RADIOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENTS

DR MOHAMMED MALIK AFROZ

CONTENTS1. X RAY MACHINE AND ITS COMPONENTS2. IOPA X RAY FILM – SIZE 03. IOPA X RAY FILM SIZE 24. OCCLUSAL X RAY FILM5. LEAD BARRIER6. LEAD APRON7. DEVELOPER SOLUTION8. FIXER SOLUTION9. X RAY FILM HOLDER10. DAY LIGHT DEVELOPER BOX11. X RAY TUBE DIAGRAM12. LEAD FOIL13. BLACK WRAPPING PAPER

SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVETo know different equipments (materials) in x

ray roomImportance of each equipment

Different components of Machine1. High frequency x ray

generator2. Mobile stand containing the main power board3. Control timer unit4. X ray exposure switch x ray exposure button5. Horizontal arm6. Rectangular arm7. On/off switch with LED8. Handle9. Front Brakes

IOPA X RAY FILMS CLASSIFICATION1. Based On There Usage

Intraoral Films Extra Oral Films

2. Based On There Exposure

Direct Exposure Films Indirect Exposure Films

3. Based On There Size4. Based On There Speed

COMPOSITION

1. Base 0.2mm thick Polyester

Polyethylene Teraphthalate

2. Emulsion Silver Halide Grains Vehicle Matrix.

LEAD FOIL – USE – TO PROTECT X RAY EXPOSURE TO OTHER AREAS OF BODY

BLACK WRAPPING PAPER – USE – TO AVOID MOISTURE CONTAMINATIONTO AVOID ACCIDENTAL LIGHT LEAKAGE

A. Plastic CoverB. Black Wrapping

PaperC. X ray FilmD. Black Wrapping

PaperE. Lead Foil

IOPA X RAY FILMS – contd…

Digital X Ray SensorsRVG SENSORS – RADIO – VISIO – GRAPHY SENSORS

It is a digital sensor which is connected by a wire to the computer

The sensor transfers the image directly on the computer

There is very less processing time involved as it is done by computer it self

Disadvantage – cost and taking care of the sensors, difficult to place along with wire

Advantages – less time, more sensitive than the x ray film

Digital X Ray Sensors – contd…PSP SENSOR – photo stimulable phosphor plate It is same size as that of x ray filmMore sensitive than the x ray filmAfter taking a radiograph in the same

way as x ray filmThe sensor is passed through a reader

which is connected to the computerThe reader transfers the image on to

the computerAdvantages – no wire hence easy to

operate, more sensitive than x ray film and rvg, sensor is reusable, sensor is more flexible

Disadvantages – cost, more processing time as it uses a reader to transfer the image on computer

RADIATION PROTECTIONLEAD APRON1. Should be worn by the

operator always2. Pregnant patients should

wear the lead apron before exposure

3. It is not advisable to exposure the pregnant patient to radiation in her 1st and 3rd Trimester.

4. If only one lead apron is available then it should be worn by the operator rather than the patient.

RADIATION PROTECTION – contd..

1. It is made up of lead and usually has wheels and a glass window in it

2. It protects the operator and other persons from exposure to x rays

3. Operator goes behind the shield before exposure after he arranges the patient and readies the machine

4. The window in the shield helps the operator to see before exposure that the patient is in the correct position

LEAD BARRIER

INTRA ORAL FILM HOLDERSPARALELLING X RAY FILM HOLDERS

It has a ring and x ray holder which are connected to each other by a plastic or metal rod

The ring is used to guide the x ray tube and is kept outside the patient mouth

The x ray film holder is used to place the x ray film in it.

The metal rod is used to increase or decrease the gap between x ray tube ring and x ray film holder

There are different holders for different side

INTRA ORAL FILM HOLDERS – CONTD…IOPA X RAY FILM HOLDER/ SNAP ‘A’ RAY FILM HOLDER

Use – to hold the x ray film in patient mouth

It has got a larger beak and a small beak between which x ray film is placed

The larger beak is where the patient bites on the film

The other end of the holder is used to hold the x ray film for anterior teeth exposure

PROCESSING OF X RAY FILM

DEVELOPER SOLUTION

COMPOSITION OF DEVELOPER SOLUTION

FUNCTIONS OF EACH COMPONENT IN DEVELOPER SOLUTION

FIXER SOLUTIONCOMPOSITION OF

FIXER SOLUTIONFUNCTION OF

EACH COMPONENT IN FIXER SOLUTION

Composition Of Developer1. Developer

Pyrazolone Derivatives(1 – Phenyl 3 Pyrazolidine)

Hydroquinine – it provides an e- to reduce oxidized Phenidone to its original form.

Function/use – Is the main component of developer solution which helps in developing the x ray film

2. Activator – sodium or potassium hydrozide Developer is active at alkaline pH

Function/use – It keeps the developer solution in active state and at alkaline pH as developer gives electrons during x ray film developing

Developer Solution

3. Preservative – Sodium Sulfite. Function/use –

Prevents developer from getting oxidized It combines with brown oxidized developer to

make it colourless4. Restrainer – potassium bromide or

BenzotriazoleFunction/Use –

It is more effective in reducing the unexposed silver halide crytals from getting developed

If the film is kept for too long in the developer solution then developer solution can reduce even exposed crystals.

Fixer Composition1. Clearing Agent – Aquous solution of

Ammonium Thiosulphate or Hypo.Function/Use

It dissolves silver halide grainsIt forms stable water soluble substances with

silver ionsIt does not have a rapid effect on metallic

silver grains but excessive fixation results in gradual loss of film density

2. Acidifier – Acetic Acid is used which maintains the fixer solution at 4 – 5 pH

Function/UseIs required to promote good diffusion (entry) of

Thiosulphate (main fixer conponent) into the x ray film emulsion

3. Preservative – Ammonium SulfiteFunction/Use – It prevents oxidation of

Thiosulphate solution4. Hardener – Aluminium SulfiteFunction/Use –

Aluminium complexes with the gelatin during fixing and prevents damage to gelatin during subsequent handling.

DAY LIGHT DEVELOPER BOXCONTENTS –

Developer jarWater jarFixer jarWater jar

USE – to develop the x ray film

X RAY TUBE

THANK YOU