, particularly on EMIT
Most drug tests do not measure current level of drug use/impairment
Constitutionality of Drug TestingViolation of Fourth Amendment protections?Violation of Fifth Amendment protections?Violation of Fourteenth Amendment protections?
Drug Testing
NCAA goals of drug testing programs:Promote fair and equitable competition
Compete on a “level playing field”No athlete should feel pressured to consume drugs
to have a chance to winSafeguard the health and safety of athletes by
discouraging drug use through testingHope of athletes using drugs to be caught so they
can be counseled and receive treatment
What is being testing during a drug test?
A list of banned drugs have been established by NCAA and an Olympic Committee. These lists are composed of substances that
are generally reported to be performance enhancing and/or potentially harmful to the health and safety of the student athlete
Selection of Athlete
Random selection of athlete by sportRandom selection of athlete by positionRandom selection of athlete by playing
time or finish positionRandom selection of athlete by financial
aid statusRandom timing-no noticeReasonable suspicion
Methods of Drug Testing
Breath tests Used exclusively for alcohol Least invasive
Blood, urine, saliva test Testing of these 3 body fluids involves same basic
technology Problems identified with all 3
Hair analysis Can preserve record of drug use for an indefinite
period of time Also because of the way hair grows, can determine
approximately when drugs were taken (within about a month)
More precise determination, however, is not possible
Drug Testing Methods
Urinalysis is most common methodEnzyme multiplied immunoassay technique
(EMIT):Light absorption to establish level of drugs present in
urineGas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-
MS):EMIT positive tests must be followed up by GC-MSSeparates compounds in urine and developing
fingerprints for each compound.
Drug Testing Methods Cont.
Athletes will be observed by a drug testing crew member of the same gender
Length of collection process depends on the athlete’s ability to provide adequate specimenEntire process is usually completed in 20 mins.
Can large amt. of fluids mask drug test?
NO!!NCAA requires athlete’s urine sample to
be analyzed on site before sending to lab
Diluted specimen- athlete will be required to remain in drug testing until an adequate specimen is collected
NFL Drug Testing
NFL tests for recreational drugsAthletes given specified date and plenty of
advanced warningPositive tests athlete is given a second chance
before suspension League treats recreational drug use as a
medical issue and wants to get athlete help
NFL Drug Testing Cont.
Steroid TestingRandom testing given each week
Computer randomly selects the athlete1st positive test, athlete suspended for four games2nd positive test, suspended for six games3rd positive test, suspended for at least one year
NFL Drug Testing Cont.
Testing for masking agentsIf athlete tries to pass a drug test using these
agents, they are suspended, even if a steroid is not detected
NBA Drug Testing
Notification during practice on the day of testing that they must provide a urine sampleEveryone will be tested at least once during the
four week preseason… rookies will be tested three more times, randomly
and without notification each seasonVeterans will be tested during preseason only
NBA Positive Testing Results
Positive tests for cocaine, heroin or other “hard drugs” will be barred from the NBA for two years
Positive tests for marijuana will go into a treatment program after the first offense2nd offense they will be finedAdditional offenses will lead to more fines and
subsequent suspension
MLB Drug Testing
Players undergo two unannounced testAn initial test and a follow-up five to seven days
laterFailing to take test counts as a positive test, as
will attempting to alter a specimen or using a masking agent
Banned substances are those listed by the FDAIncludes 27 types of steroids
High School Drug Testing
Consent form must be signed by athlete and parent/guardian prior to seasonIf athlete refuses they may not participate that
seasonIncoming athletes during a season must sign
consent before participating
High School Cont.
Drug Testing:Done without prior warning to studentPositive tests-Medical Review Officer must
contact parents/guardian and school admin. This results in immediate dismissal from team
• If not currently participating in sport, then the student shall be required to miss the entire season for the next sport in which the student normally participates in.
Required to undergo drug counseling2nd violation-permanently prohibited from
participating in sports