RouteS of administration

Dr.Latif Dizaji

3

Principles of administration

Handling and restraint Single handed restraint Site of administration Preparation of the site Preparation, solubility and

safety of solutions

Concentration of substancespH of the injected solutionVolume and frequency of

administrationThe rate of absorption and

distribution of administrated substances

Needles and syringes

Principles of administration

Routes of Administration

Enteral administrationOral administration (per os, p.o.)Intragastric administration

delivered directly into the stomach

Parenteral administration Subcutaneous administration

(s.c( Intraperitoneal administration

(i.p.) Intravenous administration (i.v.)Intramuscular administration

(i.m.)

Routes of Administration

Parenteral administrationIntradermal administrationIntracerebral administrationIntrathoracic administrationIntranasal administration (i.n.)Topical applicationInhalation

Routes of Administration

Manual restraint of a mouse

Manual restraint of a mouse

Manual restraint of a mouse to prevent kicks by hind leg.

The tail is held using the palm and forefinger and then the left hind leg is fixed between the ring and little finger.

Manual restraint of a mouse

Oral gavage needles for rodents

Procedure for intragastric administration using a ball tip needle

Subcutaneous injection

Subcutaneous injection at the base of a fold of loose skin (area at the neck)

Subcutaneous injection

subcutaneous injection at the lower left quadrant using an Insulin

syringe: 27 G 1/2 in., 1.0 ml.

Routes of Administration

Intraperitoneal injection to lower left quadrant using an Insulin syringe: 27 G 1/2 in., 1.0 ml.

Intravenous administration (i.v.)

Intravenous injection into the lateral tail vein of a mouse using an Insulin syringe: 27 G 1/2 in., 1.0 ml.

Diagram of a transverse sectional view of a rodent tail showing the dorsal vein (DV), lateral veins (LV), and ventral artery (VA).

Turn 90° for injection

Intravenous administration (i.v.)

intravenous injection into the retro orbital

sinus of an anesthetized mouse using an Insulin syringe: 27 G 1/2 in., 1.0 ml.

Intramuscular administration (i.m.)

Intramuscular administration (i.m.)

Intramuscular administration (i.m.)

Intramuscular injection into the leg muscle.

Clipping of hair on the back. Hair on the back is clipped by a cordless electric clipper.

Intradermal administration

Intradermal injection into the back skin.

Intracerebral administration

intracerebral injection into an anesthetized mouse using an intradermalneedle

Intranasal administration (i.n.)

Intranasal injection into an anesthetized

mouse using a pipette

intracardiac injection in the rat.

Subcutaneous injection in the guinea pig.

Injection site and volumes

Guidelines for maximal administration volumes (in milliliters) and needle size

Oral- Subcutaneous- Intraperitoneal -Intravenous -Intradermal -Intramuscular -Intracerebral -Intranasal

0.2 2–3 (scruff ) 2–3 0.2 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.2 (inguinal)

<22 G < 25 G < 23 G < 25 G < 26 G 25–27 G < 27 G

Remember

Select the appropriate restraint method, injection route, volume, site and needle gauge for your research purposes.

Prep the site with 70% ethanol. Always inject with the needle bevel up. When warming animals, DO NOT

OVERHEAT. All injection procedures must be

described in your Animal Study Proposal. Consult your veterinarian for further

information concerning injections.

GUIDELINES FOR MAXIMAL INJECTION VOLUMES, By Species

& Site

Species Subcutaneous

Intramuscular

Intraperitoneal

Intravenous

Intradermal

Mouse 1-2ml < 0.1ml 2-3ml < 0.2ml < 0.05ml

Rat 5-10ml < 0.3ml 5-10ml < 0.5ml < 0.05ml

Hamster 3-4ml < 0.1ml 3-4ml < 0.3ml < 0.05ml

Rabbit 10-50ml < 0.5ml 50-100ml < 5ml < 0.10ml

Larger species < 150ml < 2.0ml < 100ml < 250ml < 0.10ml

Common Sites for Blood Collection

Species Site of collection and permitted conditions

Mouse Cardiac (terminal only), orbital sinus (general or local anesthesia required), tail vein [note: incisional method not permitted], saphenous vein, facial vein.

Rat As with mouse except facial vein is not used in rats. Subclavian and sublingual vein blood collection may be used in rats

Guinea Pig Cardiac (anesthetized only), anterior vena cava/subclavian vein

Rabbit Cardiac (anesthetized only), marginal ear vein

Dog, Cat & Nonhuman Primate

Cephalic, saphenous, femoral and jugular veins

Ruminants Jugular veinSwine Jugular vein, anterior vena cava, ear veins

Chicken Brachial wing vein, right jugular vein, cardiac (anesthetized only)

Species Adult blood Single sample Exanguination Volume (ml) Volume (ml) Volume (ml) Mouse 2.5 0.3 1.2 Hamster 9 0.5 3.0 Rat 30 2.5 12.0 Guinea pig 60 5.0 30 Rabbit 150-400 25-50 100-180 Goat (45 kg) 3000 400 1200 Sheep (60 kg) 4000 600 1500 Chicken 240 20 160

Blood Collection

Lateral saphenous venipuncture in the rat.

The vein is punctured.

Blood is collected in a tube or pipet.

Lateral saphenous venipuncture in the rat.

Lateral saphenous venipuncture in the mouse

The vein is punctured.

Lateral saphenous venipuncture in the mouse.

Blood is collected in a tube or pipette.

Retro-orbital sinus puncture in the mouse

The microhematocrit tube is placed under the lid and gently twisted until it penetrates the conjunctiva.

Retro-orbital sinus puncture in the mouse

Blood is collected by capillary action

Blood collection from the lateral pedal vein of the guinea pig

A 25 gauge needle is threaded into the vein.

Blood collection from the lateral pedal vein of the guinea pig

Blood is collected into a hematocrit

tube placed into the needle hub.

Blood collection from the central ear artery of the rabbit, using a

butterfly needle. The needle is

inserted at a very shallow angle.

Blood collection from the central ear artery

of the rabbit, using a butterfly needle.

Pulsing blood into the tubing confirms correct placement.