Dr. Vladimir (Ze’ev) Khanin Language studies and ...

Brussels, 24-25 February 2014

The State of Israel

Ministry of Aliyah and Immigrant Absorption

Dr. Vladimir (Ze’ev) Khanin Language studies and professional status of

immigrants: the case of Israel Presented at the

EU-OECD DIALOGUE ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION

On the behalf of the Israeli Ministry of Aliyah and Immigrant Absorption

State of Israel


General facts about Israel (2012) Population: 7,984,500 75.1% Jewish (5,999,600) 20.4% Arabs(1,628,500) Muslim 17.4%,Christian 2.0%, Druz 1.6%

1.9% Pop. Growth – 1.7% Jews, 2.5% Muslims, 1.5% Druz, 1.7% Christians)

Official Languages – Hebrew, Arabic

Capital City – Jerusalem (815,300 Residents)

Unemployment - 6.9%

State of Israel


SOUTH AMERICA 389,600

5.0%

NORTH AFRICA 5,300 0.1%

SOUTH AFRICA 70,800 0.9%

OCEANIA 115,100

1.5%

FSU 330,000

4.3%

NORTH AMERICA 5,650,000

73.0%

ASIA 19,200 0.2%

EAST EUROPE 60,300 0.8%

WEST EUROPE 1,098,500

14.2%

Jewish diaspora Population - 7,739,000 (based on statistics from 2010)

State of Israel


The Law of Return - 1950

The Law of Return bestows the right to every Jew to “make aliyah” to Israel, and thus become an Israeli citizen.

In 1970 the law was amended and accorded

the right to immigrate to non-Jews who are either:

1. Children or grandchildren of Jews

2. Spouses of Jews or spouses of children or grandchildren of Jews

Israeli citizenship becomes effective on the day of arrival.

State of Israel


3,127,770 Immigrants Since the foundation of Israel (1948)

742,300

290,197 263,302

279,572

151,549

107,083

756,602

360,324

124,390

52,451

-

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

State of Israel


State of Israel


since the year 1989

1,351,295

Immigrants arrived to Israel

*until 12/2013

State of Israel


Number of Immigrants 1989-2013

0

50000

100000

150000

20000019

89

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

State of Israel


The Number of Returning Residents 1989-2013

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

1200019

89

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

State of Israel


1,024,698

77,177

72,89269,896

48,809 44,085 13,738

FSUEthiopiaOtherUSA & CanadaFranceLatin AmericaBritain

State of Israel


20-44

395,982 29%

19-

+65

45-65

536,285 40%

268,045 20%

150,983 11%

Immigration according to age group 1989-2013 – 1,351,295 individuals

State of Israel


Education level at the time of Immigration

State of Israel


Immigrants’ major occupations 1989-2013

17,140

29,510

58,000

TEACHERS

118,700

230,800

196,200

SCIENTISTS

ARTISTS

MEDICAL DOCTORS & NURSES

65,122

STUDENTS

ENGINEERS

FREE PROFESSIONS (architects, economists, etc.)

State of Israel


Reasons of Immigration

Immigrants by reasone of immigration

13.2

7.8

18.4

6.4

18.0 17.6

12.1

6.4

Politicalsituation incountry oforigin(1)

Zionism Desire to liveas a Jew inthe Jewish

State

Desire toadvance

professionallyor

economically

Desire toinsure thechildren's

future

Decision ofparents,

spouse oranotherrelative

Immigration offamily

membersand/or friends

to Israel

Other

State of Israel


The immigration-related laws of the State of Israel

The Law of Return The Citizenship and Entry into Israel

Law.

State of Israel


"Direct Absorption" – Government-sponsored integration of immigrants in established communities upon immigrants’ choice

"Indirect Absorption Policy" – integration of immigrants through absorption centers

"Combined Absorption" Policy – Various models of short-term adaptation in Absorption Residences followed by entrance into "open absorption market"

Integration Policies

State of Israel


From a strategy of full intervention to a strategy of absorption by market forces.

Freedom to choose and decide where to live.

Financial assistance - ”Sal Klita” - designed to help immigrants to make initial arrangements, with living expenses during the period of ulpan study (6 months) and includes rent for their first twelve months in Israel.

Ongoing Ministry assistance in various fields of life.

Direct Absorption Path

State of Israel


Indirect Absorption Path

Provides the new immigrants a moratorium period by accommodating them in Absorption Centers.

Temporary housing arrangement where immigrants start their initial absorption process with a tailored supportive system made to fit the immigrants' needs.

State of Israel


Participation in activities promoting their integration in Israel: Hebrew studies, familiarization with Israel’s history and culture, etc.

Personal guidance regarding suitable possibilities – schooling, employment.

The absorption process is very monitored with the aim of establishing an independent life.

Absorption Centers

State of Israel


Areas of Ministry Assistance

Guidance and counseling in all areas of life. Financial assistance and support. Assistance in learning Hebrew. Assistance in employment and entrepreneurship. Housing assistance Social integration of immigrants into Israeli society

services Financial aid and counseling for higher education Convergence to Judaism – by the immigrant’s choice

State of Israel


The total does not include special payments for Hebrew language studies, additional expenses related to housing, social services, professional courses, etc. Minimum wage in Israel – 1,131$ per month

*1 $ =3.8 New Israeli Shekel

State of Israel


Employment after immigration

State of Israel


Hebrew Studies Centres (Ulpanim)

Immigration has always been a serious Israeli concern, as evidenced by the ministerial rank given to the official in charge of immigration and the absorption of immigrants. Various institutions and programs have helped integrate immigrants into Israeli society. Perhaps the most ubiquitous of the absorption organizations is the ulpan, a term for intensive Hebrew language school. Since Israel's founding, the ulpan (plural ulpanim) were funded by municipalities, the Ministry of Education and Culture, the Ministry of Immigrant Absorption or the Jewish Agency. On most cases, ulpanim were heavily subsidized and were thus free for new immigrants. Many were residential, offering dormitory-like accommodations intended for single immigrants while giving half-day instruction for six months. Municipal ulpanim usually offered less intensive night classes and many kibbutzim also ran ulpanim which combined half-day language instruction with a half day's labor on the kibbutz.

State of Israel


State of Israel


Knowledge of Hebrew Age

65+ 55-64 41-54 26-40 18-25 Total

19% 3% 2% 1% -- 5% Not at all

40% 22% 10% 5% 1% 15% Weak

24% 31% 28% 11% 3% 20% So-so

15% 33% 38% 31% 14% 28% Good

2% 12% 22% 52% 82% 31% Excellent

100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Total

177 193 249 295 102 1,016

Khanin, 2013

State of Israel


Knowledge of Hebrew Education

MA/T ech or Ph.D.

BA or prof. diploma

Secondary Total

5% 5% 4% 5% Not at all

18% 16% 13% 15% Weak

23% 20% 20% 20% So-so

31% 28% 28% 28% Good

24% 32% 34% 31% Excellent

100% 100% 100% 100% Total

215 352 449 1,016

Khanin, 2013

State of Israel


Knowledge of Hebrew Year of immigration

1999-2013 1995-1998 1992-1994 1988-1991 Total

8% 5% 6% 4% 5% Not at all

29% 12% 11% 12% 15% Weak

24% 21% 20% 18% 20% So-so

22% 29% 32% 30% 28% Good

18% 34% 34% 37% 31% Excellent

100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Total

207 200 240 369 1,016

Khanin, 2013

State of Israel


Language of communication at home

Khanin, 2013

Age

65+ 55-64 41-54 26-40 18-25 Total

2% 1% 2% 2% 1% 2% Just Hebrew

2% 2% 4% 12% 22% 7% Mostly Hebrew and partly of the country of origin

2% 6% 23% 28% 25% 18% Hebrew and of the country of origin equally

8% 30% 27% 26% 33% 25% Mostly of the country of origin and partly Hebrew

85% 62% 44% 32% 20% 49% Just of the country of origin

State of Israel


Language of communication at work

Khanin, 2013

Age

65+ 55-64 41-54 26-40 18-25 Total

3% 17% 13% 28% 44% 19% Just Hebrew

7% 22% 423 34% 38% 25% Mostly Hebrew and partly of the country of origin

16% 20% 34% 23% 12% 23% Hebrew and of the country of origin equally

23% 20% 21% 12% 5% 17% Mostly of the country of origin and partly Hebrew

22% 16% 6% 3% -- 9% Just of the country of origin

29% 6% 4% 1% 1% 8% Irrelevant

100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Per cent

177 193 249 295 102 1,016 N

State of Israel


Immigrants' views of need of mastering Hebrew and preservation of the mother language

Leshem, 2006

Age

65+ 45-59 30-44 25-29 18-24 Total

(0.4) -- (1.3) -- -- (0.5) No need to learn Hebrew, Russian is enough

7.2 (4.5) (2.6) (1.5) (1.6) 4.0 To preserve Russian and to learn Hebrew for minimal utilitarian needs

79.6 76.0 79.4 69.8 66.2 75.9 To preserve Russian and to master Hebrew

12.8 19.5 16.7 38.3 31.7 19.6 To conduct life in Hebrew and to preserve Russian only for minimal utilitarian needs

-- -- -- (0.4) (0.5) (0.1) To conduct life in Hebrew, no need in preservation of Russian

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total

State of Israel


Satisfied of their knowledge of Hebrew, 2005

Leshem, 2006

Total Age

91.7 18-24

79.0 25-29

62.2 30-44

26.8 45-59

9.3 60+

43.0 Total

State of Israel


State of Israel

Ministry of Immigrant Absorption

Source: “Hebrew Learning and Identity Perception among Russian Speakers in Israel” by Rinat Golan and Malka Muchnik // Journal of Jewish Identities, 4 (1) [2011], pp. 105–127

Hebrew Learning and Identity Perception among Russian Speaking Immigrants in Israel:

An Impact of the Hebrew Studies Centres (Ulpanim)

State of Israel


State of Israel

Ministry of Immigrant Absorption

Source: “The Immigration from the former Soviet Union to Israel” by Yoram Weiss, Sarit Cohen Goldner and Zvi Eckstein (Tel Aviv University: The Sapir Center for Development, 2012), p. 18

Employment of Immigrants from the FSU in Israel compared to that of native Israelis

State of Israel


Countries

Patents per million citizens* Correlation between estimated number of patents to those actually

granted Estimated by

the Index Actually granted

by USPTO

Switzerland 165.6 169.9 1.0 Sweden 148.6 156.6 1.1

Israel 88.6 154.6 1.7 Finland 173.4 151.3 0.9 Germany 116.0 124.6 1.1 Canada 98.9 106.3 1.1

*Average for 1999–2007 Source: Gans & Hayes (2009), Zatcovetsky (2010).

State of Israel


Immigrant entrepreneurship promotion

Total cost of immigrants’ placement in 2009 in

the entrepreneurship, vocation and science

Benefit for Israeli economy Cost to benefit ratio

69,875,308 NIS 3,600,394,104 NIS 1 : 52

State of Israel


Thank You and

Shalom

Dr. Vladimir (Ze’ev) Khanin Language studies and ...

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