Drainage Design - FINCID · Drainage Design Drainage Design For Agronomic & Environmental...

Drainage DesignDrainage Design For Agronomic & Environmental For Agronomic & Environmental

ObjectivesObjectives

G. Sands, I. Song, L. Busman, B. G. Sands, I. Song, L. Busman, B. HansenHansen

OutlineOutline

IntroductionIntroduction

MethodsMethods

ResultsResults

ConclusionsConclusions

QuestionsQuestions

BackgroundBackground

Drainage activity continuesDrainage activity continues

IntroductioIntroductio nnMethodsMethodsResultsResultsConclusionConclusion ssQuestionsQuestions

Nutrient Losses a ProblemNutrient Losses a Problem

Gulf HypoxiaGulf Hypoxia

Drinking Water QualityDrinking Water Quality


MinnesotaMinnesota’’s Challenges Challenge

Recall YesterdayRecall Yesterday’’s Presentations:s Presentations:Dr. Dr. KadivkoKadivko –– IndianaIndianaDr. Dr. MadaniMadani –– Nova ScotiaNova Scotia


0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

1 31 61 91 121 151 181 211 241 271 301 331 361Julian day

Infil

, ET,

and

Dra

in (1

0x m

m)

00.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.82

Prec

ipita

tion

(10x

mm

)

Precipitation

Drain

ET Infiltration

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

1 31 61 91 121 151 181 211 241 271 301 331 361Julian day

Infil

, ET,

and

Dra

in (1

0x m

m)

00.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.82

Prec

ipita

tion

(10x

mm

)

Precipitation

Drain

ET Infiltration

Source: Jin, C.X. and G.R. Sands. 2003. Long‐term

Field‐scale

Hydrology

of Subsurface

Drainage

Systems

in a Cold

Climate. Transactions

of ASAE 46(4):1011‐1021.

ApproachApproach

Investigate practices for MinnesotaInvestigate practices for Minnesota


Controlled Drainage & Subirrigation

2½-3 ft

Shallow Drainage

Skaggs, R.W. and G.M. Skaggs, R.W. and G.M. ChescheirChescheir

(1999)(1999)

U of M Southern Research & U of M Southern Research & Outreach CenterOutreach Center


Drainage Research FacilityDrainage Research Facility


Site LayoutSite Layout

11


InstrumentationInstrumentation


Study PeriodStudy Period

Project from 2001 Project from 2001 -- presentpresent

Paper reports 2001 Paper reports 2001 –– 20062006

Some 2007 results presentedSome 2007 results presentedIntroductioIntroductio nnMethodsMethodsResultsResultsConclusionConclusion ssQuestionsQuestions


2001 2001 –– 2007 Precipitation2007 Precipitation

88.1

90.4

67.0

50.8

106.4

98.5

77.3

69.2

Annual

0

20

40

60

80

100

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Cumulative

monthly rainfall (cm)

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

30 yr normal


Effect of Drain DepthEffect of Drain Depth

0

100

200

300

4000

10

20

30

40

50

60

2001s 2002c 2003s 2004c 2005s 2006c

Annu

al p

reci

pita

tion

(cm

)

Annu

al n

itrat

e lo

ad (k

g-N

/ha)

Year

DD = 120 cmDD = 90 cmPrecipitation

17.5%29.7%

31.2%

5.2%

27.3%

34.1%


Effect of Drainage IntensityEffect of Drainage Intensity

0

100

200

300

4000

10

20

30

40

50

60

2001s 2002c 2003s 2004c 2005s 2006c

Annu

al p

reci

pita

tion

(cm

)

Ann

ual n

itrat

e lo

ad (k

g-N/

ha)

Year

DI = 51 mm/dayDI = 13 mm/dayPrecipitation

2.9%15.5%

25.6%

25.0%

22.7%18.1 %


66--Year Pooled ResultsYear Pooled Results

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Annual subsurface drainage volume

(cm)

Flow-weighted nitrateconcentration

(mg/L)

Annual nitrateload

(kg-N/ha)

Drainage depth = 120 cmDrainage depth = 90 cm

ab

22.5%1.7%

22.0 %a

b


66--Year Pooled ResultsYear Pooled Results

0

5

10

15

20

25

30


(cm)


(mg/L)

Annual nitrateload

(kg-N/ha)

Drainage intensity = 51 mm/dayDrainage intensity = 13 mm/day

a

b

21.4%0.9%

18.8%a

b


Pooled by Crop SequencePooled by Crop Sequence

0

5

10

15

20

25

30


(cm)


(mg/L)

Annual nitrateload

(kg-N/ha)

Soybeans

Corn

6.8%

19.0%

32.0%

a

b a

b

2001 2001 –– 2007 Comparison 2007 Comparison (Depth)(Depth)


0

5

10

15

20

25

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Ann

ual Drainage Vo

lume (cm)

13mm/d

51mm/d

2001 2001 –– 2007 Comparison 2007 Comparison (Intensity)(Intensity)


0

5

10

15

20

25

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Ann

ual Drainage Vo

lume (cm)

90cm

120cm

2007: It2007: It’’s About the Waters About the Water


R² = 0.79Slope = 0.93

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Nitr

ate

Load

(kg

/ha)

Drainage Volume (cm)

Crop Yield: Yield MonitorCrop Yield: Yield Monitor


0

50

100

150

200

Corn Soybean

Crop

yie

ld (B

u/ac

)Drain depth = 120 cmDrain depth = 90 cm2.1 %

0.3 %

Crop Yield: Yield MonitorCrop Yield: Yield Monitor


0

50

100

150

200

Corn Soybean

Cro

p yi

eld

(Bu/

ac)

Drain coefficient = 51 mm/dayDrain coefficient = 13 mm/day

ab

5.4 %

0.2 %

2006 Crop Yield: Hand 2006 Crop Yield: Hand Harvest Harvest


4 ft3 ft

215

205

195

185

175

165

Depth

Cor

n yi

eld

(bu/

ac)

a

b

2.0 in/d0.5 in/d

215

205

195

185

175

165

Intensity

Cor

n yi

eld

(bu/

ac)

a

b

ConclusionsConclusions

High annual variabilityHigh annual variability

Crop sequence and climate big Crop sequence and climate big factorsfactors

High intraHigh intra--season variabilityseason variabilityApr Apr –– Jun highest flow/loadJun highest flow/load

NN--load influenced by drainage load influenced by drainage depth and intensitydepth and intensity

Required pooling across study yrsRequired pooling across study yrsCrop yield not notably affectedCrop yield not notably affected


Looking AheadLooking Ahead

Began soluble carbon sampling in Began soluble carbon sampling in 20072007

Data from site feeds modeling Data from site feeds modeling effortseffortsIntroductioIntroductio

nnMethodsMethodsResultsResultsConclusionConclusion ssQuestionsQuestions

0

4

8

12

16

20

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500Drain spacing (m)

Ann

ual d

rain

age

(cm

)

crop (d=1.2m) grass (d=1.2m) crop (d=0.9m) grass (d=0.9m)

Grass 1

DRAINMOD 5.1 Simulation

Questions?Questions?

How much can we reduce nutrient How much can we reduce nutrient losses?losses?

New design guidelines for New design guidelines for farmers/contractors?farmers/contractors?

Role of perennials in the future?Role of perennials in the future?

Your Questions??Your Questions??


Do you know where your

graduate students are?

Drainage Design - FINCID · Drainage Design Drainage Design For Agronomic & Environmental...

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