Dr. Jones University of Arkansas. Disease Pathology Etiology.
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Transcript of Dr. Jones University of Arkansas. Disease Pathology Etiology.
Organic Disease Any disturbance of structure of the body Well-defined structural changes in the
body. Lesions form in tissues and organs
Example: Cancer
Functional Disease No change in structure, but evidence of
change in bodily function
Example: nervous and mental disease
Signs & Symptoms SymptomsSymptoms – subjective findings
SignsSigns – objective/physical findings
AsymptomaticAsymptomatic – a disease or illness that causes no immediate disability or discomfort
PathologyPathology—The study of disease
PathogenesisPathogenesis – the means by which a disease develops
PathogenPathogen – a microorganism, such as bacterium or virus, that causes disease
The origins or causes of disease
The first step in the history of a disease
EpidemiologyEpidemiology – study of disease transmission, development, and consequences in populations to identify etiology and distributions of disease
DiagnosisDiagnosis – determination of the nature and cause of a person’s illness
Based on the evaluation of patients: Symptoms Physical findings Laboratory tests Other diagnostic procedures Clinical history
Clinical History Involves:
History of patients’ current illness Past medical history Family history Social history A review of systems
Prognosis
Opinion concerning the eventual outcome of the disease
Course of treatment will follow prognosis
Physical Examination
Systematic examination of a patient’s condition
Particular interest is focused on the part of the body affected by the illness
Treatment Specific TreatmentSpecific Treatment – treatment
directed at the basic cause of disease or illness (example: insulin for diabetes)
Symptomatic TreatmentSymptomatic Treatment – treatment directed at alleviating the symptoms of disease or illness (example: medication to reduce fever)
Diagnostic Tests & Procedures Invasive Procedures – invasion of body
to obtain information about a patient’s condition (example: injection of needles)
Noninvasive Procedures – tests that have minimal risk or discomfort (example: x-rays)
Types of Diagnostic Tests Clinical lab tests Radioisotopes studies Electrical activity tests Ultrasound X-ray examinations Endoscopy Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Cytological and histological examinations
Evaluation of the functions of various types of organs through the placement of radioactive material called radioisotopes
Radiation detectors then monitor the uptake of the material
Used to detect anemia, blood clots, and blood flow
Electrocardiogram (ECG) – heart Electroencephalogram (EEG) – brain Electromyogram – (EMG) – muscle Electrodes are attached to various parts
of the body to determine its associated electrical activity
Technique for mapping echoes produced by high-frequency sound waves transmitted into the body
Can identify gallstones and prostate cancer
X-rays are passed through the examined body part and the rays leaving the body expose an x-ray film
Low density (lungs) body parts expose as black, whereas high density (bones) body parts expose as white
Examples: mammogram, angiogram, computed tomographic (CT) scan
Computer generated images based on the movement of hydrogen atoms in tissues subjected to a strong magnetic field.