drang nach osten3

8/2/2019 drang nach osten3

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Drang nach Osten


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War as a stimulus?

For it was their victory over the

Carthaginians in this war, and their

conviction that thereby the most difficultand most essential step towards universal

empire had been taken, which encouraged

the Romans for the first time to stretch outtheir hands upon the rest, and to cross with

an army into Greece and Asia. Polybius 1.3


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The Hellenistic World


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Macedonian Entanglements

Philip V of Macedon

1st Macedonian War

214-205 - desultory

2nd Macedonian War200-197 BC - starts as an

eastern power struggle

Rome responds to Rhodes

and Pergamum


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The End

Battle of Cynoscephalae

197 BC

196 BC Flaminiusproclaims the Freeedom

of Greece at the

Isthmian Games near

Corinth

No attempt made to annex

Macedon


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Polybius on the Phalanx

If the phalanx has its proper formation andstrength, nothing can resist it face to face or

withstand its charge... so what brings

disaster on those who employ it? War is fullof uncertainties both as to time and place

and there is only one time and one kind of

ground on which a phalanx can fully work...if it leaves its proper ground...it will be

easy prey to the enemy. Polybius 18.30-31


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Polybius on the Roman Army

The Roman order on the other hand is flexible: for

every Roman, once armed and on the field, is

equally well equipped for every place, time, or

appearance of the enemy. He is, moreover, quite

ready and needs to make no change, whether he isrequired to fight in the main body, or in a

detachment, or in a single maniple, or even by

himself. Therefore, as the individual members of

the Roman force are so much more serviceable,their plans are also much more often attended by

success than those of others. Polybius, 18.32


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Drive West

Rome doesnt leave

Spain after defeat of

Carthage

Declares 2 provinces

there in 197 BC

By 146 BC has

reached central Spain


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War with Antiochus the Great

192-188 BC Antiochus IIIinvades

Sparta to liberate it

Philip V doesnt

support him

He rejects Hannibals

idea of a second front

Heavily defeated atThermopylae in 191

BC

& at Magnesia in 190

BC


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Treaty of Apamea

Antiochus forced to

give up all his territory

in Asia Minor

Not annexed, but

either freed or given to

Pergamum or Rhodes


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Macedon again 3rd Macedonian War

171-168 BC

King Perseus attempts

to re-assertMacedonian power

Starts well, but

defeated at Pydna in

168 BC

Macedon split up into

4 republics


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Polybiuss verdict

almost the whole inhabited world was

conquered and brought under the dominion

of the single city of Rome, and that toowithin a period of not quite fifty-three

years... they left behind them an empire not

to be paralleled in the past or rivalled in thefuture. Polybius 1.1-2

219-167 B. C.


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146: A new start

Continuous bickering

in Greece

146 - Macedoniabecomes a Roman

province

Corinth sacked

Creation of province

of Achaea


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3rd Punic War 149-146 Elder Cato -Et ceterum

censeo Carthaginem essedelendam

Carthage attacks a

neighbour, Numidia, under

extreme provocation

Rome attacks & besieges

town ineptly for over 2 yrs

Carthage finally captured& destroyed

Creation of Roman

province of Africa


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Why did it happen?

Why did Rome expand like this?

And why didnt it happen straightaway?

Is there a difference between East and

West?


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Possibilities Rome always wanted world domination

A search for markets and raw materials

Forced into war by others

A product of individuals rather than the

state

These need not be exclusive of one another


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Hobsons choice?

Search for markets -

often wrongly ascribed

to Lenin

Anachronistic in this

period?

Were Roman rulers

involved in trade?

John Hobson


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A fit of absent mindedness?

We English seem, as it

were, to have conqueredand peopled half the

world in a fit of absence

of mind.

Defensive Imperialism?

Rome feels threatened &

gets her revenge in first

Fetial Law

Frustration?

Sir John Seeley


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Peripheral Imperialism

Personal ambition

search for a triumph (and

cash)

Senate left with faits

accomplis

A brake as well as a

stimulus for expansion?Cecil Rhodes


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Aristotle and the Wild West

No cultural baggage

here

Lack of urbanisation

means people seen as

sub-human?

Man is by his nature a political

animal,Pol. 1253a1-3


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Results tensions and instability in

aristocracy

rise and fall of Scipio

AfricanusIngrata patria, ne

ossa quidem habebis exponential increase in wealth

Battle over sumptuary laws -

repeal of Lex Oppia in 195

BC

Elder Catos Origines

vir bonus peritus dicendi


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Intellectual crisis?

Exposure to new ideas - philosophers

embassy in 155BC

154 BC expulsion of 2 Epicureanphilosophers because they had introduced

the younger generation to many unnatural

pleasures - Aelian, Varia Historiae 9.12


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