Draft Structural Floor and Roof Framing Plans

Compression Test

determines behavior of materials under crushing loads

Concrete Slump Test

is an empirical test that measures the workability of fresh concrete

it measures the consistency of the concrete in that specific batch. The test is popular due to the simplicity of apparatus used and sample procedure

Dead Load

refers to all the weight in a structure made up of immovable materials

Framing

is the wood skeleton of a building constructed one level on top of another

Girder

Is the horizontal beam which supports the floor joints

Heel Plate

Is the plate at the end of a truss

Hip Roof

Is a roof with four sloping sides

Jack Rafter

Is a short rafter, usually used on hip roofs

Joist

Is a horizontal structural member that supports the floor system or ceiling system

Lally Column

Is a steel column used to support girders and beams

Pier

Is a block of concrete supporting the floor of a building

Pilaster

Is a decorative column attached to a wall

Piles

Are long posts driven into the soil in swampy locations upon which the foundation footing is laid

Pillar

Is a column used for supporting parts of a structure

Purlins

Are horizontal structure members which hold rafters together

Ridge

Is the top edge of the roof where rafters meet

Slab

Is a foundation reinforced concrete and foundation floor

Span

Is a distance between structural supports

Valley

Is the internal angle formed by two slopes of a roof

Valley Jacks

Is a rafter that run from a ridge board to a valley rafter

Valley Rafters

Is a diagonal rafter forming the intersection of two sloping roofs

Concrete

The structural members of a building are constructed using concrete, which is an artificial stone. It is a result of mixing cement, fine and coarse aggregates and water. This is known as plain concrete. If there is a reinforcement embedded in order that they act together in resisting forces, it is called a reinforced concrete.

Concrete

Concrete is the bonding agent that reacts with water to form a stone-hard substance. It is of two types; hydraulic cement and the Portland cement

Concrete

Joseph Aydin introduced Portland cement in 1824. Portland cement is categorized as to its type, whether for general construction or where high early strength or resistance is required.

Concrete

Pozzolana cement is amorphous silica that that hardens as silica gel by reacting chemically with alkali in water. The name is derived from Pozzolana, Itally where this was found.

Concrete

Water suitable for drinking is satisfactory for concrete mixing. Admixture, on the other hand is a material other than cement that is used as ingredient in concrete, before or during mixing. The ability of concrete to flow freely and fill all voids is known as workability of the concrete mixture. Workability is sometimes described as consistency, plasticity and mobility.

Concrete

Consistency is the degree or wetness or slump while plasticity refers to the ease with which fresh concrete is molded and mobility refers to the flow or movement of the mixture. Concrete should be proportioned correctly to obtain a good mixture required for a particular work. The strength of concrete is measured in its ability to resist stresses such as compressive, tensile flexural and shearing stress.

Concrete Proportion

The right proportioning of the ingredients in concrete provides a balance for economy, workability, strength, durability and appearance.

Class of Mixture

Cement40 kg

Sand Gravel

Cu.Ft. Cu. M. Cu.Ft. Cu. M.

AA 1 1 ½ .043 3 .085A 1 2.0 .057 4 .113B 1 2 ½ .071 5 .142C 1 3.0 .085 6 .170

Concrete

Concrete for building construction is mixed in two different ways:

1)On the job site – hand mixing

Concrete

Concrete for building construction is mixed in two different ways:

2) Ready mixed concrete – by mobile or stationary mixers

Concrete

Concrete hardens or settles at about two or three hours after the concrete has been mixed. The hardening of concrete depends upon the chemical reaction between the cement and water. The building code provides that concrete shall be maintained above 10 degrees Celsius temperature for at least 7 days after placing and three days for high early strength concrete.

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