Dr. Sutrisno (Blood Cells

7/30/2019 Dr. Sutrisno (Blood Cells

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Blood Cells

by:

dr.Sutrisno Darmosumarto, Sp.A

Histology & Cell Biology DepartmentGadjah Mada University


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Blood

the fluid

contained in a closed compartment the

circulatory system flows in a regular unidirectional movement

propelled by the rhythmic contractions of

the heart


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The blood consists of

formed elements (blood cells, corpuscle),

consist of: erythrocytes (RBC), leucocytes

(WBC), and platelet (thrombocyte)

plasma, the liquid phase the former are

suspended.


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Blood clot

removed from the circulatory system a

clot develops contains formed elements

and a clear yellow liquid (serum)

Bloodserum = in composition to plasma

(except lacks fibrinogen and prothrombin,

and serotonin in increased amounts)


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Blood separation

collected and kept from coagulating

addition of anticoagulants (heparin, citrate,

EDTA,etc) separates centrifuged

into layers of blood plasma and

hematocrit.


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Hematocrit

volume of packed RBC per unit volume of blood.

4050% in the adult male, 3545% in the adult

female, approximately 35% in a child up to age10 years, and 4560% in the newborn, in

pregnancy diminished by physiologic

hemodilution.

higher in venous blood than in arterial blood

the hydration of RBC and their increase in size.


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Hematocrit

red made up of RBC

The layer immediately above (1% of the

blood volume) white or grayish in color

the buffy coatconsists of leukocytes.

the leukocytes less dense than the

RBC

Covering the leukocytes fine layer of

platelets


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The leucocyte

some are phagocytic the chief defenses

against infection, circulate through the

body via the blood vascular system. By crossing the capillary wall

concentrated rapidly in the tissues

participate in the process of inflammation


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The function of blood

transport of oxygen (O2) and carbon

dioxide (CO2); Oxygen bound to Hb

Carbon dioxide (bound to Hb and as

HCO3~)


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The function of blood

transports metabolites

transports the residues of metabolism

removed by the excretory organs.

vehicle for the hormones

regulation of heat

acid-base and osmotic balance


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Composition of Plasma

aqueous solution containing :

substances of small or large molecularweight which correspond to 10% of its

volume, consists of: The plasma proteins account for 7%

the inorganic salts for 0.9%

2,1% consists of several organiccompounds of different origin amino acids,vitamins, hormones, lipids, etc.


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Equilibrium between body

compartents

Through the capillary walls, the plasma is

in equilibrium with the interstitial fluid ofthe tissues; consequently, the composition

of plasma is usually an indicator of the

mean composition of the extracellularfluids in general.


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Staining of Blood Cells

smears or films preparation

stained with Romanovsky solution a mixture ofmethylene blue and eosin stained purple the nuclei

4 types of staining characteristics :

(1) affinity for methylene bluebasophilia (blue);

(2) affinity for the azures azurophilia (purple);

(3) affinity for the eosin acidophilia oreosinophilia(yellowish-pink)

(4) affinity for a complex dye present in the mixtureincorrectly thought to be neutralneutrophilia (salmon-pink to lilac).


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FORMED ELEMENTS OF BLOOD

Erythrocytes

Leucocytes : - granulocytes

(neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil)

- agranulocytes:

(lymphocyte and monocyte)

Platelet


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Erythrocytes

have no nuclei

biconcave disksprovids large surface

facilitating gas exchange

7. 2 um in diameter

greater than 9 ummacrocytes,

less than 6 um microcytes

abnormal variation in sizeanisocytosis. Abnormal variation in shape poikilocytosis


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Leukocytes

The granulocytes have specificgranulesneutrophils, eosinophils, and

basophils specific staining affinity


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Leukocytes.

Agranulocytes the cytoplasm does not

possess specific granules (but havenonspecific granules azurophilic).

classified as lymphocytes andmonocytes.


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Eosinophils

constituting only 1 4% of leukocytes

diameter of about 9 um

nucleus is bilobate.

The endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, andGolgi apparatus are poorly developed.

The main characteristic ovoid granulationsstained by eosin (acidophilic granules) largerthan those of the neutrophils (0.5 1.5 um

along their main axis ) lysosomes containingacid phosphatase, cathepsin, and ribonucleasebut not lysozyme.


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Eosinophils

have ameboid movement

capable of phagocytosing

slower butmore selective.

an increase in the absolute number

associated with allergic reactions


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Basophils

only 0-1%

12 um in diameter

large nucleus with an irregular twistedshape, generally in the form of an S .

The cytoplasm filled with granules

larger, irregular in size and shape, andstain metachromatically.


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Lymphocytes

diameters of 68 umsmall lymphocytes

small percentage ofmedium-sized lymphocytes

and large lymphocytes.

has a spherical nucleus, sometimes with anindentation.

Its chromatin distributed in coarse clumps,

The cytoplasm scanty slender ring aroundthe nucleusslightly basophilic

may contain azurophilic granules


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Monocytes

diameters 9-12 /um

The nucleus is oval, horseshoe-shaped, orkidney-shaped , eccentrically placed

The chromatin looser and more delicate

The nucleus contains 2 or 3 nucleoli


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PLATELETS

have no nuclei.

fragments of cytoplasm 25 um in diameter coveredwith cell membrane and derived from giant cells of thebone marrow called megakaryocytes.

They are found exclusively in mammals. The concentration of these corpuscles in human blood

varies within a wide range.

Platelet counts are difficult to make with precision a

tendency to agglutinate into clumps. The normal count ranges from 150-300 thousand/mmc

of blood.


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PLATELETS.

a life span of 8 days.

In common stained blood smears appear in

clumps.

Each platelet has a peripheral light blue-stainedtransparent part, the hyalomere, and a central

portion containing granules stained purple, the

chromomere orgranulomere.

The hyalomere sends out fine processes,

conferring an irregular outline on the corpuscle.


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PLATELETS.

related to the function of hemostasis.

rupture of a vessel the platelets agglutinate forminga plug close the gap.

participate in the formation ofthromboplastin

transformation of fibrinogen into fibrin forms the bloodclot.

important physiologic substances epinephrine andserotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) not synthesized byplatelets vasoconstrictors and aid in occlusion ofruptured blood vessels by promoting contraction ofvascular smooth muscle liberated from the plateletsthrough the action ofthrombin.

Dr. Sutrisno (Blood Cells

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