DR part 4 Kirsty Williams

-Plan Lower Floors-

Not to scale

83.

-Building Construction-

-Structural Strategy-

The Pillar Family

Material: Andesite stone (black lava rock)

Performance: Stone is an appropriate choice structurally as the column’s function is to take all of the tensile forces from the suspended structure and transfer them through compression, which is where stone’s strength lies, to the ground.

However, despite beginning with and trying to maintain a degree of symmetry across the structural members, perfect symmetry is incompatible with the building if it is to perform programmatically. Therefore, with different horizontal forces the columns are likely to try and bend, exerting tension on the side with the lower weight.

Stone being very poor in tension, one option could be to construct the brick columns like some brick houses are constructed, with gaps that have steel rods and poured concrete, and adapt the positioning of this reinforcement in such a way that rebalances the columns. However, a more elegant and potentially stronger solution is to overlap the bricks with strategic holes running through the whole structure. Through these holes steel cables, which should be set into the concrete foundations before bricklaying begins, are threaded and tightened at the top. This forces the brick structure into compression and when loads try to force one side of the column into tension the tied bricks push against each other, making use of their natural compressive ability to resist deformation. These cables can also be placed strategically within the columns to counter inequalities caused by the differing building forms.

The Cable family

Material: Steel ropes

Performance: The cables are in tension, carrying the weight of the building back to the columns.

Multiple cables between each weight distribute the loads of the building, meaning the cables are less likely to be over-stressed in an earthquake.

Columns and Cables

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Unevenly loaded column Rebalanced column

Section locating columns

Early plan exhibiting a degree of symetry accross the structural elements

Distorted column

Tensile forces

Highly tensioned steel cables

Compressive forces

Excessive weight (of the reservoirs and stone itself) could cause the columns to buckle

Horizontal steel ties also required

Basic block strategy

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87.


Bamboo, as a hollow tube, is in keeping with the

overall structural principles of having heavy

columns supporting a lightweight frame. It is also

an appropriate material to use in a seismic region;

Having no ‘rays’ it is a lot stronger than timber,

especially in sheer.1

Cellulose fibers that run through the length of

the bamboo act in the same way steel bars do in

concrete. In the event of structural failure, these

usually remain intact and return the bamboo to its

original shape when the loads are removed, which

could ensure the primary structure stays intact

during an earthquake.2

In 2001, 20 bamboo houses remained intact near the

epicentre of an earthquake that reached 7.5 on the

Richter scale.3

Another advantage of its natural structure is that

it does not suffer from creep, as timber does. This

gives the opportunity to fashion the bamboo into

a sophisticated facade system incorporating glass

and metal nodes.4

89.

Vo Trong Nghia’s ‘Water & Wind’ cafe detail of a ‘bamboo bolt’. Such a system, where multiple bamboo lengths are working together would allow for easier replacement of the older structural members (with ones that arent necessarily identical) than the former iteration where the bamboo was locked into the metal nodes at the end.

The diagonal bracing is provided by the façade sections which, as they need to be flat, must form triangular panels.

Construction of the bamboo theatres

Umbrella supports made of steel and concrete. The steel core of the concrete is surrounded by a membrane allowing it to move freely of the concrete. In this way, it not only supports the structure but can also protect it in the event of an earthquake- the core and exterior sliding by one each other deflects energy away from the rest of the structure.

Metal nodes from the first iteration (1:50 model structure) are kept, in order to attach the prefabricated facade

Bamboo Frames

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1. Janssen 2000, p24




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Vascular bundle

Bamboo Frames

Nodea.Pieces of the node designed to hold the bamboo. These are made of two pieces of steel that can be unscrewed from each other to detach the bamboob. Sponge- this allows the node to grip the bamboo regardless of the different sizes that result from using a natural

material.

Cross section of bamboo showing the reinforcing vascular bundles.

Construction of the bamboo exhibition centre

91.

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-Detail-

The design has been adapted to incorporate two mat

foundation bases. As earthquakes may present lateral

forces in any potential direction, a continuous spread,

strongly tied together, is better equipped to resist

this than piers The building is less likely to be

shook off a continuous base than a foundation system

that is concentrated at isolated points.

The two main masses of the building have been separated

by a crumple section. This is where the joints allow a

total movement of 6-8 inches in all directions. This

is to prevent collisions that could occur between the

differently moving masses in a quake.

Though vertical motions in an earthquake represent

just one tenth to one fifth of the total energy of a

quake, this does have the ability to reduce soil

pressure. The depth of the new Mississippi River

Bridge foundations is 6m into the bedrock of the

river. Here, however, I have extended this depth

by the recommended 33.3% (1998mm). The weight of the

excavated soil for mat foundations should be equal

to or greater than the weight of the construction

supported.

1. Steel cable

2. Plastic sheath- to protect the steel cable from

damage

3. Concrete mat foundation

4. Pre-formed recess in the concrete

5. In-situ cast concrete

6. Steel dowels to anchor the column to the footing

7. Tensile reinforcement of concrete (required as the

footing projects more than half the thickness of

the column)

8. Longitudinal steel mesh reinforcement

9. Active soil pressure

10. Waterproof sheeting. Although the columns aren’t

likely to suffer the usual associated problems of

water erosion due to diurnal temperature changes-

namely onion skin weathering and freeze thaw

weathering - the running water and chemicals in

the river may cause unanticipated effects on the

structural integrity of the foundations and columns.

11. Carved blocks of andesite stone

12. Tightening device. The belay structure allows for easy

tightening and the friction it has on the wire is an

extra precaution against the cables becoming slack.

13. Small steel clamp

14. Steel lever

15. Steel latch. This can be used to release the wire for

retightening, for example, if the dimensions change

through settlement.

16. Drip

Foundations1

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a. Foundation plan

b. Belay device

c. Cap detail with wire

tightening device

d. Wire anchoring detail

e. Foundation detail

Columns

Mat slab foundation

Device inspired by the

frictional holding

capabilities of a belay,

used in climbing

FALL FALL

Crumple section

Thickened slabs at the base of

columns, consturctions and to

anchor cables to.

1

93.


There are six standardised brick designs bricks

are designed to lock together so the effect of

the steel tensioned cable translates across the

brick layers. The two central bricks, mirror

images of each other, are designed so that the

extrusions lock into all the five surrounding

bricks, creating a very solid core.

Central core bricks

designed to cater for the

horizontal cables

designed to cater for the

vertical cables

Bricks

Corresponding intermediate bricks

End bricks

95.

-Detail-

The lightweight façade, held together with the bamboo bolts

and steel nodes is designed to be a stiff frame but also one

that can be easily taken apart when it becomes necessary to

replace the short lived bamboo.

1. Ring beam- 50mm steel rods, 20mm sheet steel2. Mosquito netting façade3. Damp Proof Membrane4. Bamboo bolt structure5. Ties- these link the bamboo bolts without making further holes and therefore not compromising their structural performance.6. Steel node7. Hardwood timber clamps. These can be unscrewed to allow easy removal and maintenance of the façade pieces from inside the theatre.8. Hardwood timber capping. This and the wooden clamp pieces prevent the metal nodes acting as a thermal conductor- bringing the heat of the Indonesian sun into the theatre.9. Bass wood façade layer, cut using CNC technology into the later detailed Islamic pattern10. PVC cap - made flexible by the addition of plasticizers. This strengthens the material around the areas where the cables pass through the façade11. Steel cable. (one of two running either side of the bamboo bolt)12. Adhesive13. Aluminium flashing14. Bamboo support. This is connected to the façade from the seismic ‘umbrella’ support in the centre of the theatre15. Steel mechanism to connect the nodes and umbrella supports, inspired by the mechanisms within a dressmakers dummy. Turning the key tightens the grip on the bamboo support. Turning the other way, it allows easy removal and replacement of the bamboo supports. (See environment and materials detailing the necessity and frequency of replacing the bamboo)

a. Section detail of the theatre façadeb. Waterproofing detail where the cable moves through the netted façadec. Node detail- façade connecting to the ring beamd. Node detail- Node connecting to the umbrella mechanism

Facade Construction

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97.

-Detail-

1. Mosquito netting façade

2. Damp Proof Membrane

3. Bamboo bolt structure

4. Thick bamboo beam supports the floor, integrated into

the bamboo bolt structure

4. Ties- these link the bamboo bolts without making

further holes and therefore not compromising

their structural performance.

5. Steel node

6. Hardwood timber clamps. These can be unscrewed to allow

easy removal and maintenance of the façade pieces

from inside the theatre.

7. Hardwood timber cap. This and the wooden clamp pieces

prevent the metal nodes acting as a thermal conductor-

bringing the heat of the Indonesian sun into

the theatre.

8. Bass wood façade layer, cut using CNC technology into

the later detailed Islamic pattern

9. Acrylic pattern façade layer

10. ‘Umbrella’ support system, detailed overleaf

11. Steel mechanism to connect the bamboo to the umbrella

column, inspired by the mechanisms within a

dressmakers dummy. Turning the key tightens the grip

on the bamboo support. Turning the other way, it

allows easy removal and replacement of the bamboo

supports. (See environment and materials detailing

the necessity and frequency of replacing the bamboo)

12. External bamboo cladding

13. Not less than 300mm

14. 75mm x 100mm timber joist

15. Bamboo matting

16. Suspended acoustic ceiling

17. Steel angle

18. Timber substructure connects the cladding to the

bamboo bolts

19. Steel ring

Floor Construction1

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99.

-Detail-

1. Aluminium flashing

2. Purlin

3. Sloped skylight

4. Bamboo frame

5. Bass wood façade layer, cut using CNC technology

into the later detailed Islamic pattern

6. Acrylic pattern façade layer

7. Steel node- connects the skylight to the bamboo

structure

8. Hardwood timber capping

9. Outlets for ventilation here- detailed in

‘performance’ section

10. Damp proof membrane

11. Mosquito net facade

12. Insulating glazing with fully tempered glass

Skylight

1812

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101.

-Detail-

This structural member supports the bamboo structures

from inside and also protects the structure in the event

of an earthquake. With seismic forces the concrete is

able to withstand in compression while the steel,

moving freely due to the plastic sheath, stretches in

tension. This ability for the members to move past one

another means that they absorb the energy of the quake

and in doing so deflects the stresses away from the

other structural members.

1. Concrete column

2. Round steel core

3. Plastic, separating the steel and concrete

4. Folded steel angle

5. Steel & rubber mechanism to connect the bamboo to

the umbrella column, inspired by the mechanisms

within a dressmakers dummy. Turning the key

tightens the grip on the bamboo support. Turning

the other way, it allows easy removal and

replacement of the bamboo supports.

(See environment and materials detailing the

necessity and frequency of replacing the bamboo.

6. Bamboo ‘spoke’ connect the central column and

bamboo framework

7. Steel node connects the bamboo bolt to the cladding

8. Steel node connects the bamboo spokes to

the composite central column

9. Steel base plate, set on leveling nuts

10. Concrete foundation

11. Pre-cast concrete footing acting as movement joint

12. Anchor bolts

103.

Umbrella Support

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There is no thermal insulation present within

the building skin, owing to the extremely

high humidity (70-90%) suppressing diurnal

temperature changes. In such a climate, the

best strategy is to have a lightweight frame

that can cool down quickly.

The lava rock has naturally occurring pockets

of air which make it an excellent insulator

and has therefore been adopted within the

building’s fire strategy.

The exposed construction would not suit an

internal vapour barrier. However, whilst the

building skin is composed of many layers, with

the exception of the waterproofing skin, they are

all highly perforated and allow the passage of

air. This combined with a ventilation strategy

(see performance) that aims to maximise the

air flow through the enclosures should remove

excess moisture via evaporative cooling. The

chance of interstitial condensation is further

reduced as it occurs when warm air generated

inside hits a surface that is below dewpoint,1

however, with night time temperatures of

25˚C, the exterior surface is never likely

to be particularly cool. Furthermore, the

construction throughout is visible and easy to

access, therefore, should condensation occur,

this would be obvious and easy to resolve

before it becomes a problem.

Within the programme, the small café below

the theatre presents the greatest fire risk

and it is proposed therefore to compartment

this area, extending the lava rock, capable of

withstanding temperatures of 1000˚C, to give

the area a 60minute fire rating. The coconut

oil lamps used during the ‘wayang kulit’

performance and electrical devices in the

facade also present a threat. Therefore the

following measures are proposed;

Detection and alarm system throughout

Sprinkler system throughout

Smoke vents co-ordinated with the ventilation

system, whereby the high level exhausts open

and lower ones close upon a smoke signal.3

Clearly signposted suction hoses that are

connected directly to the river below.

Fire extinguishers capable of dealing with

fires that the water hoses cannot, for example

C02 in case of an electrical fire and foam

extinguishers for liquid based fires (for

example from the coconut oil burners in the

programme).4

Fire resistant coatings to the bamboo and

mosquito fabric.

Escape routes to have ‘Class 0’ on flame spread

test. 5

Due to the excessive humidity of the site,

it is recommended that the large quantities

of timber to be used are brought to site as

green wood and allowed to acclimatise to the

conditions there and are only milled after

reaching ‘fibre saturation point’.2 This should

help limit the extent to which the wood warps.

Despite this however, fluctuations in the

humidity may cause some movement in the

material and the façade also incorporates

other materials which may expand with changing

temperatures. As such, there are to be expansion

joints throughout. The nodes which hold the

different materials of the façade in place

should incorporate expansion joints and if

there is excessive movement, the wooden clamps

can be tightened or loosened as necessary.

Despite the building’s unusual structure, in

the details it is a take on a rain screen

cladding system. Behind the mosquito netting

there is a waterproof envelope that wraps

around the entirety of the enclosures. Where

it has been necessary to perforate this

envelope, for example where the cables pass

into the building, and around the skylight,

sealant joints have been specified, with clean

surface preparation to ensure secure adhesion.

Wood sealant will be applied to the whole of

the hardwood caps that make up the detail

surrounding the skylight to prevent water from

leaching through the material itself.

Where the waterproofing layer is absent

for the ventilation apertures to mediate

airflow through the building (detailed in the

performance section), the apertures have been

designed with waterproof fabric which will all

close during heavy rain, the overlapping nature

of them deflecting water akin to a rainforest

canopy. The gaps between them are designed to

stop water but still allow enough air to pass

for stack ventilation to occur.

Insulation Interstitial Condensation Controlling Fire Spread

Tolerances

Water Ingress

1. Watts 2006, p25

2. Huey 2012

3. Thomas 2006b, p141

4. MFS Fire Extinguishers

5. Metric Handbook p42-4

-Building Performance-

-Energy-

Care has been taken in the material selection, to create a building

from materials that are not only sustainable within themselves, but

also that the embodied energy that their excavation, production and

transport to site entails is low. Since embodied energy is difficult to

determine, and manufacturer’s claims can be misleading,1 I have focused

on the more concrete factor of transport and sourced, where possible,

materials prevalent on the island of Java. This also has the advantage

that vernacular architecture has of embodying a sense of place.

Bamboo

The species Bambusa blumeana is indigenous to the archipelago and grows

even faster in the tropical environment than its notoriously fast

growth in temperate climates. “A bamboo plantation of 1000 hectares

can provide about 30,000 tons of wood resources, and thus renders

unnecessary the cutting of over 50 thousand hardwood trees per year”.2

Such measures should appease BAPPENAS, who are hinging their economic

growth plan on restoration of the tropical hardwood forests.3

Using natural preservative methods (detailed overleaf) means making

the culled bamboo ready for use on the structure is a relatively low

energy process.

Andesite Stone

Being forced to the surface through seismic activity means mining

andesite stone is a relatively low energy extraction, and it can be

sources from a quarry in central Java.4

Most of the energy embodied in this material, therefore, will be in the

labor intensive process of shaping the stones into specific profiles

dictated by the structural strategy.

Basswood

Sourced on the island, from a plantation in Bogor.

The laser cutting process of converting the basswood into intricate

Islamic patterns will have high embodied energy. However, this is

done with the purpose of maximizing daylight whilst preventing solar

gain (detailed later), and thus lowering the ‘energy-in-use’ of the

building, which represents a much greater percentage of the entire

energy a building consumes.5

Mosquito Netting

Mosquito netting facade sourced from the nearby textile industry. Care

should be taken to contract it from one of the 10% of factories that

meet water treatment requirements.

Other materials, such as stainless steel, which are categorised by

Watts and Thomas as ‘very high energy requirements’,6 have been used as

sparingly as possible, when structural loads demand it.

Waste-to-energy plant

Though the process of burning waste is ordinarily only

an option after all other options of ‘reduce, reuse and

recycle’ have been explored, here there is no infrastructure

to support proper waste management and the current practice

that is ingrained in the population is to treat the river as

waste disposal. Therefore the plant will not only have the

normal associated advantages (it has been claimed that for

every ton of waste disposed of in a waste-to-energy plant

and ton of greenhouse gasses is avoided)7 it will, through

the incentive of clean water, draw waste away from the river

and provide a place to dispose of waste substances produced

during the water treatment process. The project has the

potential to prevent 25,9653kg of waste entering the river

and travelling downstream per year.8

There is also scope to recycle some of the ‘waste’ from the

river into the building fabric, for example replacing the

glass skylight, which has ‘high energy’ requirements in its

production, with something like the Thames project Butterfly

House, created from old shopping bags.

109.

Building Site

Bogor- plantations of basswood

Central Java andesite quarry

Banyuwangi- home to 26,000 hectares of bamboo

plantations

Subterranean waste-to-power plant

Household waste & waste from the Citarum

Embodied Energy Energy Production

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1. Thomas 2006b, p71

2. Oprins

3. Fauzan 2011

4. SBM



7. Pyper and ClimateWire 2011

8. Bocco 2013

-Materials and Longevity-

Preservation

The bamboo takes advantage of preservative methods,

though the effect of this is limited in bamboo (hence its

short lifespan) as the vascular bundles which would take up

preservative chemicals close forever 24 hours after being

culled.6 Traditional methods of curing, smoking, soaking

and seasoning, or lime-washing could be adopted, they are

economical and don’t require any specialized skills.7 There

are more modern chemical methods which preserve the bamboo

slightly longer, however, the bamboo is difficult to dispose

when it needs replacing, needing to be buried far from a water

source. Traditional methods would allow the old structural

members to be burned as biofuel in the waste-to-energy plant.

Bamboo PlantationThe gardens in the program are extended on to the land to

form a small bamboo plantation, from which elements can be

periodically replaced. This would not only reduce the impact

of transporting pieces, but also ensure that the preservative

methods are applied correctly, as applied incorrectly they can

do more harm than good.8 The location of the building on a river

means advantage can be taken of soaking and seasoning the

bamboo as the preservative method, which involves immersing

the culms in water for weeks to leach out sugars then drying

it out. Currently the river runs black with the dyes

of more than 40 textile factories, which is likely to

alter the colouration of the bamboo as it needs to be

submerged for such a large quantity of time. This however

could enhance the building, as there is a 15 year programme

in place to clean up the river, therefore, as bamboo in the

structure are slowly replaced, the colouration of the

finished structure will be a reflection of the changing

circumstances of the Citarum.

ProtectionOn the roof the bamboo is placed behind the waterproofing

screen, as bamboo can have a long life expectancy in very

dry spaces and completely submerged in water, but fluctuating

between the two accelerates failure.

Ensure that the primary structural pieces are sheltered behind

the mosquito netting, as the hollow nature of the material

provides space for potentially damaging creatures to make

their home.

ReplacementAll details have been designed for easy replacement of the

bamboo structural members. For example, adopting bamboo bolts

of 4-5 lengths together means one can be removed and replaced

without causing failure to the whole structure.

According to Watts and Thomas, after selecting materials

with lower embodied energy (previous page) the second

strategy is to design for longevity.1 For the monolithic

lava columns this is not an issue, Borobudur has been

standing on the island of Java since the 9th century.2

Furthermore, the lack of diurnal temperature changes

and staying above freezing protects the rocks from many

forms of weathering. Bamboo, however, does not benefit

from such longevity.

Structurally, in terms of its seismic performance,

and environmentally, in terms of its growth rate and

proximity to the site bamboo seems to be the appropriate

choice. The drawback of this material, however, is the

relatively short lifespan within the structure it has.

Whilst my design, being lifted off the ground by pillars,

means it doesn’t have contact with ground moisture,

the life expectancy of covered bamboo is from 6-10 years.3 This problem is compounded in tropical

areas as the humidity accelerates the degradation.4

This problem is connected to its small cross sectional

area. Whist this makes it structurally light, it means

that damage, for example from boring insects or fungi,

represents a larger proportion of its cross section.5

Therefore, I would propose the following;

111.

Soaking and Seasoning

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2. Soekmono 1976, p9


4. Lip and Lim 1988





Subterranean waste-to-power plant

The Citarum runs black with the dyes of more than 40

textile factories

“...as bamboo in the structure are slowly replaced, the colouration of the finished structure will be a reflection of the changing circumstances of the Citarum.”

Detailed for easy replacement

Diagram showing the replacement of bamboo members after all preservation methods have been exhausted.

Small Bamboo plantation containing different aged culms ensures

a ready supply of material when necessary.

Culm planted for 5 years

Culm planted for 1 year




Old bamboo used as

biofuel

-Tourism and the Citarum-

Longevity of the water theatre- steps

taken to ensure it’s earquake resistant

but the programme is less enduring.

Write about the historical boundary of

the Citarum and the likelyhood that the

water treatment would be outlived by the

theate programme

The Future the Water Theatre

-Cooling Strategy-

Inlets and outlets (at 30˚ to the normal) are

at opposing sides of the structures. They are

capable of expanding and contracting to maximise

cross ventilation. Openings on the downward side

adjust themselves to be larger than the windward

side, to promote the maximum suction effect.2

This is capable of moving air fastest through the

structure. “The dry-bulb, still air temperature

is effectively lowered 5˚F if the air is moved

at a velocity of 6miles per minute”.3

113.

Cross Ventilarion“In very humid regions, comfort by natural means is only attain-

able with constant movement of air across the skin” 1

Primary method of cooling

North Prevailing WindsNovember- March

+ -+-

SouthPrevailing Winds

Doldrums- No Wind

May- September

April & October

Inter-Tropical

Convergence

Zone

Inter-Tropical

Convergence

Zone

Inter-Tropical

Convergence

Zone

Cross ventilation moves air fast enough to relieve the effects of the excessively high humidity, by evaporative cooling.

Openings on the south, downward side, of the building are larger

All apertures remain open

Aperture devices adjust the inlet/outlet ratio

Openings on the North, downward side, of the building are larger

1.Salmon 1999, p123

2.Ibid

3,Salmon 1999, p142

-Cooling Strategy-

High stacks create areas of positive and negative

pressure regardless of which direction the

prevailing wind blows. Stack effect ventilation

is suplementary to the primary mode of cooling

(cross ventialtion) as the stack effect does

not move air fast enough to relieve heat by

evaporative cooling, which is imperative in

areas of such high humidity.

Tops of the stacks are stained darker. This

causes them to heat faster than the rest of the

building and thus aids stack driven ventilation.

115.

Stack Effect Ventilarion

Secondary method of cooling

Air movement

Solar radiation.

Darkly stained areas heat up faster and further lowers the air pressure at the top of the stacks

Tall stacks create an ares of low pressure regardless of wind direction2

During rainstorms, the apertures close. However, the overlapping leaves are separated horizontally to leave an effective 3-4% of the floor area open1, adequate for stack ventilation whist preventing the ingress of water.

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+

1. Thomas, p126

2. Salmon 1999, p119

-Cooling Strategy-

The gardens, river and water cleaning reservoirs

provide evaporative cooling- the hot Indonesian

sun causes water droplets to evaporate and thus

gives up some of its energy (and heat) beafore

entering the structures. However, such cooling

works best in dry climates so here it plays a

supplementary role.

Evaporative Cooling

Tertiary method of cooling

In progress;

Leave if run out of time. Diagram of Evaportaive cooling through plants, cooling air before it enters building.

-Cooling Strategy-

Lightweight shell

The high humidity suppresses thermal radiation

to the sky which causes only very slight changes

in diurnal temperature change.1 This means that

emplyoing thermal mass as a cooling technique

would be ineffective, as there is never a time

when there is a cooler temperature to store and

later release. The building skin is therefore a

lightweight shell, akin to a marquee, that can

cool quickly at night. The light coloured skin

reflects heat.

FacadeAncient patterns & modern technology

High humidity, between 70 and

90%, traps in the heat and

results in only slight changes

in diurnal temperatures.

Some solar radiation is

reflected by the light

coloured mosquito netting.

High volumes of water from

the site and programme

contribute to the humidity

The lightweight

structure cools quickly

at night

The porous layers that make

up the building skin allow

only partial admittance of the

intense solar radiation. The

amount of light allowed to pass

can be tailored by adjusting

the pattern- see next page.

1. Salmon 1999, p100

117.

-Water Supply-

Location of the water treatment stages detailed

in section 1.

1. pH adjustment

2. Coagulation tank

3. Lagoons

4. Filtration

5. Electrodeionization

6. UV gardens

7. Safety Control fish tanks

8. Reservoir

Due to the current condition of the Citarum river, the water treatment programme was selected as one which could treat sewage. In addition, the lack of pipe infrastructure in the area and overarching aim to improve the water quality in the village led to the decision to feed black water in at the beginning of the water treatment.

Despite the programme being a water treatment centre, the water is a hard earned exchange from the collected rubbish that makes its way into the waste-to-power plant. Therefore, the theatre also takes advantage of the prevalent rains and large overhanging roofs in order to collect rainwater to use as grey water in the WC facilities.

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In order to mitigate the problems of solar

gain, but also to ensure adequate daylight (the

traditional wayang employs daytime as well as

night time performances) the façade pattern

adjusts to allow more light to enter where the

building receives smaller levels of solar gain.

A study of buildings on Java revealed that the

most solar radiation (SR) is received from the

north, roughly equal and smaller amounts to the

east and west and significantly smaller amounts

to the south.1 There is also a difference in

radiation received depending on the angle of

the planes. In Java, the highest SR is received

on planes that are at an angle between 15˚ to

30˚. The next highest is between the 15˚ and

horizontal range with the smallest from 30˚ to

vertical.

I have designed five different panels to cater

for these different conditions. Whilst the

architecture could more responsive, with each

individual panel tailored to its specific

condition, the design is a compromise between

performance and standardisation, which would

make the project more feasible.

The intricate Islamic patterns employed

represent the translation of the delicate

puppet carvings to the scale of the building.

Solar radiation recieved on building facades

in Java.

Grid showing the different pannels and

their locations.

-Controling solar gain-

Ancient patterns & modern technology

North

15˚

- h

or

izo

nta

l30

˚ -

V

erti

cal

15˚

- 30

˚

East & West South

1

1

2

3

2

3

121.

1.Mintorogo

The drawing opposite locates the different

façade panel densities from the previous page on

the theatre enclosures (pattern not to scale).

Such an arrangement should provide maximum day

lighting possible while preventing solar gain in

the areas most likely to receive solar radiation.

Within the façade, the apertures (detailed

later in this section) respond to the changing

prevailing wind patterns. When north prevailing

winds persist the maximum suction effect can

be achieved by having larger openings on the

south, downward side of the façade.1 When south

prevailing winds persist this situation is

reversed. During the doldrums, the point at which

the Inter-Tropical-Convergence-Zone is directly

above Indonesia and there is little to no wind,

all the apertures remain open to take advantage

of any breeze that may pass the building.

When it rains the apertures all close, the

waterproof overlapping fabric preventing water

entering like leaves in a rainforest canopy.

The gaps between them, however, still allow the

passage of some air which now passes through the

building via the stack effect.

-Controlling solar gain-

Facade Mapping

North Prevailing Winds

SouthPrevailing Winds

Doldrums

123.

November- March

May- September

April & October

1.Salmon 1999, p142

-

-

+

+

a. Mapping fo the façade theatre densities

according to solar radiation levels.

b. Open aperture density during the north

prevailing winds

c. Open aperture density during the

doldrums

d. Open aperture density during the south

prevailing winds

e. Aperture device

f. Rainforest Canopy

a

b

c

d

e

f

DR part 4 Kirsty Williams

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Transcript of DR part 4 Kirsty Williams