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Drug review

Efficacy of Vyaghriharitaki Avaleha on Chronic Bronchitis Page 27

VYAGHRIHARITAKI AVALEHA Vyaghriharitaki Avaleha (VHA) is a purely herbal product used commonly for

the management of various diseases of respiratory system.1 The term Vyaghriharitaki

Avaleha is named so because it contains Vyaghri and Haritaki as two major

ingredients. Maharshi Bhrigu told this formulation by the name of Vyaghriharitaki

Avaleha.

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Table 3.1: Formulation composition of Vyaghriharitaki Avaleha as per classics

No. Ingredients Botanical Name / English Name Parts used Quantity

1. Kantakari Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & Wendl. Whole plant 4800 g

2. Haritaki Terminalia chebula Retz. Fruit rind 100 Nos.

3. Jala Water - 12288 ml

4. Guda Jaggery - 4800 g

5. Sunthi Zingiber officinale Roxb. Rhizome 96 g

6. Marica Piper nigrum Linn. Fruit 96 g

7. Pippali Piper longum Linn. Fruit 96 g

8. Twak Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume. Stem bark 48 g

9. Ela Elettaria cardamomum Maton. Fruit 48 g

10. Patra Cinnamomum tamala Ness. Leaves 48 g

11. Nagakeshara Mesua ferrea Linn. Stamens 48 g

12. Madhu Honey - 288 g

Vyaghriharitaki avaleha is a purely herbal product for the management of

various diseases of respiratory system like Shwasa (bronchial asthma), Kasa (cough),

Kaphaja Kasa (bronchitis)3

, Peenasa (Chronic rhinitis), Pratishyaya (Coryza),

Svarakshaya (aphasia), Rajayakshma (Tuberculosis) etc. It is an Avaleha dosage form

prepared with guda (jaggery) as the sweetening agent. As per the classical references

it is told that Haritaki fruit should be 100 numbers 4

for the said quantities of the other

ingredients of the formulation. Haritaki fruits should be tied in cotton cloth (pottali)

and boiled along with Kantakari (Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & Wendl.) to

Drug Review

Drug review

Efficacy of Vyaghriharitaki Avaleha on Chronic Bronchitis 8

prepare the kwatha (decoction).5 The well cooked Haritaki fruits are then taken out of

the pottali and the seeds are removed to collect the pulp of the fruit. After collecting

the pulp of the fruit, it is ground well to make fine paste of it. Then the avaleha should

be prepared till the siddha lakshanas are observed following the principles of Avaleha

Kalpana. Then fine powders of prakshepa dravyas are added after self cooling and

stirred thoroughly to get a homogeneous mixture. Finally madhu (honey) should be

added and mixed.The pharmaceutical procedure mentioned in classical Ayuvedic text

Chakradatta6 and API (Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India)

7 are same.

HISTORICAL REVIEW:

This formulation has been mentioned in many of the Ayurvedic classical texts.

In all the above mentioned classical texts, the formula of the said formulation varies

slightly with each other, with regards to the number and proportion of ingredients.

Table 3.2: References of Vyaghriharitaki Avaleha in various classical texts

Book Chapter Ratio of Trikatu

Chakradatta Kasa Chikitsa / 66-69 2pala

Bhava Prakash Kasa Chikitsa / 43-47 2pala

Yoga Ratnakara Kasa Chikitsa / 105-108 3pala

Gada Nigraha Leha / 101-104 3pala

Vanga Sena Kshyaja Kasa Nidana, 170-173 3pala

Bhaishajya Ratnavali Kasa chikitsa prakaranam -15/169-172 2pala

Bharat Bhaishajya Ratnakara Vol. 4, Page No. 632 2pala

API (Formulations) Part-2, Vol-1, Appendices 2pala

Table 3.3: Synonyms of the ingredients:

Drug Synonyms

Kantakari Kantakari, Duhsparsha, Vyaghri, Kshudra, Nidigdhika, Kantakarika,

Dhavani, Kantalika8

Haritaki Haritaki, Abhaya, Pathya, Kayastha, Putana, Amruta, Haimavati,

Avyatha, Chetaki, Sreyasi, Shiva, Vayastha, Vijaya, Jivanti and Rohini 9

Sunthi Sunthi, Vishva, Vishvam, Nagaram, Vishvabheshajam, Ushna,

Katubhadram, Shringaveram, Mahaushadham10

Maricha Maricha, Vellaja, Krishna, Ushna, Dharmapattanam11

Pippali Pippali, Magadhi, Krishna, Vaidehi, Chapala, Kana, Upakulya, Ushna,

Saundi, Kola, Tikshnatandula12

Twak Swadutvak, Tanutvak, Darusita13

Ela Saksmaila, Upakunchika, Tuttha, Korangi, Dravidi, Truti14

Patra Patra, Tamalpatra, Patranamaka15

Nagakeshara Nagapuspa, Nagkeshara, Kesara, Campeya, Nagakinjalka, Kanchanahvya16

Drug review


Table 3.4: Rasa panchaka of individual drugs in Vyaghriharitaki Avaleha

Drug Rasa Guna Veerya Vipaka

Kantakari Katu, thikta Laghu, rooksha Ushna Katu

Haritaki Madhura, Amla,

Katu, Tikta, Kashaya Laghu, rooksha Ushna Madhura

Sunthi Katu Laghu, snigdha Ushna Madhura

Maricha Katu Rooksha, tikshna Ushna Katu

Pippali Katu Laghu, snigdha Ushna Madhura

Twak Katu,Tikta, Madhura Laghu, Ruksha, Tikshna Ushna Katu

Ela Katu, Madhura Laghu, Ruksha, Sheeta Katu

Patra Madhura Ruksha , Tikshna Ushna Katu

Nagakeshera Kasaya, Tikta Ruksha, Tikshna, Laghu Ushna

Anushna Katu

Table 3.5: Doshagna karma, karma and indication of individual drugs of

Vyaghriharitaki Avaleha

Drug Doshaghna

karma Karma Indication

Kantakari Kaphavatahara

Vedanasthapan, Shothahara, Deepana,

Pachana, Rechana, Kasahara, Swasahara,

Kanthya, Hikkanigrahana, Mootrala,

Swedajanana, Jwaraghna17

Aruchi, swasa, Jwara,

Kasa, Peenasa, Svara

bheda, Parswashoola

Haritaki

Kaphavatahara

Shothahara, Vedanasthapan, Balya,

Deepana, Pachana, Anulomana,

Mrudurechana, Hridya, Shonitasthapan,

Jvaraghna, Rasayana. 18

Sotha, Arshas, Aruci,

Hridroga, Kasa, Pandu,

Prameha, Vibandha,

Tamaka swasa, Gulma,

Udararoga

Sunthi Vatahara

Sheetaprashamana, Shothahara,

Vedanasthapan, Uttejaka, Vatashmak,

Triptigha, Rochan, Dipana, Pachana,

Vatanulomana, Shoola prashmana,

Arshaghna, Raktashodhaka, Swasahara,

Vrishya, Jwaraghna, Amapachana 19

Agnim¡ndya, swasa,

adhmana, amavata, Pandu,

Udararoga

Maricha

Kaphavatahara

Lekhana, Deepana, Pachana,

Vatanulomana, Svedajanana,

Jwaraghna, Pramathi20

Swasa, Shoola,

Krimiroga, Tvagroga

Pippali Tridoshaghna

Raktotkleshaka, Jantughna,

Shirovirechana, Medhya, Vatahara,

Deepan, Triptighna, Vatanuloman,

Shoolaprashman, Mridureshan,

Plihavridhihara, Krimighna, Rakta

Vardhak, Raktashodhak, Hikkanigrahan,

Kasahara, Swasahara, Mutral, Vrisya,

Kusthaghna, Jvaraghna, Rasayan, Balya.

21

Shoola, Arsha, Gulma,

Hikka, Kasa, Krimi,

Kshaya, Kusta, Pleeha

roga, Swasa, Prameha,

Thrishna, Udara roga,

Amavata, Jwara

Twak Kaphavatahara Deepana, pachana, Vatanulomana,

Ojovardhaka, Shleshmahara, Grahi

Amajirna, Aruchi,

Hridroga, Pinasa, Swasa,

Kasa, Kanthamukharoga,

Rajaykshma

Drug review


Ela Kaphavatahara Hrudya , rochana, dipana

Hrudroga, Swasa, Kasa,

Mutra Kricchra, Chardi,

Sirahsula.

Patra Kaphavatahara Ruchya, Arshoghna Arshas, Aruci, Peenasa,

Nagakeshara Kaphahara urdhwajatrugatarogahara, , Varnya,

Vastivatamayghna

Raktharsas,

Rakthathisara,

Rakthapradara, Chhardi,

Shopha etc

Table 3.6: Rasa panchaka of madhura dravyas

Properties Madhura dravyas

Madhu22

Guda23

Rasa Madura, kashaya Madhura

Guna Guru, Ruksha, sukshma Laghu, Snigdha

Veerya Sheeta Sheeta

Vipaka Katu Madhura

Doshagna Kaphavatasamaka Vatasamaka

Karma Yogavahi, ropaka, balya, vranashodhana, Lekhaniya Balya

Indication Swasa, Kushta, Arsha, kasa,Pittaraktavikara,

Prameha, Krimi, Trisha, Atisara, Daaha

Swasa,Kushta,

Arsha, kasa

Table 3.7: Chemical constituent of individual drugs of Vyaghriharitaki Avaleha

Drug Chemical constituent

Kantakari

Carpesterol, gluco alkaloid solanocarpine, solanine-S, solasodine,

solasonine, solamargine, -solamargine, cycloartanol, stigasterol,

campesterol, cholesterol, sitosteryl-glucoside, stigasteryl glucoside,

solasurine, galactoside of -sitosterol, methyl ester of 3,4-

dihydroxycinnamic acid and 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid (caffeic

acid), isochlorogenic, neochlorogenic, chlorogenic acids (fruit);

flavonal glycoside, quercetin-3-0--D-glucopyranosyl-0--D-

mannopyranoside, apigenin, sitosterol (flower); solanocarpine and

amino acids (seeds); coumarins, scopolin, scopoletin, esculin and

esculetin (leaves, roots and fruits); tomatidenol, norcarpesterol and

solasonine (plant).24

Haritaki

Tannins (20 to 40%) as major constituent on hydrolysis gives chebulic

acid and D-galloyl glucose. chebulagic acid, chebulinic acid, ellogic

acid and gallic acid; a tannin terchebin, an ellagitannin terchebulin,

syringic acid, gallic acid (1.21%).25

The carbohydrates present in

myrobalan are glucose and sorbitol and about one percent each of

fructose, sucrose, a smaller amount of gentiobiose and traces of

arabinose, maltose, rhamnose & xylose. During the maturation of the

fruits the amount of tannin decreases whereas the acidity increases.26

2--hydroxymicromeric acid, a pentacyclic triterpene is

obtained from the T. chebulla.27

The chebulinic acid splits up into a

crystalline tannin substance, digalloyl glucose and a dibasic acid. The

greenish oleoresin obtained from these fruits is sometimes known as

myrobalanin.28

Drug review


Sunthi

Starch (60%) , proteins (10%), fats (10%), fibre (5%), acrid matters

(6%), 1 to 4% essential oil; potassium oxalate and resin. Small

quantities of glucose, fructose, sucrose, and trace amount of raffinose.

The principle carbohydrate of rhizome is starch. The vitamins present

in green ginger are thiamine - 0.06, riboflavin - 0.03, niacin - 0.06,

vitamin c - 6.0 mg/100g. The carotene present in green ginger is

40mg/100mg.29

The composition of essential oil varies as a function of

the geographical origin and contains a mixture of over 50 constituents,

consisting of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons that represent 30 - 70% of

essential oil - including - copane, (-)- zingiberene, (-)-arcurcumene,

(-)--sesquiphellandrene, -farnesense, -bisabolene, farnesene, -

monoterpene, phellandrene, (+)- camphene, myrcene, -pinene,

limonene, their aldehydes (geranial, citronellal, neral) and alcohols

(1,8 - cineole, borneol, linalool, citronellol) and a sesquiterpene

alcohol- zingiberol.30,31,32,33

gingerols.34

Presence of heptane, octane, isovalaraldehyde, nonanol,

ethyl pinene, camphene, -pinene, sabinine, myrecene, limonene, -

phellandrene and 1,8 - cineole in essential oil ,gingediol, methyl

gingediol.35

Maricha

Starch (about 30%) and non-volatile, ether soluble substance (about

6%), alkaloids chavicine, piperine (5-9%), piperidine, essential oil (1-

2.5%), piperetine.36

pipercide etc.37

Pippali

Piperine, piperidine, a pungent resion-chavicine, starch and fatty

oil.38

The essential oil contains n-hexadecane-0.7,terpinolene-1.3,

zingiberene-7.0etc and two new monocyclic

sesquiterpenes.39,40

Sesamin dihydrostigasterol & piplasterol are also

present. Alkaloid A- closely related to pellitorine produces marked

numbness, salivation and a tingling sensation of mucous membranes of

the mouth.41

Twak

Tannin & mucilage.42

Bark oil contains cinnamaldehyde, eugenol,

benzaldehyde, methyl amyl ketone, phellandrene, pinene, cymene,

nonyl aldehyde, linalool, cinnamaldehyde, caryophyllene and esters of

isobutyric acid. 50-65% cinnamic aldhyde content for official

porposes.43

Ela

Volatile oil and also about 3-4% starch, a nitrogenous gum and a

yellow colouring matter.44-pinene (1.9). sabinene (4.5), myrcene

(0.2), limonene (14.3), cineol (30.7), cymene (1.9), methyl heptenone

(0.8), linalool (0.9), Lialyl acetate (1.2), -terpineol (0.8) -terpineol

(3.7), -terpinyl acetate (0.7), nerol (1.4), neolidol (0.3), hepta cosane

(0.5) and unidentified compound (9.7) percent.45

Patra Essential oil -cinnamic aldehyde, eugenol (78%) and d-phellandrene.46

Nagakeshera

Mesuol 1%.47

Essential oil and oleo resin. 48

mesuaferrone-A and

mesuaferrone-B. 49

mesuaferrol, leuco anthocyanidin, mesuone,

mammeigin, mesuagin, euxanthone, etc. presence of xanthone

derivative-ferruol A & B, a triterpene named guttiferol, ferraxanthone.

50

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTION OF INGREDIENTS OF YAGHRIHARITAKI

Drug review


Kantakari:

Reported study on S. xanthocarpum further confirms the traditional use of S.

xanthocarpum as a popular complementary medicine to relieve cough and bronchial

asthma.51

Immunostimulatory activity of aqueous extract of S. xanthocarpum fruits on

mice gives strong evidence that the plant is an immunostimulating agent. 52

Toxicity studies on rats have shown that the hot water extract of the drug

could be toxic at 200 mg / kg dose. But no clinical data to highlight any toxicity on

humans are available. 53

Haritaki:

T. chebula is having immunomodulatory activity.54 It exhibited antispasmodic

action on smooth muscle similar to that of the papavarine. Haritaki shows

hypolipidemic action on rats.55

Hydrolyzable tannins are available in T. chebulla

which shows antimutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium.56

Aqueous extract of T.

chebula shows anticaries agent.57

Terminalia chebulla shows cytoprotective effect

same as Asparagus racemosus on gastric mucosa and also effective in stable angina.58

LD50 of chebulin is reported to be 550 mg/kg in mice. 59

Sunthi:

Ginger and its constituents act as digestive aids; possess antiulcer, cholagogic

and antiemetic properties and increase gastrointestinal motility which may be due to

the antiserotoninergic activity of the drug. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by the

constituents of ginger is thought to play a role in the inflammatory activity exhibited

by the drug. Ginger is also known to possess hypolipidaemic / antiatherosclerotic,

antidiabetic and cardiotonic properties. In clinical trials, ginger seems to be of use in

treating motion sickness and rheumatic dissorders.60

Maricha:

Acid secretion in anesthetized albino rats is highly influenced by intragastric

perfusion of aqueous extract of Maricha,61

it also shows hypoglycemic effect

experimentally, it is also used in gonorrhoea and antidotal activity against snake

poison; Piperine inhibits aflatoxin B-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in Chinese

hamster cells genetically engineered to express rat cytochrome P4502B1.62,63

Pippali:

Drug review


The immunoregulatory potential of P. longum and piperinic acid, one of its

active constituent, in Balb/C mice (in vivo) and human PBMCs (in vitro) models

showed a dose dependent decrease of lymphocytes (CD4+ and CD8+ T cells) and

cytokine levels in sensitized Balb/C mice with a marked inhibition64

. Alcoholic

extract of the fruits of P. longum and its component piperine was studied for their

immunomodulatory and antitumor activity.Alcoholic extract of the fruits and piperine

were found to be cytotoxic.65

Anti allergic and anti asthmatic activities of the fruit are well known. The oil

of fruit has been found to possess significant paralytic action on the nerve muscle

preparation of A. lumbricoides. The hepatoprotective effect has been shown in CCl4

induced liver damage in rats as well as humans. It's also helpful in chronic malaria.

Antifertility and antiamoebic effect of the fruit of P. longum in female rats has been

observed. The fruits as well as root work as an analgesic when applied locally; as a

sedative, as a cholagogue, as an immunagogue, abortificient, as an anthelmentic and

as a carminative. Alcoholic extracts of the dry fruits and aqueous extracts of the

leaves showed activity against micrococus pyogens var. aureus and E. coli. Either

extracts of the fruit have been shown to possess larvicidal properties.66

LD50 value of Piperine in mice is 750-800 mg/kg. P.O. 67

Twak:

Cinnamon bark shows inhibitory action to the bacteria with endotoxin derived

from it.68

Twak shows antimicrobial effect on growth of yersinia enterocolitica.69

Aqueous & chloroform extracts of plant, when given during pregnancy, a non-

significant no. of abnormalities was observed in live fetuses, the same occurring with

fetal weight & no. of dead foetuses. 70

Ela:

Ela shows pharmacological actions like hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory,

analgesic, antispasmodic, antimicrobial, anti fungul etc. 71

Tamal patra:

Hypoglycaemic activity in patients of maturity onset (Insulin dependent)

diabetes72

and hypolipidemic activity of C. Tamala has been reported.73

The essential

Drug review


oil shows effectiveness against dermatophytes and fungicidal activity againt Fusarium

moniliforme.

The LD50 oral toxicity of C. tamala oil is 5.36 ml/kg in mice. 74

Nagkesara:

Mesuol & measuone two phytoconstituent of Nagkeshara, showed antibiotic

activity, mesuol was more active than mesuone against Mycobacterium phlei.75

Ethanolic extract of whole plant excluding root showed antibacterial activity.

Other pharmacological activities reported are: antifungal, anthelmintic,

hypotensive, antispasmodic, antianaphylactic, antiasthamatic, antiimplantation, anti-

inflammatory juvenominetic, insecticidal etc.

The LD50 of ether extract of whole plant in mice is 500mg/kg IP, LD50 of

acetone extract of stamens in mice was 400 mg/kg iv & non toxic up to 1600 mg/kg

P.O. 76

.

REVIEW OF PREVIOUS WORKS ON VYAGHRIHARITAKI AVALEHA:

The academic research works done were searched with key words on

Vyaghriharitaki avaleha. Few clinical works have been done on Vyaghriharitaki

avaleha. It has been used and found effective in Kasa77

78

and Tamakshwasa79

. It has

been used in specific subtypes of Kasa like in Vataja Kasa and Kaphaja Kasa. Vataja

Kasa has been correlated with Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia80

while Kaphaja Kasa

has been correlated with the clinical condition Chronic bronchitis81

82

described in

Allopathy.

Drug review


The formulation, Vyaghriharitaki Avaleha, supplied by CCRAS, New Delhi,

manufactured at Arya Vaidya Sala Factory, Kanjikode, Palakkad, Kerala, specially

prepared for the present clinical trial by using the ingredients and method of

preparation given in API. The analytical study of the drug was carried out using the

test procedures given in API83

at the Pharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory of I.P.G.T.

& R. A., Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar. The result was compared with the

standard parameters given in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). As the analytical

study done by the laboratory of Arya Vaidya Sala Factory, where the medicine was

manufactured was provided, all the three results could be compared.

OBSERVATIONS AND RESULT:

Organoleptic parameters:

1. Taste : Sweet, Pungent

2. Colour : Brownish black

3. Odor: Pleasant

4. Touch/Consistency: Semisolid

Physico-chemical parameters: Physico-chemical parameters of Vyaghrihareetaki

Avaleha was carried out and the results obtained is summarized (Table 3.8).

Table 3.8: Comparative values for the parameters studied and reported by

Kottakal pharmacy.

Sr.

No. TEST

API

Parameters

RESULT

(GAU)

RESULT

(AVS)

1 Loss on drying at

1100

C NMT 23% w/w 18.40 %w/w 16.56 %w/w

2 Ash value NMT 4% w/w 2.86 %w/w 3.46 %w/w

3 Water soluble extract NLT 68.7% w/w 55.00 %w/w 67.06 %w/w

4 Methanol soluble

extract NLT 20% w/w 48.91 %w/w 10.90 %w/w

5 Acid insoluble ash NMT 0.15%

w/w 0.29 %w/w 0.41 %w/w

6 pH of 1% aqueous

solution (by paper) 5.5-5.6 5.0 5.10

7 Sulphated ash NMT 0.41%

w/w 5.01 %w/w Not done

*NMT- not more than **NLT= not less than

High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography study:

ANALYTICAL STUDY

Drug review


The technical details and the results of the chromatography study were as

follows-

Adsorbent : Aluminum- backed Silica gel GF 60254 HPTLC plates

Solvent system : Toluene : Diethyl ether :: 5:5

Spray : Vaniline sulphuric acid

Sample Application : By Auto-sampler CAMAG Linomat 5

The findings of High-performance thin layer chromatography of at 366nm and

254nm UV light are shown in Table 3.9.

Table 3.9: The findings of HPTLC at 366nm and 254nm UV light:

Vyaghriharitaki Leha

Wavelength No. of Spots Rf value

366 nm 06 0.01, 0.07, 0.14, 0.20, 0.24, 0.51

254 nm 08 0.01, 0.04, 0.19, 0.25, 0.29, 0.33, 0.51, 0.63

Fig. 3.1: Densitogram of Vyaghriharitaki avaleha at 254nm (A) and 366nm (B):

A

B

Drug review


REFERENCES

1 Chakrapanidatta. Chakradatta - Ratnaprabha, Sharma PV, editor. 1

st ed. Jaipur: Swami Jayaramdas

Ramprakash Trust; 1993.p.284. 2 Ibid

3 Ibid

4 Anonymous. Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part-2, Vol-1, 1

st ed. New Delhi: Govt. of India,

Ministry of Health of Family Welfare; 2007. p.35. 5 Laksmipati Sastri. Yogaratnakara, Brahmasankar Sastri editor. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Prakashan;

2007.p.413. 6 Chakrapanidatta. Chakradatta - Ratnaprabha, Sharma PV, editor. 1

st ed. Jaipur: Swami Jayaramdas

Ramprakash Trust; 1993.p.284. 7 Anonymous. Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part-2, Vol-2, Appendices. 1

st ed. New Delhi: Govt.

of India, Ministry of Health of Family Welfare; 2008. p. 15-17. 8 Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakasha nighantu, Chunekar KC, Pandey GS, editors. Revised ed. Varanasi:

Chaukhambha Bharati Academy;2010.p.276. 9 Ibid. p.3.

10 Ibid. p.14.

11 Ibid. p.16.

12 Ibid. p.15.

13 Ibid. p.216.

14 Ibid. p.212.

15 Ibid. p.218.

16 Ibid. p.219.

17 Sharma PC, Yelne MB, Dennis TJ, Database on Medicinal Plants used in Ayurveda, Vol. 4. New

Delhi: C.C.R.A.S, Dept. of I.S.M. & H., Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India;

2001.p.269-287. 18

Sharma PV, Dravyaguna Vijnana, Vol.-2. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Bharti Academy; 2003. 19

Ibid. 20

Ibid 21

Ibid. 22

Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakasha nighantu, Chunekar KC, Pandey GS, editors. Revised ed. Varanasi:

Chaukhambha Bharati Academy; 2010.p.772. 23

Ibid.p.779. 24

Sharma PC, Yelne MB, Dennis TJ, Database on Medicinal Plants used in Ayurveda, Vol. 4. New


2001.p.269-287. 25

Anonymous, Quality Standards of Indian Medicinal Plants. New Delhi: Indian Council of Medical

Research; 2005. 26

Anonymous, The Wealth of India, Vol.-9. New Delhi: CSIR; 1996. 27

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Anonymous, Indian Medicinal Plants, Vol.-1. Lucknow: CDRI & Publication and Information

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Anonymous, Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia, Revised ed. Mumbai: IDMA; 2002. 61

Anonymous, Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Vol.4. 1st ed. New Delhi: Govt. of India, Ministry

of Health and Family Welfare; 2002. 62

Venkateshwalu V, Cycloxygenase Inhibitors from Spices, Indian Drugs 1997;34(8):427-432. 63

Tripathi SN, et al., Screening of Hypoglycemic Action in Certain Indigenous Drugs, J. Res. Ind.

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piperine, J Ethnopharmacol 2004;90(2-3):339-346. 66

Anonymous, Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia, Revised ed. Mumbai: IDMA; 2002. 67

Sharma PC, Yelne MB, Dennis TJ, Database on Medicinal Plants used in Ayurveda, Vol.5.,

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2002.p.187, 315, 391 and 478. 68

Azumi S. et al., A Novel Inhibitor of Bacterial Endotoxin derived from cinnamon bark, Biochem

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2002.p.187, 315, 391 and 478.

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Chandola H. M. et al., Hypoglycemic Response of C. tamala in Patients of Maturity onset (Insulin

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Sharma SR, et al, Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic effects of C. tamala Leaves, Indian J. Exp. Bio.

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Anonymous, Indian Medicinal Plants, Vol.-1. CDRI, Lucknow; Publication and Information Centre,

New Delhi. 76



2002.p.187, 315, 391 and 478. 77

Gupta S, et.al, Vyaghriharitaki Kalpana ka Kasa Roga par Prabhavatmaka Adhyana, Govt.

Ayurvedic College, PGT&RC, Patna, Bihar, 1996. 78

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Joseph Roshy, et.al. A comparative study of Vyaghriharitaki avaleha and Vyaghriharitaki granules,

I.P.G.T. & R.A., Jamnagar, 2011. 80

Reddy Srinivasa, et.al. Vyaghriharitaki Rasayana in the management of Vataja Kasa w.s.r to tropical

pulmonary eosinophilia, Shri DGM Ayurvedic Medical College, Gadag, Karnataka, 2003. 81

Deshmukh U P, et.al, Role of Kantakari avaleha in Kaphaja Kasa (Chronic bronchitis), Shri

Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, Nagpur, Maharastra, 1998. 82

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Gopabandhu Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, Puri, Orissa, 1990. 83

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New Delhi: Dept of AYUSH, Govt of India; 2004

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