Dr. Sujata S. Govada URBAN DESIGN PRINCIPLES Movement Structure & Systems Dr. Sujata S. Govada,...

Dr. Sujata S. GovadaDr. Sujata S. Govada

URBAN DESIGN URBAN DESIGN PRINCIPLESPRINCIPLESMovement Structure & SystemsMovement Structure & Systems

Dr. Sujata S. Govada, HKU/UD&PCLDr. Sujata S. Govada, HKU/UD&PCL


INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Urban Structure/Pattern/FormUrban Structure/Pattern/Form Transportation – Multi-modal Transportation – Multi-modal Transit MetropolisTransit Metropolis International ExperienceInternational Experience Regional ExperienceRegional Experience Local ExperienceLocal Experience Sustainable Transport Sustainable Transport


URBAN STRUCTURE, URBAN STRUCTURE, PATTERN AND FORMPATTERN AND FORM

Location & natural setting Location & natural setting Topography and landscape Topography and landscape Transportation networkTransportation network Historical, planning development contextHistorical, planning development context Land use & density standardsLand use & density standards Built environment & public realmBuilt environment & public realm Environmental sustainabilityEnvironmental sustainability Decision making - policy & strategy Decision making - policy & strategy


DEVELOPMENT PATTERNDEVELOPMENT PATTERN

The road and rail network forms basis for the The road and rail network forms basis for the development of urban pattern and structuredevelopment of urban pattern and structure

Trends of past city growth determine direction Trends of past city growth determine direction of high, medium and low density developmentof high, medium and low density development

Very difficult to reverse major development Very difficult to reverse major development trends unless with strong and deliberate govt. trends unless with strong and deliberate govt. initiativesinitiatives


TYPES OF URBAN TYPES OF URBAN PATTERNSPATTERNS

LINEAR LINEAR GRIDGRID LOOPED & CUL DE SACLOOPED & CUL DE SAC RADIALRADIAL BRANCHEDBRANCHED POLYCENTRICPOLYCENTRIC


LINEAR PATTERNLINEAR PATTERN

Flow primarily Flow primarily between two points, between two points, typically found along typically found along railroads, canals and railroads, canals and highways, transit highways, transit supportivesupportive

Lack of focusLack of focus


GRID PATTERNGRID PATTERN

Simplicity, regularity, Simplicity, regularity, ease of layout, ease of layout, convenient access, good convenient access, good orientation, good on orientation, good on level land, complex dist. level land, complex dist. flow, can be of human flow, can be of human scalescale

Visual monotony, Visual monotony, disregard of topography, disregard of topography, vulnerability to through vulnerability to through traffic, lack of traffic, lack of differentiation heavy/lightdifferentiation heavy/light


LOOPED AND CUL DE SACLOOPED AND CUL DE SAC

Typically internal Typically internal residential streets residential streets low volume traffic low volume traffic flow, automobile flow, automobile orientedoriented

Deters through Deters through traffic, promotes traffic, promotes slower trafficslower traffic

Safe and calmSafe and calm


RADIAL PATTERNRADIAL PATTERN

Good direct line of Good direct line of travel, transit travel, transit supportive, railsupportive, rail

Not good when Not good when neither origin nor neither origin nor destination are destination are related to centre, related to centre, difficult for service, difficult for service, causes problems in causes problems in local flow, difficult local flow, difficult building sitesbuilding sites


FINGER OR BRANCHED FINGER OR BRANCHED PATTERNPATTERN

Favors the specialization Favors the specialization of major vs. Minor of major vs. Minor arteries, makes the arteries, makes the intersection problem intersection problem manageable by manageable by distributing instead of distributing instead of concentrating on the concentrating on the centre, transit supportivecentre, transit supportive

Very sensitive to Very sensitive to interruptions at single interruptions at single pointpoint


POLYCENTRIC PATTERNPOLYCENTRIC PATTERN

Dominant centre and Dominant centre and sub centres, with green sub centres, with green belts between radial belts between radial corridors, connected by corridors, connected by ring roads as bypassring roads as bypass

Good for public transitGood for public transit Sub centres need not Sub centres need not

necessarily play necessarily play supporting role to the supporting role to the centrecentre


Road Based PatternRoad Based Pattern

A built form primarily A built form primarily geared towards the geared towards the automobile automobile

Eg. Los AngelesEg. Los AngelesIrvineIrvine , USA, USA


TRANSIT METROPOLISTRANSIT METROPOLIS

A built form and a mobility environment A built form and a mobility environment where transit is used as a better where transit is used as a better alternative to carsalternative to cars Adaptive citiesAdaptive cities Adaptive transitAdaptive transit Strong core citiesStrong core cities HybridsHybrids


ADAPTIVE CITIESADAPTIVE CITIES

Metropolises with strong CBDs and Metropolises with strong CBDs and outlying communities and sub centres outlying communities and sub centres connected to their centres via railconnected to their centres via rail StockholmStockholm CopenhagenCopenhagen


ADAPTIVE TRANSITADAPTIVE TRANSIT

Spread out, low density development is Spread out, low density development is accepted as a given and transit services accepted as a given and transit services are adjusted to the environmentare adjusted to the environment SeattleSeattle EdmontonEdmonton


HYBRIDSHYBRIDS

Regions striking a balance between Regions striking a balance between adapting their landscapes and transit adapting their landscapes and transit services- polycentric cityservices- polycentric city CuritibaCuritiba OttawaOttawa


STRONG CORE CITIESSTRONG CORE CITIES

Reinforce established development Reinforce established development patterns and inner city revitalization patterns and inner city revitalization sought more compact transit-supportive sought more compact transit-supportive built formsbuilt forms ZurichZurich MelbourneMelbourne


TRANSPORTATION – TRANSPORTATION – PRIVATE TRANSPORTPRIVATE TRANSPORT

Low densitiesLow densities IndividualIndividual Faster, directFaster, direct Longer commutesLonger commutes InefficientInefficient Traffic congestionTraffic congestion Air pollutionAir pollution SprawlSprawl Divides communityDivides community

Cars/mini vansCars/mini vans

BicyclesBicycles

PedestrianPedestrian

Alternate modesAlternate modes


TRANSPORTATION -TRANSPORTATION -PUBLIC TRANSITPUBLIC TRANSIT

High densitiesHigh densities Indirect Indirect EfficientEfficient Shorter distancesShorter distances CompactCompact Community Community EnvironmentalEnvironmental

Urban railUrban rail BusesBuses TramsTrams TaxisTaxis FerriesFerries Newer modesNewer modes


TRAFFIC/TRANSIT TRAFFIC/TRANSIT COORDINATIONCOORDINATION

Modal interchanges - public transport Modal interchanges - public transport interchangesinterchanges

Points of transition – rail, bus, taxi, car Points of transition – rail, bus, taxi, car etc.etc.

Balance between modes – private/publicBalance between modes – private/public Carparks and terminiCarparks and termini Regulation and road taxesRegulation and road taxes


INTERNATIONAL & LOCAL INTERNATIONAL & LOCAL REGIONAL EXPERIENCEREGIONAL EXPERIENCE

InternationalInternational The European experienceThe European experience The American experienceThe American experience

Regional & LocalRegional & Local Singapore experienceSingapore experience Hong Kong experience Hong Kong experience


THE EUROPEAN THE EUROPEAN EXPERIENCEEXPERIENCE

ZURICHZURICH Transit first policiesTransit first policies Highest rate of transit Highest rate of transit

usageusage Efficient management Efficient management

of road spaceof road space Neighborhood traffic Neighborhood traffic

calmingcalming Deeply discounted Deeply discounted

faresfares Customer loyalty Customer loyalty

recognitionrecognition

STOCKHOLMSTOCKHOLM Post-war planningPost-war planning Underground railUnderground rail Highway networkHighway network

VENICEVENICE Road/rail causewayRoad/rail causeway Canals/motor boatsCanals/motor boats Pedestrian networkPedestrian network


THE AMERICAN THE AMERICAN EXPERIENCEEXPERIENCE

CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS Freeway/carparkFreeway/carpark Downtown Downtown Suburban sprawlSuburban sprawl Low densityLow density Scattered dev.Scattered dev. Unlimited land resourcesUnlimited land resources Growth boundariesGrowth boundaries Rail transitRail transit

CITIESCITIES New YorkNew York Washington dcWashington dc ChicagoChicago San FranciscoSan Francisco Los AngelesLos Angeles PortlandPortland BostonBoston TorontoToronto


TORONTO – TRANSIT TORONTO – TRANSIT METROPOLISMETROPOLIS

Best North American example of rail Best North American example of rail transit’s city shaping abilitiestransit’s city shaping abilities

Integration of transportation and land use Integration of transportation and land use planning by addressing differing planning by addressing differing transportation demands between areas transportation demands between areas both at:both at: Local levelLocal level Regional levelRegional level


TORONTO – PROACTIVE TORONTO – PROACTIVE PLANPLAN


TORONTO’S TRANSIT TORONTO’S TRANSIT DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT

Density bonuses Density bonuses Park and ride constraints Park and ride constraints TDRsTDRs Supplemental land aquisitionsSupplemental land aquisitions


TORONTO TRANSPORT TORONTO TRANSPORT POLICYPOLICY

TDM measures- transportation demands TDM measures- transportation demands and new developmentand new development

Targeted growth areas – reduce auto Targeted growth areas – reduce auto dependencydependency

Maximum density around transit corridorsMaximum density around transit corridors Off street and shared parkingOff street and shared parking Bicycle and walking measures Bicycle and walking measures Efficient goods movementEfficient goods movement


THE REGIONAL EXPERIENCE THE REGIONAL EXPERIENCE - SINGAPORE- SINGAPORE

Control of car usage - taxes/tollsControl of car usage - taxes/tolls Public transport networkPublic transport network Stopping cars at the fringe – pedestrian precinctsStopping cars at the fringe – pedestrian precincts Major -secondary carparksMajor -secondary carparks Basement connections and travelators at 2Basement connections and travelators at 2ndnd storey storey Pedestrian network elevated decksPedestrian network elevated decks Tree-lined boulevards, promenades, mallsTree-lined boulevards, promenades, malls Water transport –water taxis - canals, riversWater transport –water taxis - canals, rivers Central planning - URACentral planning - URA


THE LOCAL EXPERIENCE - THE LOCAL EXPERIENCE - HONG KONG HONG KONG

Transport – multi modalTransport – multi modal Functional and uncoordinatedFunctional and uncoordinated Existing narrow road networkExisting narrow road network Public transit – rail, buses, trams, taxis, Public transit – rail, buses, trams, taxis,

ferries etc.ferries etc. Extensive footbridge systemExtensive footbridge system Fragmented pedestrianisationFragmented pedestrianisation Lack of inter-departmental coordinationLack of inter-departmental coordination


SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HONG KONGSYSTEM IN HONG KONG

Balanced transport and urban developmentBalanced transport and urban development Vehicle free or restricted access city and sub Vehicle free or restricted access city and sub

centrescentres Modal integration and TDM measuresModal integration and TDM measures Pedestrianization & cycling Pedestrianization & cycling Coordinated decision makingCoordinated decision making Environmentally cleanerEnvironmentally cleaner Better quality of lifeBetter quality of life


TRANSIT LESSONS from TRANSIT LESSONS from Cervero Cervero

Redistributes growthRedistributes growth Healthy regional economyHealthy regional economy Land use impacts are greatest when Land use impacts are greatest when

upswing in regional growthupswing in regional growth Radial rail systems can strengthen Radial rail systems can strengthen

downtown coresdowntown cores


Cervero Contd.Cervero Contd.

Reinforce decentralization trendsReinforce decentralization trends Proactive planning – sub centresProactive planning – sub centres Transit can spur central city Transit can spur central city

redevelopmentredevelopment Other pro-development measuresOther pro-development measures Auto equalizers or disincentivesAuto equalizers or disincentives


CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

Just as built environments shape transit Just as built environments shape transit demand, transit investments shape built demand, transit investments shape built environments…….environments…….

Dr. Sujata S. Govada URBAN DESIGN PRINCIPLES Movement Structure & Systems Dr. Sujata S. Govada,...

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