Dr Nick Ward, Research Director, General Lighthouse Authorities of the UK & Ireland

Contents

Introduction

Origins of positioning

Lighthouses

History

Development

Radio-navigation

History

Current status

Electronic Positioning

History

Current status

E-Navigation

Definition

Schedule

Applications

Origins of positioning

Landmarks – hills, trees

Pharos of Alexandria

Roman lighthouse at Dover

Lights in churches

Fires on hills

Special towers

Purpose-built lighthouse

Hazard warning

Navigation marks

Orientation

The Eddystone

First offshore lighthouse in

Europe

On the Eddystone Rock

13 miles off Plymouth

By Henry Winstanley in 1698

Five years later, destroyed in

a storm, Henry was lost.

Famous Lighthouses

The Stevensons – Bell Rock,

Skerryvore and many others

The Bell Rock has just reached

200 years in service

Eddystone, the present Douglass

tower is the fourth

The Needles

Bishop Rock

Wolf Rock

Development of lighthouses

Candles/Mirrors

Oil lamps

Lenses

Electric lights

Solar power

All UK Lighthouse are automatic

No lighthouse keepers

anymore

Maintained by helicopters

Need to make them very

reliable

Very low energy

Lighthouse development

More and more efficient lamps

From 3.5 kW incandescent

To 1 kW metal halide

Down to 35-150 W (enabling solar PV)

Now moving to LEDs

Old Head of Kinsale (South of Ireland)

Existing light sources:

2 x 150 W metal halide

Proposed LED replacement:

50 – 75 W

Casquets Lighthouse

(Channel Islands) • LED best appearance, white colour

• Power requirement allows PV

• Carbon discharge from 16T to < 1T p.a.

•

• Saving of around 150 tonnes over 10 yrs.

• Savings in fuel costs around £10,000 p.a.

Do we need lighthouses?

Ships now use satellites

Electronic chart displays

But electronics can fail

Visual AtoNs provide fallback

Also spatial awareness

Radio Navigation

GPS

30+ satellites

II/IIA/IIR/IIF

IIIA 2014 onwards

FOC 2020?

L1, L2, L5, L1C

GLONASS

Russian equivalent

FDMA, but CDMA coming

Now back to 24+ sats

Global coverage

Funding?

Galileo

EU “civil” system

GPS compatible

Open, SoL, PRS

Integrity

Funding?

Compass/Beidou

10th satellite launched in

February (GEO)

Mix of GEOs, MEOs and

HEOs

Regional coverage by end

2012

Global coverage 2020

SBAS

EGNOS

WAAS

MSAS

GAGAN

Electronic positioning

High accuracy Terrestrial systems

LF – Pulse 8

HF – HiFix/Hyperfix

UHF – Syledis

µwave – Microfix,

Trisponder, Mini-ranger

OmniStar/StarFire

Commercial services

Geo-stationary satellites

Different levels of

service

Centimetric accuracy

e-Navigation

e-Navigation - definition

The International Maritime

Organisation (IMO) has defined e-

Navigation as:

“the harmonised collection,

integration, exchange,

presentation and analysis of

maritime information onboard and

ashore by electronic means to

enhance berth to berth navigation

and related services, for safety

and security at sea and protection

of the marine environment”

Based on User Requirements

Common Information Structure

Automated & Standardised

Reporting

Effective and Robust

communications

Human Centred Presentation

Needs

Human Machine Interface

Data and System Integrity

Analysis

Training

e-Navigation Schedule

Complete Gap Analysis - 2012

Risk Analysis – 2013

Cost Benefit Analysis – 2013

Strategy Implementation Plan – 2014

Implementation (phase 1?) 2014 – 2018?

Integrating existing equipment, using current standards

Implementation (phase 2?) 2018 – 2025?

Introducing new systems

ACCSEAS

e-Navigation in the North Sea

e-Navigation solutions in the congested North

Sea

• increasing density of shipping

• reduced sea room

• more offshore installations

• larger ships

• more traffic pinch-points

• approach to major ports

• traffic separation schemes

► reduce risk of collision & grounding

► safer & more efficient access to the region

and its ports

Resilient PNT - GNSS/DGNSS

Assessment of effects of solar activity on GNSS performance in runup to the next

solar maximum, around 2013.

Monitoring of GPS, GLONASS and EGNOS status and performance, to

understand the technical and policy implications.

Assessment of options for providing a DGNSS service to meet needs of existing

users and take account of GNSS developments.

GNSS hardening to improve resilience to accidental and deliberate interference.

Participation in standards bodies to ensure harmonisation of services amongst all

DGNSS service providers.

GNSS is at risk during Solar max

Polar scintillation, courtesy University of Bath

GNSS signal refraction & diffraction

Phase scintillation

- significant delay in pseudorange measurement

Amplitude scintillation

- strong fades may lead to GNSS receiver losing

signal tracking

Standalone range errors up to 60m

Loss of navigation solution

Solar cycle

Effects on GNSS

Plot of 95% position error observed from a raw GPS (dotted line) and DGPS (solid

line) receivers during September 2011 solar events

Multiple constellations

Resilient PNT - eLoran

Business Case analysis shows clear economic benefit (2:1) over the lifetime of the

system.

Planning and development is for initial operational eLoran service in 2013, FOC

2018.

Demonstrations carried out to show that eLoran meets requirements of e-

Navigation. Software and hardware being developed to support deployment

Common plan under discussion among European states with Loran facilities, in

particular France and Norway, but also Russia.

European Commission being encouraged by many bodies to progress towards a

European Radio Navigation Plan, to coordinate provision of all services.

eLoran coverage

Racons

Radar beacons are a very valuable aid to navigation, independent of GNSS,

providing location relative to a hazard, turning point or TSS

Performance may be affected by introduction of New Technology (solid-state) S-

band radars

Trials carried out with NT radar show that performance can be maintained by

improved specification

Navigation requirement for racons reaffirmed, technical specification modified

Forward-looking strategy for racons now an IALA Guideline ensuring harmonious

development worldwide

Potential for absolute position-fixing with enhanced racons as part of e-Navigation

Racon on Kish LH and AIS targets

Virtual AtoNs

AIS allows rapid provision of AtoNs on an electronic display

prior to deployment of physical AtoNs

Marking of new hazard, such as wrecks

Dynamic marking to deal with changing situation

Requires AIS network, or:

AIS AtoNs on vessels and key lighthouses

Transportable units

39

Four cardinal virtual AtoNs round floating

container (ECDIS) - simulation

40

Four cardinal virtual AtoNs round floating

container (radar) - simulation

Common Data Structure

IHO S-100

S-101 ENCs

Non-hydrographic:

AtoNs

VTS

AIS

New applications – 3D

Courtesy of NOAA

Is e-Navigation the answer?

Human element

Harmonisation/integration

Necessary information

Coherent presentation

Resilient infrastructure

Navigation/communications

Essential data (ENCs, MSI)

Training & awareness

Further information

nick.ward@gla-rrnav.org