Dr. John Patience - Less Obvious Implications of Using Alternative Ingredients

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION

“NOT SO OBVIOUS” OBVIOUS CHALLENGES OF USING ALTERNATIVE INGREDIENTS IN PRACTICAL PIG DIETS

John F. PatienceApplied Swine NutritionDept. of Animal Science

Iowa State University

http://www.varkensenzo.nl/EN/index.php?file_id=11


THINGS ARE NOT ALWAYS WHAT THEY SEEM


WHAT ARE THE “NSO” CHALLENGES?

1. Cost of energy and concentration of energy

2. Impact of ingredients on carcass and pork quality

3. Variability of nutrient composition

4. Differences in physical characteristics

5. Other


THE ISSUE

The cost differential as of January 23, 2012

between a traditional corn-soy diet

and a multi-ingredient diet

is at least $15.00/ton

and could be as high as $25.00/ton

or about $5/pig to $8/pig sold!!


HOW IMPORTANT IS FEED CONVERSION?

200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 3400.250.270.290.310.330.350.370.390.410.430.450.470.49

Feed Conversion = 2.63 Feed Conversion = 2.93

Valu

e pe

r pig

of 0

.01

impr

ovem

ent

in fe

ed c

onve

rsio

n

Average wean-to-finish feed cost, $/ton

Each feed conversion point is worth 30 to 32 cents per pig at today’s feed costs

http://www.varkensenzo.nl/EN/index.php?file_id=11


GETTING DOWN TO BRASS TACKS

• Pigs do not have requirements for ingredients, but rather energy and nutrients

Pigs around the world

are successfully raised to market

With little or no corn or soybean meal

in their diet


EXAMPLE WEST. CANADIAN PIG DIETS

25 to 50 lb 75 to 150 lb Lactation

Wheat 16.77 36.63 30.28

Barley 12.92 15.00 10.00

Corn DDGS 20.00 15.00 20.00

Field peas 25.00 25.00 25.00

Soybean meal 18.09 - 5.75

Canola meal 3.50 5.00 5.00

Canola oil 0.50 0.50 0.32

Enzyme 0.04 0.04 0.04

Premix 0.40 0.40 0.40

EXAMPLE EUROPEAN PIG DIETS35 to 55 lb 75 to 155 lb Lactation

Wheat 7.50 7.50 17.40

Barley 29.99 28.94 15.00

Corn 10.00 21.00 14.30

Triticale 5.60 - -

Bakery by-product 5.00

Wheat middlings 7.50 7.50 14.10

Wheat feed 15.00 17.50

Soybean meal 12.60 7.50 10.80

Canola meal 5.00 3.20 2.80

Soybeans - - 5.00

Sunflower meal - 4.00 -

Sugar beet pulp 2.00 - 3.00

Cane molasses - - 3.50

Soybean hulls - - 2.00

Linseed meal - - 2.00

Oil: Fish/soya/palm 1.84 0.23 0.55

Diets kindly provided by Mr. Mr. Hubert van Hees, Nutreco

Nutrient Requirements

Nutrient Supply

Societal Sustainability

Net Income

PorkQuality

FeedingProgram

FEEDING PROGRAM: PHILOSOPHY


• Pigs do not have requirements for ingredients, but rather energy and nutrients

• The objective of pork production is financial returns, not performance.– Improved performance does not necessarily lead to

improved financial returns

GETTING DOWN TO BRASS TACKS


“NOT SO OBVIOUS” ISSUE #1

• Energy is the most costly component of the diet, and the cost of energy is rising.–We used to take the cost of energy for granted.

Not anymore!– Are we using diet energy most effectively and

efficiently?– By-products tend to have lower energy content

than corn and soybean meal.

Ingredient, % Prices$/t

Energy only

Add protein/amino acids

Add minerals/vitamins

Corn 220 54.93 47.65 47.01

Corn DDGS 190 30.00 25.58 27.68

Wheat midds 200 7.60 5.50 -

Soybean meal 300 - 13.50 14.19

Bakery product 230 7.50 7.50 7.50

l-Lysine HCl 2500 - 0.30 0.30

Limestone 50 - - 1.10

Salt 90 - - 0.45

Vitamin premix 1750 - - 0.15

Trace mineral premix 1000 - - 0.12

Phytase 5000 - - 0.08

AV-blend 900 - - 1.16

Cost, $ $210.24 $229.58 $244.00

86.2% 94.1% 100.0%

Diets formulated to meet 1) energy spec only, 2) energy & amino acid specs only, & 3) all nutrients


THE RISING COST OF DIETARY ENERGY

Ingredient Cost, $/ton

ME, Mcal/lb

NE, Mcal/lb

Cost, ¢/Mcal ME

Cost, ¢/Mcal NE

Corn 220 1.55 1.20 7.1 9.2

Corn DDGS 190 1.52 1.08 6.3 8.8

Wheat middlings 200 1.38 0.99 7.2 10.1

Bakery by-product 230 1.68 1.35 6.8 8.5

Soybean meal 300 1.52 0.89 9.9 16.9

AV blend 900 3.72 3.35 12.1 13.4

When corn cost $2.50/bu, 1 Mcal ME cost 2.9¢. It now costs 7.1¢.


HOW DAILY ENERGY INTAKE IS DIVIDED BETWEEN MAINTENANCE AND GAIN

Functions Gain ME intake, Kcal/d

Maintenance - 2,516 (34%)

Protein (lean) gain 138 g/d (16%) 1,460 (20%)

Fat gain 267 g/d (31%) 3,358 (46%)

Total 1.90 lb/d (862 g/d) 7,300 (100%)

Assume the diet contains 1,500 kcal ME/lb and 0.85% SID lysine. The pig weighs between 100 to 200 lb, is gaining about 1.9 lb/d (total growout ADG = 1.85 lb) and is eating 4.9 lb of feed/day, giving a feed conversion of 2.58 (total feeder to finish growout FC is 2.85:1).


EFFECT OF CORN BRAN WITH DECLINING OR CONSTANT NE ON F:G IN FINISHING PIGS

0 8 16 240.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

Declining NE Constant NE

Corn bran level, %

F:G

P < 0.001

a b bc

c

P = 0.67

c c c

Gutierrez et al., 2011


Durum CPS-W CPS-R HRS HRW HW12

16

20

24

28

d 7 d 14 d 21

Body weight of weaned pigs was similar across wheat classes, including CPS and durum

Wei

ght,

lb

a ab abab ab b


IMPACT OF DIET ENERGY CONCENTRATION ON AVERAGE DAILY GAIN, LB/D

Diet ME, Mcal/lb 1.43 1.47 1.51 1.55

Diet NE, Mcal/lb 1.02 1.05 1.09 1.12

Constant FI and wt 1.74 1.80 1.85 1.91

Constant FI and days 1.75 1.80 1.86 1.91

Constant wt, increasing FI 1.93 1.93 1.92 1.91


IMPACT OF DIET ENERGY CONCENTRATION ON FEED EFFICIENCY

Diet ME, Mcal/lb 1.43 1.47 1.51 1.55

Diet NE, Mcal/lb 1.02 1.05 1.09 1.12

Constant FI and wt 3.03 2.91 2.82 2.73

Constant FI and days 2.94 2.87 2.79 2.73

Constant wt, increasing FI 2.98 2.89 2.81 2.73


IMPACT OF DIET ENERGY CONCENTRATION ON FEED COST/PIG, $

Diet ME, Mcal/lb 1.43 1.47 1.51 1.55

Diet NE, Mcal/lb 1.02 1.05 1.09 1.12

Constant FI and wt $83.01 $82.57 $84.02 $85.45

Constant FI and days $73.58 $77.38 $80.90 $85.45

Constant wt, increasing FI $81.79 $81.74 $83.89 $85.45

Typically, we feed pigs to achieve a

target growth rate, to move pigs out of the barn according to a

fill schedule

Typically, we feed pigs to achieve a

target growth rate, to move pigs out of the barn according to a

fill schedule

At what point do we accept that mainting growth rate is too costly and less expensive diets supporting slower growth are more profitable overall?



• Energy is the most costly component of the diet

• The impact of ingredients on carcass composition


EFFECT OF FAT SOURCE AND LEVEL ON CARCASS (JOWL) IV WHEN FED FROM 165 TO 290 LB

0 3 6 3 6 3 640

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

65.4d 66.3d 67.2d70.2c 70.3c

72.6b

80.0a

Iodi

ne V

alue

Tallow (IV = 41.9) CWG (IV = 66.5) Corn Oil (IV = 123.1)

B G Trt Sex Trt Sex Source Level S X L69.1 71.5 0.73 0.4 <.0001 0.0002 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001

Sex Pooled SEM P-Value

Kellner et al., 2011

IV = 74



• Energy is the most costly component of the diet

• The impact of ingredients on carcass composition

• Many alternative ingredients vary widely in composition. Therefore, adoption of alternative ingredients requires investment in lab assays.


QUALITY CONTROL


NUTRIENT CONTENT OF 32 U.S. DDGS SOURCES (100% DRY MATTER BASIS)

Nutrient Average Range

Dry matter, % 89.3 87.3-92.4

Crude protein, % 30.9 28.7-32.9

Crude fat, % 10.7 8.8-12.4

Crude fiber, % 7.2 5.4-10.4

Ash, % 6.0 3.0-9.8

Swine ME, kcal/lb 1,728 1,590-1,837

Lysine, % 0.90 0.61-1.06

Phosphorus, % 0.75 0.42-0.99Source: Shurson


DE CONTENT OF 11 FIELD PEA SAMPLES

1200

1400

1600

1800

b

Em Hi Ma Sp Ca Bo Da Or Vo Vi Mu

Variety

DE

(kca

l/lb

; 90%

DM

)

a a

b,cb,cb,c b,c

b,c,dc,d c,d

d


FEED EFFICIENCY OF PIGS FED DE-CORRECTED DIETS

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Em Hi Ma Sp Ca Bo Da Or Vo Vi Mu Con

Variety

Feed

effi

cien

cy (A

DG

/AD

FI)

aa,b

a a

a,b

a a a

ba,ba,b

a,b


INTEGRATED QUALITY CONTROL

PIGS

MIXEDFEED

INCOMINGINGREDIENTS

Confirm compositionin terms of both

desirable & undesirableconstituents

Ensure feed mixing is achieving

uniform mixture according to the

formulation

Feed Manufacturing

Ensure feed delivered to the pigs meets their requirements for

daily nutrient intake

Ensure pig performance is within the tolerance of your targets: growth, carcass, etc



• Energy is the most costly component of the diet• The impact of ingredients on carcass composition• Variation in nutrient composition of alternative

ingredients• The physical characteristics of different

ingredients may be different from those of corn and soybean meal. Can you feed mixing and delivery system handle this change?

Ingredients Density (lb/ft3)* Lb/4000 lb mixer (114 ft3) Index

Barley, ground 25 2,850 68

Canola meal 38 4,332 103

Corn DDGS 31 - 39 3,534 to 4,446 84 to 105

Corn, ground 37 4,218 100

Corn, bran 22 2,508 59

Corn gluten meal 42 4,788 114

Fish meal, Menhaden 40 4,560 108

Meat and bone meal 37 4,218 100

Oats 20 2,280 54

Peas 50 5,700 135

Soybean meal, ground 41 4,674 111

Soybean hulls 23 2,622 62

Meat and bone meal 45 5,130 122

Wheat, ground 38 4,332 103

Wheat middlings 20 2,280 54

Dicalcium phosphate 58 6,612 157

Limestone 85 9,690 230

*Source: Kammel, 1991


SUMMARY: HIDDEN CHALLENGES • Many alternative ingredients are lower in

energy. Most effective use occurs if diet energy can be lowered – but performance may suffer

• Changes in carcass composition and quality• Increased need for quality control• Changes in diet bulk density affect feed

mixing, delivery and storage capacity


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: ASN TEAM

Applied Swine Nutrition TeamOutside Iowa Machine Shed

Des Moines, IAAugust, 2011


IOWA SWINE DAY 2012

WHAT Day devoted to sharing practical information on topics of interest to pork producers

WHEN June 28, 2012

WHERE Scheman Hall, Iowa State University

WHO Pork producers (owner/operators, barn employees, contract growers, field staff), affiliated industry personnel

TOPICS “nominated” by pork producers1. PRRS2. Biosecurity3. Feed costs4. Foaming pits5. Pork exports6. Ventilation7. Risk management8. Animal welfare9. Human resources

Dr. John Patience - Less Obvious Implications of Using Alternative Ingredients

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