Draft Prediction of Combination Tillage Implements
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Transcript of Draft Prediction of Combination Tillage Implements
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DRAFTPREDICTIONOFCOMBINATIONTILLAGEIMPLEMENTS
Presented by: Shweta Singh
13AG61R07
Agricultural and food
engineering department
Hifjur Raheman
Rohit K. Sahu
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OVERVIEW
Introduction
Objective
Materials and method
Experimental procedure Results and discussion
Conclusion
References
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INTRODUCTION
Combination tillage: multiple tillage operations in a single
pass.
Reduces number of field passes resulting in reduction of
labor, fuel cost and time.
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Combination
tillageimplements
Active-Passive
Passive-Passive
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Working pattern of a combined tillage machinery
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OBJECTIVE
To develop draft prediction equation for passive-passive
combination tillage implement.
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MATERIALSANDMETHODS
Based on the theoretical approach for activepassive
combination tillage implements as proposed by Bernacki et
al. (1972), this study on draft prediction of passivepassive
combination tillage implements was carried out.
Rc = Rfc + Rrc
where,
Rc = specific draft of combination tillage implement
Rfc = specific draft of front passive tillage implement
Rrc = specific draft of rear passive tillage implement
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CONTD..
Specific draft can also be expressed as:
Rc = Rf + Rr
where,
Rf = specific draft of front passive set operatingindividually( Rf = Rfc, because draft encountered by frontimplement will same in both cases)
Rr = specific draft of rear passive set operating individually
= draft utilization factor8
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CONTD..
=Rrc
=Drc
Ar=Arc
where,
Arc and Ar = cross sectional area for combination tillage
and individual tillage
=
So,
Dc = Df + Dr
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DRAFTOFINDIVIDUALTILLAGETOOL
=
where
Dp = draft of any prototype/scale-model implement
Dr = draft of the reference tillage tool
w= wet bulk density of soil
ws= wet bulk density of reference soil (1.28 g/cm)
CI = cone index of soil
CIs = cone index of the reference soil condition(472kPa)
Wp = prototype/scale model implement width
Wt = reference tillage tool width
and a, b and c are regression coefficients for soil. 10
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DRAFT OF REFERENCE TILLAGE TOOL
The draft of the reference tillage tools in the reference soil
condition at different speeds and depths can be given as:
=(+1V)d
where,
V = speed of operation, km/h,
d = depth of operation, cm
and , and 1 are soil and tool specific regression
coefficients.
For a given combination tillage implement, can be
expressed by the following function:
= f(d, V, Wi, CI, , w)11
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=
where
p = draft utilization ratio of the rear passive set of
prototype modelr= draft utilization ratio of the reference rear passive set
in reference soil condition,
Wrp = width of the rear passive set of prototype
combination tillage implement,
Wrr = width of the reference rear passive set,
and g, h and i are soil and combination tillage implement
specific regression coefficients.12
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the draft utilization ratio of a reference rear passive set in a
reference soil at different speeds and depths can be
expressed by the following function (Glancey and
Upadhyaya, 1995; Sahu and Raheman, 2004):
r = (d, V)
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EXPERIMENTALPROCEDURE
EXPERIMENTAL SITE:
Laboratory experiments were conducted to find the various
regression coefficients in the soil bin of the Agricultural and
Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of
Technology, Kharagpur, India.
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SOILBIN
The soil bin comprised of:
a stationary bin,
a common carriage that supports the implement
and soil processing trolleys, power transmission system,
control unit and the required instrumentation
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EXPERIMENTALSETUP
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SOILBINSPECIFICATIONS
The bin was 15.0 m long, 1.8 m wide and 0.6 m deep.
The soil processing trolley comprised of:
a. frame,
b. rotary tiller,
c. leveling bladed. roller
e. water sprayer
A control unit, placed outside the soil bin, controlled the
direction of movement of the soil processing trolley.
The testing tool/implement was mounted on the frame of
the implement trolley, where screw jack arrangements
were provided to vary the depth of operation.17
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SOILDESCRIPTION
The soil at the research farm of the department was an
acid lateritic sandy clay loam.
In order to quantify the soil conditions core sampler and
hand operated soil cone penetrometer were used
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Soil texture Sandy clay loam
sand 57.1 %
silt 19.9 %
clay 23 %
Particle density 2.65 g/cm3
Moisture content 10.3 g/(100 g of dry soil)
cohesion 11.76 kPa
Frictional angle 22.8
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SOILBINPREPARATION
The real soil (sandy clay loam) was collected from the
research farm and filled in the bin up to a depth of 0.5 m
with layers of 10 cm.
The water was sprayed in the bin to get moisture content
close to field capacity.
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Soil depth
(cm)
Particle size
distribution (%)
Bulk density
(g/cm)
Moisture content
(g/100 g of dry soil)
Sand Silt Clay
0-15 57.7 19.7 22.6 1.61 11.3
15-30 55.2 19.4 25.4 1.56 12.1
30-45 52.5 20.2 27.3 1.59 13.2
45-60 52.2 19.2 28.6 1.63 13.8
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SOILBEDPREPARATION
o First the tiller was used to pulverize the soil after
spraying water as desired.
o Then the soil was leveled with the leveling blade and
compacted by the roller to the desired cone index and
bulk density in layers.o At the end of each soil preparation, a hand-operated soil
cone penetrometer was used for measuring the cone
index to a depth of 15 cm at intervals of 2.5 cm at six
locations in the soil bin following the procedures outlined
in the ASAE Standards (ASAE, 2000b).
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TILLAGEIMPLEMENTSUSED
Reference tillage tool
Scale and prototype model of
1. Mould board plough
2. Cultivator
3. Single disc gang
o The two models of combination tillage implement used
in the experiments were:
1. Front mounted mould board plough and rear mounteddisk gang.
2. Front mounted cultivator and rear mounted disk gang.
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Cultivator with disk gang
combination (CTI-1)
Mould board plough with disk
gang combination (CTI-2)
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SPECIFICATIONSOFTILLAGETOOLS
specifications CTI-1 CTI-2
Cultivator Disk
harrow
MB plough Disk harrow
Cutting width (mm) 350 520
No. of cutting elements 2 3 2 3
Diameter of disk (mm) 300 300
Concavity (mm) 30 30
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A frame of 600 mm500 mm was fabricated with 50mm50mm 5 mm mild steel angle for mounting the tillage
implements during the experiment.
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INSTRUMENTATION
The instrumentation for measuring the draft requirements
of reference tillage tool, scale-model individual and
combination tillage implements in laboratory consisted of
an extended octagonal ring transducer and a four-channel
thermal write-out chart recorder with universal amplifier.
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Instrumented three point linkage for measurement of forces indicating
positions of strain gages (4) strain gauge positions for axial force; (5) strain
gauge positions for bending force; (6) strain gauge positions for top link
compressive force.
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26(a) arrangement of strain gauges on lower links; (b) arrangement of dummy
gauges on a plate; (c) circuit diagram for axial force measurements in lower
links; (d) circuit diagram for bending force measurements in lower links.
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Force measurement in top link of a tractor three point linkage system: (a)
strain gauge arrangement in proving ring (b) circuit diagram for axial
force measurement
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28Measurement of draught of tillage implements in the soil bin:
(a) strain gauge arrangements in EORT
(b) Wheatstone bridge circuit
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COMPUTATIONOFDRAFT
Ht = coscos+ cossin- coscos
Where,
Ht = draught, kN;
= tensile force in the lower link,kN;
= bending force in the lower link, kN;
= compressive force in the top link, kN;
= is angle of lower link in the horizontal plane;
= is angle of lower link in the vertical plane;
= angle of top link in the horizontal plane;
= angle of top link in the vertical plane.29
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EXPERIMENTLAYOUT
Laboratory experiments:
Measure draft requirement:
1. two combination tillage implements
2.
three individual tillage implements3. reference tillage tool
at different depths, speeds, bulk densities and cone
indices.
.
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CONTD..
o Soil data were collected using core sampler and hand-
operated soil cone penetrometer before each tillage
experiment.
o The implement trolley along with implement was pulled
in the soil and the draft data from the calibratedextended octagonal ring transducer were continuously
acquired in a four channel thermal write-out chart
recorder after amplification.
o Simultaneously, the time taken to cover a fixed distance
of 10 m was noted.
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FIELDEXPERIMENTS
Field experiments were carried out with 37 kW 2WDtractor to measure the draft requirements of two developed
prototype combination tillage implements.
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CTI 1 CTI 2
specifications Mbplough
Single diskgang
cultivator Single diskgang
Width of cut (cm) 2 30 84 9 25 168
Depth of operation
(cm)
14.5 and 18.8 6.5 and 10
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CONTD.....
o For hard soil condition:
0.25 ha, land after rainy season was selected.
o For soft soil condition:
0.25 ha, land ploughed followed by twice disking
and twice cultivating.
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Soil condition (g/cm) Moisture content Cone index (kPa)
Hard 1.49 12.5 1433
Soft 1.19 11.16 658
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CONTD..
o The draft was measured by employing the electrical
strain gauges on the three-point linkage system of the
tractor.
o The experimental data from the force measuring system
were logged with HP data logger.o Simultaneously, the time taken to cover a fixed distance
of 50 noted was .
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RESULTSANDDISCUSSION
Effect of depth and speed on draft utilization ratio of
reference tillage tool:
Both orthogonal and multiple regression analyses were
performed using a computer-based software (SPSS)package on the average values of the reference tillage
tool (single disk) to determine the speed-depth response
curve in the reference soil conditions.
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REGRESSIONCOEFFICIENTSOFDRAFTUTILIZATIONRATIOFORSINGLEDISKINTHE
REFERENCESOILCONDITION
Regression
coefficients
Orthogonal regression Regression
coefficients
Multiple regression
CTI-1 CTI-2 CTI-1 CTI-2
0.371 0.344 0.478 0.468
1 -0.019 -0.021 1 -0.007 -0.008
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
-0.009 -0.011 -0.019 -0.022
4 0.0 0.0 4 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
R 0.947 0.982 R 0.947 0.982
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Considering the result of multiple regression analysis, the
draft utilization ratio of the reference tillage tool in the
reference soil condition can be calculated:
= +1d+V
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EFFECTOFSCALEFACTORSONDRAFT
UTILIZATIONFACTOR
The value of prototype/scale-model implements at any
speed, depth and soil conditions could be predicted
using
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Combination tillage
implement
g h i R
CTI-1 0 -0.19 0.0 0.897CTI-2 0 -0.38 0.0 0.966
Multiple regression constants of draft utilization ratio for single
disk-disk gang combination based on the reference soil condition
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VALIDATIONOFTHEDEVELOPED
EQUATION
The developed equation predicted the values of the CTI-
1 and CTI-2 with average absolute variation of 2.2 and
4.3%, respectively, from the observed values.
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COMPARISONOFOBSERVEDANDPREDICTED
VALUESOFDRAFTUTILIZATIONFACTOR
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Effect of depth and speed on draft of
combination tillage implements
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From these experimental results, it was found that the
draft contribution of the front passive set to the total draft
of a combination tillage implement was 7585% and 65
80% for the CTI-1 and CTI-2 combination tillage
implement, respectively, and it increased with increasein either bulk density, cone index, depth or speed of
operation.
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VALIDATIONOFTHEDEVELOPED
DRAFTEQUATION
In laboratory:
developed regression equation predicted the draft of the
CTI-1 and CTI-2 combination tillage implement with an
average absolute variation of 14.5 and 13.4%,
respectively.
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COMPARISONOFTHEOBSERVEDANDPREDICTED
DRAFT
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In field:
The developed regression equation predicted the draft of
the C-DH an MBP-DG combination tillage implement with
an average absolute variation of 18.0 and 12.8%,
respectively.
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CONCLUSION
1. New methodology was developed to estimate the draft
requirements of combination tillage implements from the
knowledge of the draft requirements of individual tillage
implements in the same soil and the draft utilization ratio of
the rear passive sets of these combination tillageimplements.
2. From the experimental results it was found that the total
draft requirements of combination tillage implements and
the draft utilization ratio of the rear passive set were
significantly affected by depth, speed of operation and soilcondition.
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3. The developed draft equation estimated the draft
requirements of both combination tillage implements within
an average absolute variation of 18.0 and 13.5%,
respectively, in both laboratory and field conditions.
Hence, the concept of reference tillage tool and referencesoil condition could be used successfully to predict the
drafts of various combination tillage implements and draft
utilization ratio for rear passive set of the combination
tillage implement in field conditions. This concept could
save time, energy and cost by reducing the number of fieldexperiments.
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REFERENCES
Sahu, R.K., Raheman, H., 2004. Possibility of using
passivepassive combination tillage implements for
Indian farming system. In:Proceedings of International
Conference on Emerging Technologies in Agricultural
and Food Engineering (Etae-2004), vol. (1), IIT,Kharagpur, 1417 December, pp. 100106.
ASAE Standards, 2000a. ASAE D497.4. Agricultural
machinery ASAE Standards, 2000b. ASAE S313.3. Soil
cone penetrometer. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASAE.
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