Dragomir Hurmuzescu Mti, Anul i

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Temele de la seminar 1. Dragomir Hurmuzescu A hundred years ago, in 1894, the physicist Dragomir Hurmuzescu, built the electroscope which carries his name, with the insulating material named by him “ dielectrina”, used in many laboratories for researching process of ionization and radioactive process. The founder of the electrical education and the initiator of the first experimental physics school in Romania, Dragomir Hurmuzescu is one of the representative Romanian physicist in the late nineteenth century and early of XX century. Born on 13 May, 1865 in Bucharest he studies gymnasium at “Michael Bravu” from 1881 to 1887, his attending, with some interruptions and hesitations Faculty of Science in Bucharest. In 1887, after a contest, he gets the scholarship “Joseph Niculescu”, which assures a shift studies in Paris, where after three years his getting the degree in chemical physics at the Faculty of Science, University of Paris. He is noticed as Professor Gabriel Lippman(discoverer of color photography and Nobel laureate), wich allows him to his lab electricity and heat. After 6 years in this laboratory, obtained his Ph. D. in physics. His thesis is experimental and refers to the measurement with high accuracy, the ratio UES (electrostatic unit) has electric charge and EMU (electromagnetic unit) of electric charge, which according to Maxwell’s theory it has to equal to the speed of light in vacuum. The result is quoted in conventional electricity treaties (eg that of Jeanes).

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Transcript of Dragomir Hurmuzescu Mti, Anul i

Page 1: Dragomir Hurmuzescu Mti, Anul i

Temele de la seminar

1. Dragomir Hurmuzescu

A hundred years ago, in 1894, the physicist Dragomir Hurmuzescu, built the electroscope which carries his name, with the insulating material named by him “ dielectrina”, used in many laboratories for researching process of ionization and radioactive process. The founder of the electrical education and the initiator of the first experimental physics school in Romania, Dragomir Hurmuzescu is one of the representative Romanian physicist in the late nineteenth century and early of XX century. Born on 13 May, 1865 in Bucharest he studies gymnasium at “Michael Bravu” from 1881 to 1887, his attending, with some interruptions and hesitations Faculty of Science in Bucharest. In 1887, after a contest, he gets the scholarship “Joseph Niculescu”, which assures a shift studies in Paris, where after three years his getting the degree in chemical physics at the Faculty of Science, University of Paris. He is noticed as Professor Gabriel Lippman(discoverer of color photography and Nobel laureate), wich allows him to his lab electricity and heat. After 6 years in this laboratory, obtained his Ph. D. in physics. His thesis is experimental and refers to the measurement with high accuracy, the ratio UES (electrostatic unit) has electric charge and EMU (electromagnetic unit) of electric charge, which according to Maxwell’s theory it has to equal to the speed of light in vacuum. The result is quoted in conventional electricity treaties (eg that of Jeanes). In this period there are some relevant achievements, such as the construction of a dynamo, which provide a voltage V 3x1000, build an electroscope improved (with Pierre and Marie in 1899 will be their first experiment of radium and Becquerel will use it in 1903 in radioactivity research, distinguished with Nobel Prize), and the third one, the making of the new insulation used in the construction of electroscopes and is called “Dielectrina”. In 1896, Dragomir Hurmuzescu returns to country with a degree in physics(being ranked first in the class), the doctorate in physics, and more other experimental research. In country, he continues the scientific research activity, building new types of electroscopes and electrometer, concomitant to the initiation of new lines of research.: wireless telegraphy, radioactivity of oil and mineral water from Romania. With the inauguration of the new palace of University of Iasi, in October 1898, is made available for him, from the Romanian state, the amount of 150.000 lei gold to occupy a modern physics laboratory. In 1900 became profesoor at the Department of gravity, heat and electricity. In the same year Peter Poni come on to found the journal “Annales scientifuques de l”Universite de Iassy” becoming scientific secretary of the editorial board, and founded the Society for Science in Iasi, Poni being the president, and Huzurmescu the secretary.

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Moved to Bucharest in 1913, Huzurmescu becomes the director of the Electrotechnical Institute in Bucharest, Professor of applications of heat and electricity from de Faculty of Science and dean of that faculty. In 1996 created at Bucharest the first station broadcasting from Romania, and in 1928 was elected chairman of the board of the Romanian Radio Broadcasting. On May 21, 1916, he is elected a corresponding member of the Romanian Academy, and in 1932 an honorary member of the French society of Electricians. In 1937 he pulls back from the active life. He wrote (but not printed) courses of “ Heat and Power” (iasi 1900) and “ General and Applied Electricity” (Bucharest 1934). In 1906 (to commemorate 40 years of the reign of King Carol I) he wrote a brief compendium of education in Romania in the period 1866-1906.He died in 1954 at 29 may, in Bucharest almost forgotten and disregarded in that infamous period which was “ Stalinist era”. That is why in the scientific vocabulary we find universally recognized words: Karpen cells, the Coanda effect, Teclu light, Procopius phenomenon, and so on, in recognition of the result of scientific activity of these famous predecessors. The personality that the electonistics should know and recognize is Dragomir Hurmuzescu, remarkabl physicist, inventator and teacher, founder of the Academy of Science in Romania. He was born on March 13, 1865 in Bucharest at a time when Al. Cuza was prince of the Romanian state. In the high schools from Bucharest, Saint Sava and Mihai Bravu, he receives the education and the high school knowledge. at University Bucharest he lectures the courses of departments of natural science, and physical mathematics, graduating the, in 1887. Holds a degree in physics in Sorbonne in 1890. Works and prepares the doctorate at the Laboratory of physics in Sorbonne. The content of thesis “on a determination of the ration of electrostatic and magnetic units” gives feedback, because at that time the topic was a special interest in international scientific circles. Not forget that it consumed in 1896 just one year after Marconi’s first radio transmission. Returns home and is named lecturer, them professor at the University of Science at the Department of Gravity, Heat and Electricity(1898). Due to sustained activity, between 1904 and 1907 is part of the government serving as Secretary general of the Ministry of Public Instruction. Internationally acclaimed, Dragomir Hurmuzescu, presides in Brussels in 1910 with the Nobel laureate-physicist Marie Curie and Becquerel a section of Congress of Radiology. Moves to Bucharest and receives important positions at the University: professor, dean and rector. The distinguished phycisist is part of the founding members of the Academy of Science in Romania, and in 1922 became president of radiotelephone broadcasting companies. The electroscope Hurmuzescu was part of the scientific arsenal Curie and ionization products. In collaboration with RJ Benoit he showed that X-rays ionized download bodies and the air is a good conductor of electricity through X-ray ionization. He makes numerous studies on radioactivity of water and oil in Slanic Moldova.

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At Electricity School of the University of Iasi, in 1913 became the Electrotechnical Institute, supported by his associate ingineer Emil Patrascu build as completely new radio stations in the country in southeastern Europe. Enjoying sympathy and appreciation, he is supported to establish an Institute Electrotechnical in Bucharest where, in 1925 started the first experiments regarding broadcasting and as a corollary, he even starts public broadcasting. Scarcely in 1928 was inaugurated the station Bucharest. He published a series of papers that are accepted and appreciated at its best. Some of these works are published in French such as: mathematical theory of light or Dielectrina, new insultation, new electroscope-new appliance, but the most numerous are published in English and printed in Iasi and Bucharest. The development of science and social progress, future electrical industry in Romania. General and applied electricity. Dragomir Hurmuzescu was also a great popularizer of science and technical applications being present with articles in professional journals (radio) or lectures given to student and to the general public in front of the microphone.