Dr. Kathleen Hill Assistant Professor Department of Biology The University of Western Ontario...
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Transcript of Dr. Kathleen Hill Assistant Professor Department of Biology The University of Western Ontario...
![Page 1: Dr. Kathleen Hill Assistant Professor Department of Biology The University of Western Ontario khill22@uwo.ca Office Hours: Monday 1 to 5pm Room 333 Western.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649f275503460f94c3fa0d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Dr. Kathleen HillAssistant Professor
Department of BiologyThe University of Western Ontario
Office Hours: Monday 1 to 5pmRoom 333 Western Science Centre
Research Website:http://www.uwo.ca/biology/Faculty/hill/index.htm
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GenomesDNA
Genes to Proteins
Kathleen Hill
January 18 Lecture/WorkshopJanuary 25th Lab Tour WSC 333
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The human genome is a multi-volume instruction
manual• The GENOME is a multi-volume
instruction manual
• Each CHROMOSOME is a volume of text
• Genes are a chapter of text in the volume
• The text is written in a chemical language that has a four letter alphabet A,C,G,T NUCLEOTIDES
![Page 4: Dr. Kathleen Hill Assistant Professor Department of Biology The University of Western Ontario khill22@uwo.ca Office Hours: Monday 1 to 5pm Room 333 Western.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649f275503460f94c3fa0d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Our instruction manual can be read in our DNA
GenomeChromosome GeneDNA sequence
Manual
Volume
Chapter
Text
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46 chromosomes22 pairs of autosomes1 pair of sex chromosomes
Human Genome
Male Karyotype
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Human nuclear DNA is highly packaged in chromosomes
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DNA has a double helix structure
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Nitrogenous BasesThe DNA language alphabet
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Key Concepts
Complementary
Two key properties of nucleic acids
5’ 3’
3’ 5’
AntiparallelACGTTGCA
ACGTTGCA
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Complementary
An
tip
ara
llel A
ntip
ara
llel
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Chromosome Landscape
Chromosome
Gene
DNA sequenceSingle nucleotides
106 to 108 nucleotides
millions of nucleotides
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Landscape of a chromosome
Genes occupy little landscape on a chromosome
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Viruses are “nonliving” and have the greatest diversity in genome types
ssDNAdsDNAssRNAdsRNAsingle moleculesmultiple molecules
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Bacterial GenomesSingle molecules, circular dsDNASmaller circular plasmid genomes - extragenomic
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Bacterial GenomesSingle molecules, circular dsDNASmaller circular plasmid genomes - extragenomic
Genetic information can be exchanged between bacteria via plasmids and between the plasmid and the bacterial chromosome
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Bacterial GenomesSingle molecules, circular dsDNASmaller circular plasmid genomes - extragenomic
Viruses can infect bacteria and add genetic information to the bacterial host chromosome
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Bacterial GenomesSingle molecules, circular dsDNASmaller circular plasmid genomes - extragenomic
Genome is not enclosed in a separate compartment in the prokaryotic cell
Genomic DNA is not protein packaged
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Eukaryotic Cell:Genome is contained in separate cell compartment
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Eukaryotic Genomes
Protein packaged
Membrane compartmentalized
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Genome
Genome
Animal Cell
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Mitochondrial DNA•Double stranded•Circular•Located in the mitochondrion
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Genomes of closely related organisms show more similar organization
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Genome Size
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Genome Size and Number of Genes
Human Genome: 3.4 billion nucleotides
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Continuous
Discontinuous
Differences in Gene structure
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Continuous
Discontinuous
Exons produce message; introns do not
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Eukaryotic Genes are interrupted by noncoding intronic sequence
Genes of mammals have more intronic sequence than flies, yeast and bacteria
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GENES
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Certain Information in the DNA sequence is processed to result in proteins that can carryout an essential cell function
Gene
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One strand of the DNA sequence (the template) is written into a intermediate message
Messenger RNA
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One strand of the DNA sequence (the template) is written into a intermediate message
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
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mRNA•Single stranded
•Complex secondary structure
•Complementary sequence shows hydrogen bonding
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A distinguishing feature of mRNA is the polyA tail
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The message is then translated into a new language
Amino acids are a 20 letter alphabet of the protein language
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One code used to translate from nucleic acid to protein sequence
Each codon will be translated to an amino acid
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tRNA is the translator•amino acid carrier
•Carries the anticodonThe anticodon is complementary to the codon
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Site of translation on the t-RNA
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Amino acids are linked together in a protein chain
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Overview of the key players in translation
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In nucleus
In cytoplasm
In eukaryotes
In prokaryotes the process occurs simultaneously on same mRNA strand