Drought. Reading: Smith Ch 12 Drought A slow-acting, often long-term hazard Geographically...
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Transcript of Drought. Reading: Smith Ch 12 Drought A slow-acting, often long-term hazard Geographically...
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Drought
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Drought
• Reading: Smith Ch 12
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Drought
• A slow-acting, often long-term hazard
• Geographically widespread and territorially large
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Niger, 1983
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African Sahel Famine 1984-5
• Followed 16 dry years from 1968 onwards
• 2/3 of Africa is dryland,
• 70% of its dryland farming areas are degraded
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Drought
• MDCs:– Drought is costly, but not deadly
• LDCs:– Drought is frequently deadly– food supplies are fragile, malnutrition is
“normal”, the poor can be killed quickly in famine
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Drought
• Most famine deaths in sub-Saharan Africa
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Mid 1980s African Drought
• Affected 20 countries, 150 million people
• 30 million in urgent need of food aid
• 10 million refugees seeking food and water
• 100,000 to 250,00 deaths
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Africa
• Current drought conditions in southern Africa– 14 million in 6 countries face starvation– Botswana refusing food aid from US and EU:
• fears about genetically modified food.
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Victoria Falls, Dry Season
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Ethiopia
• Drought and war brought famine in 1984– 1 million deaths in Ethiopia
• Now in Ethiopia– 6 million require food aid, – 15 million face starvation by the end of 2002– 10% of government revenues spent on foreign
debt repayments– Will require 200 million tonnes of food aid
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1984 Ethiopian Famine
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Australia 1979-83 Drought
• No-one died of famine
• Several died in bushfires
• Drought affected – 50% of farms– 60% of livestock– economic hardship– permanent environmental damage?
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Drought
• Effects are relative– Drought for a wheat farmer may not affect
livestock farms– Balance of moisture and evaporation– Long-term drought management can reduce
vulnerability
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Meteorological Drought
• Shortfall of precipitation
• Link between precipitation and useful moisture is indirect
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Hydrological Drought
• Reduction of stream-flow or groundwater levels
• Important impacts on urban areas
• Reduces available reserves of accessible water
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1971 Frostproof Florida
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Agricultural Drought
• Reduction in soil moisture available for plant growth
• Reduced crop growth and output
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Summer Drought in Toronto
• Lawns absorb 1/2 of domestic water consumption
• Most water pumped from Lake Ontario
• Drought increases demand for water
• To reduce demand:– better conservation– increase cost
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Agricultural Drought
• Australia 1982 drought– Wheat production down 37%, Livestock
slaughtered
• USA 1988 drought– 31% drop in corn yield, 1/3 of crop destroyed– Losses of $4.7 billion USD– World grain reserve drops to 288 million tonnes
or 63 days supply
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US Corn Belt Drought 1988
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Agricultural Drought
• Southern Africa 1990-2– 30-80% harvest failure– 86 million people affected over 7 million km2
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Agricultural Drought
• NE Brazil 1985– 1 million men abandon farms, head to cities to
seek work
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• Fleeing famine in Ethiopia, 1984
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Famine Drought
• Drought a physical hazard
• Famine a cultural hazard
• Famine sometimes found in extreme agricultural drought conditions.
• Most deaths in famine are from disease, lack of access to clean water
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Physical Causes
• Drought more likely in drier climates– low annual precipitation– high variability– rains unreliable
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July
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October
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Wet/Dry Seasons, Thailand
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Thailand Dry season
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US Great Plains
• Dry to semi-arid climate– Major droughts
every 20 years or so
• 1890s, 1910s, 1930s, 1950s
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US-Canada Dust Bowl 1930s
• Cyclical drought
• Botched dry-farming techniques
• Depressed economy
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Palliser’s Triangle
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Destroying Grassland 1900
• Oxbow SK
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Saskatchewan 1930s
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Saskachewan 1930s
• 70% contraction in Provincial revenues
• Mass emigration of Saskatchewaners to BC
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Swift Current SK
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Sahel
• Rainfall low (100 mm to 800 mm p.a.)– declines northwards
• Rainfall reliability variable– becomes less reliable northwards
• Rainfall highly seasonal– 80% falls in July-August
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Rain in Nigeria
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Niger River, Mali
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Sahel
• Desertification– immediate economic needs force overgrazing– demand for firewood destroys tree-cover– land degradation
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Physical Causes
• Risk of African and other tropical droughts increased by El Nino
• Global atmospheric and ocean circulation rhythms involved
• Dust storms and dry soils alter albedo– may accentuate drought
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Broken Hill dust storm
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Asian dust over California
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Dust Storm, Canary Islands
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Human Causes
• Land degradation due to population pressure– 90% of Africa’s energy needs come from wood– Urban shadow denuded of trees around most
cities
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China’s Great Leap Forward
• Mao’s efforts at a crash programme of industrialization and forced collectivization – disrupted rural life and
food-producing systems– mild drought in northern
China
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China’s Great Leap Forward
• 20-30 million died of starvation 1959-61
• End of Mao’s economic leadership– Mao tried to regain
control via the Cultural Revolution ...
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Senegal
• Senegalese change habits when they move to the city– Eat more rice: demands water– Cook, heat with Charcoal not wood: stresses
the forests
• Increases pressure on the water-resources
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Human Causes
• Role of colonialism and global trading system?
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Assignment 2
• Due date 28 November
• To get it back– Provide a stamped, addressed envelope with
sufficient postage– collect it during Dr Anderson’s office hours
next term
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Exam
• Wednesday December 11, 3:30-5:30 p.m. Curtis Lecture Hall D
• Format:– Choice of essay questions, do two in 2 hours