Dr J. Paul Chen Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering

Biosorption Process For Removal and Recovery of Heavy and Precious Metals from Aqueous Solutions: Past, Present and FutureDr J. Paul ChenDepartment of Chemical & Environmental Engineering National University of Singapore, SingaporePresented at International Symposium on Water ResourcesWuhan, ChinaNovember 9, 2003

Outline of PresentationMotivationHistorical backgroundCurrent developmentApplicationMechanismsFuture trendsSummary

Major Industries in SingaporeOriginally 7 islands of total area of 900haReclamation efforts: 2,650ha in 2001, to increase to 3,200ha in 200355 companies on site (e.g. DuPont, Chevron, Celanese, ExxonMobil, Eastman, Sumitomo)Target output from chemical industries: S$75 billion by 2010Jurong Island: Integrated Petrochemical Hub

1S$=4.75 RMB

Chemical Industry

Chemical Cluster Output : S$ 28.9 billion

Chemical Output Share (2001)

Petroleum62%

Petrochemicals23%

Specialty Chemicals15%

Others1%

Major Industry Sectors (2001)

Total Manufacturing Output : S$ 135 billion

Engineering18.3%

Chemicals20.8%

General Industries1.4%

Biomedical Sciences9.2%

Electronics50.3%

Why do we care about metal contamination ?Human activities and natural processes inevitably would produce metal wastes.Typical industries are metal-plating and metal-finishing operations, e.g. semiconductormining and ore processing operations, metal processing, battery and accumulator manufacturing operations, thermal power generation (coal-fired plants in particular), nuclear power generation,Military practices, e.g. UNaturally occurring metal wastes include arsenic and arsenite.

Why do we care ... metal ? ContdEPAs have become more concerned the impacts.In the USA, important regulations are Cu-Pb and As rule (new ruling of 10-ppb AS in drinking water in 2001)Searching cost-effective technologies becomes crucial. Technologies:Precipitation, adsorption, ion exchange, electro-coagulation, electrochemical reduction, membrane filtration However, the costs and efficiencies still remain as a major concern.

Affinity of metal with organicsL-2-Aminopropanoic Acid (Alanine) with various metalMetal Ions1. Immobilization of organics; 2. use of organics in natural biosolids

Historical background: 1980-1995Biosorption by the materials derived directly and/or indirectly by various organisms has long recognizedHowever, the applications of biosorption started to appear in scientific literatures in early 1980s.Credit - One of earlier researchers, B. Volesky of McGill Univ., had contributed significantly by publishing a series of papers, mainly on screening of biosorbents and measurement of biosorptive capacities.

What is biosorption ?Biosorption is a property of certain types of inactive/active organisms to bind and concentrate heavy metals from even very dilute aqueous solutions. Biosorbents can be classified into:a. Inactive organisms (mainly) include algae, fungi and bacteria b. Their derivatives which are termed as biopolymers.Opposite to biosorption is metabolically driven active bioaccumulation by living substances.

What are typical biosorbents ?Some of the biomass types come as a waste by-product of large-scale industrial fermentations (the mold Rhizopus, the bacterium Bacillus subtilis and waste activated sludge). Other metal-binding biomass types, certain abundant seaweeds (particularly brown algae e.g. Sargassum, Ecklonia ), can be readily collected from the oceans. Biopolymers are normally extracted from inactive organisms and processed before use (e.g. Ca-Alginate)These biosorbents can accumulate in excess of 25% of their dry weight in deposited metals:Pb, Ag, Au, U, Cu.

Case presentsRaw seaweeds collected in SingaporeCa-alginate beadsCa-alginate based ion exchange resin (CABIER)

Examples: Marine Algal collected in SingaporePadina sp.Sargassum sp.

Why biosorption ? Cu sorption

Characterization of biosorbents by instrumental analysisFourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopic (XPS) studies show that biosorbents have significant amount of COO, OH, C=O, and C-O.These organic functional groups would be responsible for metal uptake onto the biosorbents due to the high affinity for metal ions.SEM shows less pore development in bisorbents

Biosorption Equilibrium

Metal biosorptive properties: pH effectSOH + Mm+ = SO-Mm+ + H+ Sargassum Ca-alginate

Chart1

6.61666666672.0666666667

8.63333333335.2

9.066666666715.9733333333

8.683333333315.8916666667

5.216666666716.13

1.516666666715.4733333333

1.583333333315.4183333333

1.1833333333

1.3

0.7833333333

0.85

0.6166666667

Cr3+

CrO4-

Final pH

q, mg/g

Cr(VI)-isotherm(2)

ObjectivesEquilibrium isotherm: biosorption of chromate

Weight of Biomass0.15g

Volume of solution0.05L

pH of solution2

CiCiCe (Set 1)Ce (Set 2)Ce (Avr)Ce (Avr)QQCe/qlnCelnQ

mg/LmMmg/Lmg/Lmg/LmMmg Cr/ g biomassmM Cr/ g biomass

21.50.418.488.488.480.164.340.081.95391705072.13771044981.4678743481

41.60.8019.719.719.70.387.300.142.6986301372.98061863571.9878743482

63.31.2232.432.132.250.6210.350.203.1159420293.47351804322.3369865197

82.51.5947.846.947.350.9111.720.234.04125177813.85756681962.4610123296

97.71.8860.259.359.751.1512.650.244.72332015814.09016919082.5376572152

125.62.4278.88079.41.5315.400.305.15584415584.37449836832.7343675094

2063.96151.2149.8150.52.8918.500.368.13513513515.01396308422.9177707321

259.24.98194.4193.61943.7321.730.428.92638036815.26785815913.0788471803

3065.882402322364.5423.330.4510.11428571435.4638318053.1498829534

357.66.88286.4285.62865.5023.870.4611.98324022355.65599181083.1724827853

4007.69323.2320.83226.1926.000.5012.38461538465.77455154553.258096538

4488.62371.2372.83727.1525.330.4914.68421052635.91889385433.2321210516

53010.19444447.5445.758.5728.080.5415.87240356086.09975825673.3351762806

qmax=31.2531.2989045383

b=0.01308472360.0130643855

Cr(VI)-isotherm(2)

4.34

7.3

10.35

11.7166666667

12.65

15.4

18.5

21.7333333333

23.3333333333

23.8666666667

26

25.3333333333

28.0833333333

Ce (ppm)

Q (mg Cr/ g biomass)

Cr(VI)-isotherm (4)

1.9539170507

2.698630137

3.115942029

4.0412517781

4.7233201581

5.1558441558

8.1351351351

8.9263803681

10.1142857143

11.9832402235

12.3846153846

14.6842105263

15.8724035608

Ce, mg/L

Ce/q

Cr(VI)-isotherm (6)




pH of solution4


mg/LmM/Lmg/Lmg/Lmg/LmM/Lmg Cr/ g biomassmM Cr/ g biomass

21.80.415.215.115.150.292.220.046.83458646622.7180005320.796004566

51.31.041.241.941.550.803.250.0612.78461538463.72689752131.1786549963

82.91.665.567.366.41.285.500.1112.07272727274.19569705651.7047480922

109.02.193.192.192.61.785.470.1116.93902439024.52828914171.6986690462

167.03.21481441462.817.000.1320.85714285714.98360662171.9459101491

215.04.1194195194.53.746.830.1328.46341463415.27043216311.9218125975

336.06.5305306305.55.8810.170.2030.04918032795.72194977862.3191143949

442.08.5394417405.57.8012.170.2333.32876712336.00512087362.4986999719

543.010.4498511504.59.7012.830.2539.31168831176.22356783982.5520459526

606.011.756856256510.8713.670.2641.34146341466.33682573112.614959778

qmax=17.1821305842

b=0.0054916022

Cr(VI)-isotherm (6)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Ce (ppm)


Cr(VI)-pH-wo

6.8345864662

12.7846153846

12.0727272727

16.9390243902

20.8571428571

28.4634146341

30.0491803279

33.3287671233

39.3116883117

41.3414634146

Ce, mg/L

Ce/q

Cr(VI)-pH-w




pH of solution6


mg/LmM/Lmg/Lmg/Lmg/Lmmol/Lmg Cr/ g biomassmmol Cr/g biomass

20.60.418.4018.9018.650.360.650.0128.69-1.0253975725-4.3820266347

53.01.049.7049.8049.750.961.070.0246.64-0.044233255-3.8867051974

80.11.573.6074.7074.151.431.980.0437.390.35484635-3.2664647877

99.51.989.9093.8091.851.772.550.0536.020.5689130931-3.0151503594

217.04.2204.00205.00204.53.934.170.0849.081.3693242569-2.5241273629

314.06.0302.00301.00301.55.804.170.0872.361.7575262976-2.5241273629

427.08.2412.00413.00412.57.934.830.0985.342.0709924872-2.3757073578

501.09.6487.00489.004889.384.330.08112.622.2390716873-2.4849066498

551.010.6533.00541.0053710.334.670.09115.072.3347543759-2.4107986776

qmax=6.5402223676

b=0.0057635041

Cr(VI)-pH-w

0.65

1.0666666667

1.9833333333

2.55

4.1666666667

4.1666666667

4.8333333333

4.6666666667

Ce (ppm)


Titration-Sarg

28.6923076923

46.640625

37.3865546218

36.0196078431

49.08

72.36

85.3448275862

112.6153846154

115.0714285714

Ce (ppm)

Ce/Q

kinetic-sarg(pH2)800-1180

ObjectivepH effects on biosorption of chromium using Sargassum (without pH control)

Weight of biomass0.15g

Volume of solution50mL

pHipHf,1pHf,2pHf,aveCiCf,1Cf,2Cf,aveQ

mg/Lmg/Lmg/Lmg/Lmg/g

1.041.071.091.0850.930.930.930.96.67

2.032.342.342.3452.728.128.228.28.18

3.014.824.824.8253.849.249.849.51.43

4.056.136.136.1353.752.152.252.20.52

4.986.226.256.2455.152.953.753.30.60

5.976.436.436.4354.251.852.352.10.72

6.966.946.946.9453.750.653.051.80.63

7.997.197.187.1954.052.553.453.00.35

kinetic-sarg(pH2)800-1180

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

pHf

Uptake, q (mg/g)

kinetic-sarg(pH2) (0.1)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Initial pH

Final pH

kinetic-sarg(pH2)

ObjectivepH effects on biosorption of chromium using Sargassum (with pH control)



pHCiCf,1Cf,2Cf,aveQ

mg/Lmg/Lmg/Lmg/Lmg/g

1.0450.930.430.230.36.87

2.0352.725.825.925.858.95

3.0153.839.239.639.44.80

4.0553.846.747.246.952.28

4.9855.150.650.550.551.52

5.9754.252.352.752.50.57

6.9653.753.252.953.050.22

7.995452.853.453.10.30

kinetic-sarg(pH2)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

pH

Uptake, q(mg/g)

kinetic-sarg(pH4)

10 mL of NaNO3 (0.1M)0.1g sargassum

0.1 M HNO3

0.1 M NaOH

HNO3 addedpH1pH2pHaveNaOH addedpH1pH2pHave

06.156.166.1606.156.166.16

0.53.853.733.790.16.336.246.29

0.73.583.463.520.36.896.836.86

13.283.153.220.58.668.568.61

22.542.392.470.79.199.339.26

32.172.022.10110.2810.3610.32

41.971.841.91211.111.4811.29

51.861.711.79311.7611.9211.84

61.781.631.71412.0312.1112.07

71.721.571.65512.1612.2312.20

81.671.521.60612.2512.3112.28

91.631.471.55

kinetic-sarg(pH4)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Volume of HNO3 added

pH

kinetic-sarg(pH6)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Volume of NaOH added

pH

kinetic study

ObjectivesKinectic study of chromium

Weight of Biomass6g

Volume of solution2L

pH of solution2

particle size800-1180mm

Time (hr)Crtot (Set1)Crtot (Set2)Crtot (Ave)Cr(VI) (Set1)Cr(VI) (Set2)Cr(VI) (Ave)Cr(III) (Set1)Cr(III) (Set2)Cr(III) (Ave)Cr(VI)/Cr(III)

0.0053.8054.6054.201.0453.5454.8954.221.040.000.000.000.00

0.2547.1047.3047.200.9144.2645.2644.760.862.842.042.440.0518.34

0.5043.3044.8044.050.8540.6942.6641.680.802.612.142.380.0517.55

1.0040.8042.4041.600.8038.7238.1638.440.742.084.243.160.0612.16

2.0037.4038.9038.150.7332.4233.0232.720.634.985.885.430.106.03

3.0033.8035.4034.600.6728.2928.6428.470.555.516.766.140.124.64

4.0032.3034.1033.200.6423.3522.3622.860.448.9511.7410.350.202.21

6.0029.4030.9030.150.5819.3318.5618.950.3610.0712.3411.210.221.69

7.0028.0029.7028.850.5516.5116.9916.750.3211.4912.7112.100.231.38

8.0027.5029.3028.400.5514.3014.2614.280.2713.2015.0414.120.271.01

10.0025.7027.5026.600.5112.3412.9712.660.2413.3614.5313.950.270.91

12.0026.0026.5026.250.509.879.269.570.1816.1317.2416.690.320.57

2425.8025.7025.750.501.651.841.750.0324.1523.8624.010.460.07

kinetic study

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

Cr(III)

Cr(VI)

Cr(total)

Time (h)

Chromium Concentration (mmol)

ionic strength(0.01)


Weight of Biomass6g


pH of solution2


Time (hr)Crtot (Set1)Crtot (Set2)Crtot (Ave)Cr(VI) (Set1)Cr(VI) (Set2)Cr(VI) (Ave)Cr(III) (Set1)Cr(III) (Set2)Cr(III) (Ave)Cr(VI)/Cr(III)% Removal

0.005.335.285.310.105.255.305.280.100.000.000.000.0000.00

0.253.613.653.630.071.871.941.910.041.741.711.730.031.1064.090480678647.65

0.503.203.193.200.061.361.421.390.031.841.771.810.030.7773.798303487360.03

1.002.022.002.010.040.610.580.600.011.411.421.420.030.4288.784165881293.74

2.001.771.791.780.030.110.100.110.001.661.691.680.030.0698.0207351555100.28

3.001.781.781.780.030.000.000.000.001.781.781.780.030.00100100.28

4.001.811.791.800.030.000.000.000.001.811.791.800.030.0010099.72

5.001.821.791.810.030.000.000.000.001.821.791.810.030.0010099.57

6.001.781.771.780.030.000.000.000.001.781.771.780.030.00100100.43

7.001.801.821.810.030.000.000.000.001.801.821.810.030.0010099.43

8.001.781.781.780.030.000.000.000.001.781.781.780.030.00100100.28

10.001.791.811.800.030.000.000.000.001.791.811.800.030.0010099.72

12.001.771.791.780.030.000.000.000.001.771.791.780.030.00100100.28

241.781.801.790.030.000.000.000.001.781.801.790.030.00100100.00

ionic strength(0.01)

55.8555.3450

48.0545.3452.705

46.943.413.49

43.939.344.56

39.633.4756.125

36.929.0057.895

34.425.748.66

32.722.6110.09

30.9519.3111.64

29.917.80512.095

29.115.27513.825

27.412.8714.53

2710.53516.465

26.652.25524.395

Crtotal

Cr(VI)

Cr(III)

Time (hr)

Concentration (ppm)

ionic strength(0.1)

00

018.3442622951

017.5473684211

012.164556962

06.0257826888

04.6397718011

02.2092798453

01.6907630522

01.3842975207

01.0113314448

00.9074937253

00.5732694037

00.0726931889

0

212-500

800-1180

Ionic Strength

01.06432692311.0740384615

0.05201923080.87201923080.9240384615

0.06711538460.83480769230.9019230769

0.08769230770.75653846150.8442307692

0.11778846150.643750.7615384615

0.15182692310.55778846150.7096153846

0.16653846150.4950.6615384615

0.19403846150.43480769230.6288461538

0.22384615380.37134615380.5951923077

0.23259615380.34240384620.575

0.26586538460.293750.5596153846

0.27942307690.24750.5269230769

0.31663461540.20259615380.5192307692

0.46913461540.04336538460.5125

Cr(III)

Cr(VI)

Cr(total)

Time(h)

Cr concentration (mM)

Cr(iii)-pH-wo

01.0423076923

00.9076923077

00.8471153846

00.8

00.7336538462

00.6653846154

00.6384615385

00.5798076923

00.5548076923

00.5461538462

00.5115384615

00.5048076923

00.4951923077

0

212-500

800-1180

Cr(iii)-pH-w

01.09807692311.0182692308

01.07596153850.9865384615

01.06634615380.9846153846

01.03365384620.9778846154

01.00288461540.9759615385

00.98365384620.9673076923

00.97788461540.9634615385

00.9750.9576923077

00.96826923080.9557692308

00.96634615380.9567307692

00.968750.9538461538

00.95769230770.9625

00.95769230770.9596153846

pH 2

pH 4

pH 6

Time (h)

Cr Concentration (mM)

Cr(precipitation)


Weight of Biomass6g


pH of solution2


Time (hr)Crtot (Set1)Crtot (Set2)Crtot (Ave)Cr(VI) (Set1)Cr(VI) (Set2)Cr(VI) (Ave)Cr(III) (Set1)Cr(III) (Set2)Cr(III) (Ave)Cr(VI)/Cr(III)% Removal

0.0055.7056.0055.851.0754.6956.0055.351.060.000.000.000.0000.00

0.2548.2047.9048.050.9244.9545.7445.350.873.252.162.710.0516.7618.809310653526.71

0.5046.8047.0046.900.9043.3543.4743.410.833.453.533.490.0712.4422.273948075230.65

1.0044.7043.1043.900.8440.2838.4039.340.764.424.704.560.098.6329.561324977640.92

2.0040.0039.2039.600.7633.7533.2033.480.646.256.006.130.125.4740.062667860355.65

3.0036.9036.9036.900.7129.0828.9329.010.567.827.977.900.153.6748.066248880964.90

4.0034.5034.3034.400.6625.7425.7425.740.508.768.568.660.172.9753.912264995573.46

5.0032.7032.7032.700.6323.0822.1422.610.439.6210.5610.090.192.2459.516562220279.28

6.0031.0030.9030.950.6019.1519.4719.310.3711.8511.4311.640.221.6665.425246195285.27

7.0030.0029.8029.900.5817.9417.6717.810.3412.0612.1312.100.231.4768.119964189888.87

8.0029.1029.1029.100.5615.6714.8815.280.2913.4314.2213.830.271.1072.649955237291.61

10.0027.4027.4027.400.5312.9912.7512.870.2514.4114.6514.530.280.8976.956132497897.43

12.0026.9027.1027.000.5210.7110.3610.540.2016.1916.7416.470.320.6481.136974037698.80

2426.8026.5026.650.512.202.312.260.0424.6024.1924.400.470.0995.9623992838100.00

Cr(precipitation)

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

Crtotal

Cr(VI)

Cr(III)

Time (hr)

Concentration (ppm)

Cr(III) Isotherm

00

018.3442622951

017.5473684211

012.164556962

06.0257826888

04.6397718011

02.2092798453

01.6907630522

01.3842975207

01.0113314448

00.9074937253

00.5732694037

00.0726931889

0

212-500

800-1180

Time (h)

Cr(VI)/Cr(III)

kinetic-Cr(III)

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

Cr(III)

Cr(VI)

Cr(total)

Time(h)

Cr concentration (mM)

TOC

01.0423076923

00.9076923077

00.8471153846

00.8

00.7336538462

00.6653846154

00.6384615385

00.5798076923

00.5548076923

00.5461538462

00.5115384615

00.5048076923

00.4951923077

0

212-500

800-1180

Time (h)

Chromium Concentration (mmol)

TOC(Blank)

01.09807692311.0182692308

01.07596153850.9865384615

01.06634615380.9846153846

01.03365384620.9778846154

01.00288461540.9759615385

00.98365384620.9673076923

00.97788461540.9634615385

00.9750.9576923077

00.96826923080.9557692308

00.96634615380.9567307692

00.968750.9538461538

00.95769230770.9625

00.95769230770.9596153846

pH 2

pH 4

pH 6

Time (h)

Cr Concentration (mM)

Cr(VI)-pH-wo (0.25mM)


Weight of Biomass6g


pH of solution4

Time (hr)Crtot (Set1)Crtot (Set2)Crtot (Ave)Cr(VI) (Set1)Cr(VI) (Set2)Cr(VI) (Ave)Cr(III) (Set1)Cr(III) (Set2)Cr(III) (Ave)

0.0057.2057.0057.101.1057.9555.8856.921.090.000.000.000.000

0.2555.9056.0055.951.0856.6855.6056.141.08-0.780.400.000.0015.7534246575

0.5055.6055.3055.451.0756.3055.2055.751.07-0.700.100.000.0022.602739726

1.0053.8053.7053.751.0354.1452.9953.571.03-0.340.710.180.0045.8904109589

2.0052.0052.3052.151.0052.8851.0751.981.00-0.881.230.170.0067.8082191781

3.0051.0051.3051.150.9852.2450.9351.590.99-1.240.370.000.0081.5068493151

4.0050.9050.8050.850.9851.6150.6551.130.98-0.710.150.000.0085.6164383562

5.0050.6050.8050.700.9851.2349.0050.120.96-0.631.800.590.0187.6712328767

6.0050.3050.4050.350.9750.3448.5949.470.95-0.041.810.880.0292.4657534247

7.0050.2050.3050.250.9749.5848.4549.020.940.621.851.240.0293.8356164384

8.0050.3550.4050.380.9749.2048.0448.620.941.152.361.760.0392.1232876712

10.0049.6050.0049.800.9648.9447.6248.280.930.662.381.520.03100

12.0049.5050.1049.800.9649.0747.6248.350.930.432.481.460.03100


57.156.9150

55.9556.14-0.19

55.4555.75-0.3

53.7553.5650.185

52.1551.9750.175

51.1551.585-0.435

50.8551.13-0.28

50.750.1150.585

50.3549.4650.885

50.2549.0151.235

50.7548.622.13

49.848.281.52

49.848.3451.455

Crtotal

Cr(VI)

Cr(III)

Time (hr)

Concentration (ppm)



Weight of Biomass6g


pH of solution6


0.0053.0052.9052.951.0254.0654.5254.291.040.000.000.000.000.00

0.2552.0050.6051.300.9950.5653.3551.961.001.44-2.750.000.0052.38

0.5050.7051.1051.200.9848.4853.7451.110.982.22-2.640.000.0055.56

1.0050.9050.8050.850.9849.1352.6950.910.981.77-1.890.000.0066.67

2.0050.8050.7050.750.9850.1752.9551.560.990.63-2.250.000.0069.84

3.0050.6050.5050.300.9751.9951.7851.891.00-1.39-1.280.000.0084.13

4.0050.3049.9050.100.9649.0052.1750.590.971.30-2.270.000.0090.48

5.0050.0049.6049.800.9649.5250.9950.260.970.48-1.390.000.00100.00

6.0049.5049.9049.700.9649.5250.8750.200.97-0.02-0.970.000.00103.17

7.0049.9049.6049.750.9651.8651.3951.630.99-1.96-1.790.000.00101.59

8.0049.7049.5049.600.9551.6051.2651.430.99-1.90-1.760.000.00106.35

10.0050.2049.9050.050.9651.2150.9951.100.98-1.01-1.090.000.0092.06

12.0050.0049.8049.900.9651.3350.9951.160.98-1.33-1.190.000.0096.83


000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

Crtotal

Cr(VI)

Cr(III)

Time (hr)

Concentration (ppm)

Cr(VI)-pH-wo (1mM)


Weight of Biomass6g


pH of solution2

Time (hr)Crtot (Set1)Crtot (Set2)Crtot (Ave)Cr(VI) (Set1)Cr(VI) (Set2)Cr(VI) (Ave)Cr(III) (Set1)Cr(III) (Set2)Cr(III) (Ave)Cr(VI)/Cr(III)

0.0055.7056.0055.8554.6956.0055.350.000.000.00

0.2548.2047.9048.0544.9545.7445.353.252.162.7116.76

0.5046.8047.0046.9043.3543.4743.413.453.533.4912.44

1.0044.7043.1043.9040.2838.4039.344.424.704.568.63

2.0040.0039.2039.6033.7533.2033.486.256.006.135.47

3.0036.9036.9036.9029.0828.9329.017.827.977.903.67

4.0034.5034.3034.4025.7425.7425.748.768.568.662.97

5.0032.7032.7032.7023.0822.1422.619.6210.5610.092.24

6.0031.0030.9030.9519.1519.4719.3111.8511.4311.641.66

7.0030.0029.8029.9017.9417.6717.8112.0612.1312.101.47

8.0029.1029.1029.1015.6714.8815.2813.4314.2213.831.10

10.0027.4027.4027.4012.9912.7512.8714.4114.6514.530.89

12.0026.9027.1027.0010.7110.3610.5416.1916.7416.470.64

2426.8026.5026.652.202.312.2624.6024.1924.400.09


Weight of Biomass6g


pH of solution4


0.0057.2057.0057.1057.9555.8856.920.000.000.00

0.2555.9056.0055.9556.6855.6056.14-0.780.400.00

0.5055.6055.3055.4556.3055.2055.75-0.700.100.00

1.0053.8053.7053.7554.1452.9953.57-0.340.710.18

2.0052.0052.3052.1552.8851.0751.98-0.881.230.17

3.0051.0051.3051.1552.2450.9351.59-1.240.370.00

4.0050.9050.8050.8551.6150.6551.13-0.710.150.00

5.0050.6050.8050.7051.2349.0050.12-0.631.800.59

6.0050.3050.4050.3550.3448.5949.47-0.041.810.88

7.0050.2050.3050.2549.5848.4549.020.621.851.24

8.0050.7050.8050.7549.2048.0448.621.502.762.13

10.0049.6050.0049.8048.9447.6248.280.662.381.52

12.0049.5050.1049.8049.0747.6248.350.432.481.46


Weight of Biomass6g


pH of solution6


0.0053.0052.9052.9554.0654.5254.290.000.000.00

0.2552.0050.6051.3050.5653.3551.961.44-2.750.00

0.5050.7051.1050.9048.4853.7451.112.22-2.640.00

1.0051.1050.3050.7049.1352.6950.911.97-2.390.00

2.0052.3050.7051.5050.1752.9551.562.13-2.250.00

3.0052.1050.5051.3051.9951.7851.890.11-1.280.00

4.0050.3049.9050.1049.0052.1750.591.30-2.270.00

5.0050.0049.6049.8049.5250.9950.260.48-1.390.00

6.0051.2049.9050.5549.5250.8750.201.68-0.970.00

7.0049.9049.6049.7551.8651.3951.63-1.96-1.790.00

8.0049.7049.5049.6051.6051.2651.43-1.90-1.760.00

10.0050.2049.9050.0551.2150.9951.10-1.01-1.090.00

12.0050.3049.8050.0551.3350.9951.16-1.03-1.190.00

Cr(VI)-pH-wo (1mM)

55.8555.3450

48.0545.3452.705

46.943.413.49

43.939.344.56

39.633.4756.125

36.929.0057.895

34.425.748.66

32.722.6110.09

30.9519.3111.64

29.917.80512.095

29.115.27513.825

27.412.8714.53

2710.53516.465

26.652.25524.395

Crtotal

Cr(VI)

Cr(III)

Time (h)

Chromium Concentration (mg/L)

Cr(VI)-pH-wo (2mM)

0

16.7634011091

12.4383954155

8.6271929825

5.4653061224

3.6738442052

2.9722863741

2.2408325074

1.6589347079

1.4720959074

1.1048824593

0.8857536132

0.6398420893

0.0924369748

Time (h)

Cr(VI):Cr(III) Ratio

pH effects

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

Cr(total)

Cr(VI)

Cr(III)

Time (h)

Chromium Concentration(mg/L)

effect of cu

52.9554.290

51.351.9550

51.251.110

50.8550.910

50.7551.560

50.351.8850

50.150.5850

49.850.2550

49.750.1950

49.7551.6250

49.651.430

50.0551.10

49.951.160

Crtotal

Cr(VI)

Cr(III)

Time (h)

Chromium Concentration (mg/L)


Weight of Biomass6g


pH of solution2

Ionic Strength0.01MNaNO3


0.0054.5055.5055.0054.7154.2954.500.000.000.00

0.2548.1048.2048.1545.1245.2645.192.982.942.96

0.5047.5047.7047.6044.5447.6046.072.960.101.53

1.0043.8044.6044.2039.2439.5339.394.565.074.82

2.0039.6041.2040.4033.2334.2333.736.376.976.67

3.0036.7038.4037.5529.3629.7929.587.348.617.98

4.0034.8036.0035.4025.9226.0726.008.889.939.41

5.0033.6034.2033.9023.3523.3523.3510.2510.8510.55

6.0032.2032.4032.3020.4820.4820.4811.7211.9211.82

7.0030.7031.7031.2018.4818.7618.6212.2212.9412.58

8.0029.9029.5029.7016.7616.6116.6913.1412.8913.02

10.0027.9027.6027.7512.8912.4612.6815.0115.1415.08

12.0027.6027.4027.5010.1710.3110.2417.4317.0917.26

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

Cr(total)

Cr(VI)

Cr(III)

Time (hr)

Concentration (ppm)


Weight of Biomass6g


pH of solution2

Ionic Strength0.1MNaNO3


0.0050.4050.4050.4051.1551.2751.210.000.000.00

0.2545.9045.1045.5043.2043.4443.322.701.662.18

0.5045.7045.1045.4041.7342.2241.983.972.883.43

1.0042.8042.1042.4537.3237.3237.325.484.785.13

2.0039.5039.2039.3532.4332.9232.687.076.286.68

3.0038.0037.9037.9529.8630.1029.988.147.807.97

4.0035.8035.5035.6526.9225.8226.378.889.689.28

5.0034.6034.9034.7524.5024.3724.4410.1010.5310.32

6.0033.3034.1033.7021.9122.0321.9711.3912.0711.73

7.0032.0032.0032.0020.4320.5620.5011.5711.4411.51

8.0030.9031.2031.0516.0016.0016.0014.9015.2015.05

10.0030.5030.3030.4013.9113.6613.7916.5916.6416.62

12.0030.3030.1030.2011.5711.5411.5618.7318.5618.65

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

Cr(total)

Cr(VI)

Cr(III)

Time (hr)

Concentration (ppm)

Time (h)Ionic StrengthIonic StrengthIonic Strength

00.01M0.1M

0.0055.855550.40

0.2548.0548.1545.50

0.5046.947.645.40

1.0043.944.242.45

2.0039.640.439.35

3.0036.937.5537.95

4.0034.435.435.65

5.0032.733.934.75

6.0030.9532.333.70

7.0029.931.232.00

8.0029.129.731.05

10.0027.427.7530.40

12.002727.530.20

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

0

0.01M

0.1M

Time (h)

concentration (ppm)

ObjectivepH effects on biosorption of chromium(III) using Sargassum (without pH control)



pHipHf,1pHf,2pHf,aveCiCf,1Cf,2Cf,aveQ%

mg/Lmg/Lmg/Lmg/Lmg/gRemoval

1.051.071.081.0850.144.3043.5043.902.0712.375249501

2.022.142.182.1649.333.5033.9033.705.2031.6430020284

2.964.134.144.1452.74.774.794.7815.9790.9297912713

3.964.874.854.8650.42.712.742.7315.8994.5932539683

4.505.425.405.4151.22.872.752.8116.1394.51171875

5.005.895.915.9049.22.822.742.7815.4794.3495934959

5.486.466.456.4649.43.113.183.1515.4293.6336032389

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Initial pH

Final pH

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

pH

Metal Removal percentage,%

6.61666666670

8.63333333330

9.06666666670

8.68333333330

5.21666666670

1.51666666670

1.58333333330

1.1833333333

1.3

0.7833333333

0.85

0.6166666667

Cr3+

CrO4-

Final pH

q, mg/g

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Final pH

q, mg/g

ObjectivepH effects on biosorption of chromium(III) using Sargassum (with pH control)



pHCiCf,1Cf,2Cf,aveQ%

mg/Lmg/Lmg/Lmg/Lmg/gremoval

1.0550.144.242.443.32.2713.57

2.0249.336.235.8364.4326.98

2.9652.715.715.115.412.4370.78

3.9650.43.333.463.39515.6793.26

4.5051.23.513.323.41515.9393.33

5.0049.22.92.922.9115.4394.09

5.4849.42.112.062.08515.7795.78

pHipHCiCiCf,aveCf,ave

mg/LmMmg/LmM

1.051.0550.10.9643.300.83

2.022.0249.30.9536.000.69

2.962.9652.71.0115.400.30

3.963.9650.40.973.400.07

4.504.5051.20.983.420.07

5.005.0049.20.952.910.06

5.485.4849.40.952.090.04

1.051.0850.10.9643.900.84

2.022.1649.30.9533.700.65

2.964.1452.71.014.780.09

3.964.8650.40.972.730.05

4.505.4151.20.982.810.05

5.005.9049.20.952.780.05

5.486.4649.40.953.150.06

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

pH

Metal removal percentage,%

pHCiCf% PrecipitationCf% Precipitation

(acidified before filtered)(acidified after filtered)

4.0052.751.81.7151.62.09

4.5052.749.95.3150.63.98

5.0052.751.42.4751.13.04

5.5052.750.34.5550.14.93

6.0052.744.216.134.0792.28


Weight of Biomass0.15gSargassum


pH of solution4-4.3


mg/LmMmg/Lmg/Lmg/Lmmol/Lmg Cr/ gmmol Cr/ g

20.000.381.631.601.620.036.130.120.2635300517-3.4719087619-2.1383208925

40.600.782.382.762.570.0512.680.240.2027346831-3.0073378197-1.4114806853

62.201.203.994.534.260.0819.310.370.2205730066-2.5019745583-0.9904480149

77.801.507.307.387.340.1423.490.450.3125177406-1.957904876-0.7948108343

147.002.8350.0051.0050.500.9732.170.621.5699481865-0.0292703823-0.4803129989

194.503.7481.0081.0081.001.5637.830.732.1409691630.4432054361-0.3180531703

236.504.55121.50121.50121.502.3438.330.743.16956521740.8486705442-0.3049238789

280.505.39162.50161.50162.003.1239.500.764.10126582281.1363526167-0.2749430467

5.3942307692

Qmax=0.79mmol/g

b=7.11L/mmol

n=3.10

K=0.61

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Ce (mmol/L)

Q (mmol Cr/g)

0.2635300517

0.2027346831

0.2205730066

0.3125177406

1.5699481865

2.140969163

3.1695652174

4.1012658228

Ce (mmol/L)

Ce/Q

-2.1383208925

-1.4114806853

-0.9904480149

-0.7948108343

-0.4803129989

-0.3180531703

-0.3049238789

-0.2749430467

LnCe

LnQ

ObjectivesKinectic study of chromium(III)

Weight of Biomass6gSargassum


pH of solution4

Time (hr)Cr(III)(set1)Cr(III) (set2)Cr(III) (ave)Cr(III) (ave) (mmol/L)%Removal(ave)

0.0050.7050.250.450.97

0.0816.5016.416.450.3267.390.7411444142

0.1711.9011.911.900.2376.410.8403269755

0.339.199.179.180.1881.800.8996185286

0.508.218.558.380.1683.390.9170572207

0.757.767.627.690.1584.760.9320980926

1.007.607.517.560.1585.020.9350408719

2.006.876.756.810.1386.500.951280654

4.006.206.026.110.1287.890.9665395095

6.005.715.665.690.1188.730.9758038147

8.005.124.975.050.1090.000.9897547684

12.004.304.614.460.0991.171.0026158038

24.004.624.534.580.0990.931

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

time(h)

concentration(mg/g)

ObjectiveTo determine the TOC content in solution after adsorption


Volume of solution0.05LCr(VI) solution

pH of the solution2

ConcentrationTOCiTOCf

of Chromium

mg/Lmg/Lmg/L

1300.201390.4

2600.201397.57

5200.2013105.4

ObjectiveDetermination of the TOC content in the solution


Volume of solution0.05LDI water

pHi(1)pHi(2)pHi(ave)pHf(1)pHf(2)pHf(ave)TOC(1)TOC(2)TOC(ave)TOC(mg/g)%leached out

0.981.011.001.030.890.9683.2684.0483.6527.882.79

1.511.531.521.461.411.4477.4977.9077.7025.902.59

2.002.042.022.162.132.1576.7677.9477.3525.782.58

2.552.532.543.233.093.1680.1776.6078.3926.132.61

2.923.062.994.034.714.3783.8284.5884.2028.072.81

4.034.064.056.436.696.5696.6898.1697.4232.473.25

5.035.085.066.646.776.7195.0996.1595.6231.873.19

5.955.945.956.486.786.6390.3396.7593.5431.183.12

6.856.856.856.676.806.7495.4899.1597.3232.443.24

8.088.088.086.246.406.3291.6993.7592.7230.913.09

83.65

77.695

77.35

78.385

84.2

97.42

95.62

93.54

97.315

92.72

pHf

TOC

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

pH Initial

pH Final



Volume of solution50mL0.25mM

pHipHf,1pHf,2pHf,aveCiCiCf,1Cf,2Cf,aveCf,aveQ% Crtotal

mg/LmMmg/Lmg/Lmg/LmMmg/gRemoval

0.951.051.071.0612.60.246.907.37.10.141.8343.61

1.541.511.521.5213.60.265.105.25.20.102.8262.13

1.972.062.072.0713.70.263.913.93.90.073.2771.61

2.503.223.243.2313.40.266.766.36.50.132.2951.16

3.054.654.524.5913.40.269.559.79.60.181.2628.25

3.535.915.915.9113.40.2611.2011.311.30.220.7216.04

4.036.296.276.2813.40.2611.4011.311.40.220.6815.30

4.966.416.396.4013.20.2511.5011.411.50.220.5813.26

6.056.516.586.5513.40.2611.8011.711.80.230.5512.31

6.966.776.776.7713.10.2512.0011.811.90.230.409.16

8.056.836.786.8113.20.2512.1011.912.00.230.409.09

pHf,aveCr(VI)iCr(VI)f,1Cr(VI)f,2Cr(VI)f,aveCr(VI)f,aveCr(III)f,1Cr(III)f,2Cr(III)f,ave% Cr(VI)

mg/Lmg/Lmg/Lmg/LmMmg/Lmg/Lmg/LRemoval

1.0612.780.000.000.000.006.907.317.11100.00

1.5213.450.000.000.000.005.105.205.15100.00

2.0713.360.000.000.000.003.913.873.89100.00

3.2312.764.704.544.620.092.061.791.9363.79

4.5912.839.019.169.090.170.540.520.5329.19

5.9112.7910.019.969.990.191.191.341.2721.93

6.2812.929.8910.1710.030.191.511.131.3222.37

6.4012.8610.329.9510.140.191.181.451.3221.19

6.5512.7510.2310.3410.290.201.571.361.4719.33

6.7712.9310.1910.3910.290.201.811.411.6120.42

6.8112.7310.4110.6010.510.201.691.301.5017.48

pHf,aveTOC1TOC2TOCaveTOCave%leached

mg/Lmg/Lmg/Lmg/gout

1.0695.3496.5095.9231.973.20

1.5286.5487.1186.8328.942.89

2.0784.9284.1784.5528.182.82

3.2396.2786.2591.2630.423.04

4.5991.6991.4191.5530.523.05

5.9199.9195.1297.5232.513.25

6.2897.4598.0797.7632.593.26

6.4098.1096.7497.4232.473.25

6.5597.85100.9099.3833.133.31

6.77101.30102.30101.8033.933.39

6.81101.0098.7699.8833.293.33

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

pHf

Uptake, q (mg/g)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Initial pH

Final pH

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

Cr(total)

Cr(VI)

Cr(III)

pHf

Concentration of Cr (mg/l)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

pHf

TOC (mg/l)




pHi,1pHi,2pHi,avepHf,1pHf,2pHf,ave

1.051.041.051.011.021.02

1.481.521.501.461.511.49

2.012.032.022.162.132.15

2.542.512.533.483.453.47

3.013.043.034.804.754.78

3.533.493.515.945.905.92

3.954.033.996.146.196.17

5.004.995.006.326.286.30

6.046.046.046.566.516.54

7.076.977.026.926.876.90

8.068.028.047.077.037.05

pHf,aveCi,1Ci,2Ci,aveCi,aveCf,1Cf,2Cf,aveCf,aveQ% Crtotal

mg/Lmg/Lmg/LmMmg/Lmg/Lmg/LmMmg/gRemoval

1.0225.8026.2026.000.5014.0014.2014.10.273.9745.35

1.4927.8027.5027.650.5311.7011.5011.60.225.3558.27

2.1528.0027.5027.750.5310.8010.2010.50.205.7562.50

3.4726.3026.7026.500.5116.9016.2016.60.323.3237.07

4.7827.5027.2027.350.5322.3021.9022.10.431.7519.64

5.9225.7026.8026.250.5022.2022.3022.30.431.3313.42

6.1727.0027.8027.400.5321.9023.5022.70.441.5715.93

6.3027.5026.5027.000.5224.1023.6023.90.461.0513.27

6.5427.4026.6027.000.5223.3023.8023.60.451.1514.05

6.9026.7026.6026.650.5123.6024.1023.90.460.9310.67

7.0525.5026.1025.800.5023.1024.3023.70.460.707.06

pHf,aveCr(VI)I,1Cr(VI)I,2Cr(VI)I,aveCr(VI)f,1Cr(VI)f,2Cr(VI)f,aveCr(VI)f,aveCr(III)f,1Cr(III)f,2Cr(III)f,ave% Cr(VI)

mg/Lmg/Lmg/Lmg/Lmg/Lmg/LmMmg/Lmg/Lmg/LRemoval

1.0226.3526.9226.640.010.010.010.0013.9914.1914.0999.96

1.4928.1027.9928.050.010.010.010.0011.6911.4911.5999.96

2.1528.5628.1028.330.030.040.040.0010.7710.1610.4799.88

3.4727.0226.8926.9615.1414.9815.060.291.761.221.4944.13

4.7827.6827.1027.3920.8320.7420.790.401.471.161.3224.11

5.9226.3027.5226.9122.1222.0822.100.430.080.220.1517.87

6.1727.8927.8327.8622.5122.1022.310.43-0.611.400.3919.94

6.3029.1028.3828.7422.7722.7922.780.441.330.811.0720.74

6.5428.6027.9728.2922.3822.6522.520.430.921.151.0420.40

6.9027.8127.8327.8222.7722.8022.790.440.831.301.0718.10

7.0526.5927.8327.2122.6422.7922.720.440.461.510.9916.52


mg/Lmg/Lmg/Lmg/gout

1.0288.0789.0288.5529.522.95

1.4982.4483.5282.9827.662.77

2.1579.8280.3980.1126.702.67

3.4777.8077.9677.8825.962.60

4.7881.8882.0581.9727.322.73

5.9285.8086.2986.0528.682.87

6.1785.8986.6686.2828.762.88

6.3087.6987.0187.3529.122.91

6.5490.9891.2391.1130.373.04

6.9090.3791.4990.9330.313.03

7.0592.7093.2192.9630.993.10

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

pHf

Uptake, q(mg/g)

1.015

1.485

2.145

3.465

4.775

5.92

6.165

6.3

6.535

6.895

7.05

Initial pH

Final pH

14.10.0114.09

11.60.0111.59

10.50.03510.465

16.5515.061.49

22.120.7851.315

22.2522.10.15

22.722.3050.395

23.8522.781.07

23.5522.5151.035

23.8522.7851.065

23.722.7150.985

Cr(total)

Cr(VI)

Cr(III)

pHf

Cr Concentration (mg/l)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

pHf

TOC (mg/l)



Volume of solution50mL1mM



1.021.121.091.1150.70.9830.830.930.90.596.6239.15

1.531.541.531.5450.90.9824.825.225.00.488.6350.88

2.012.012.012.01541.0426.5027.1026.80.529.0750.37

2.012.312.342.3353.51.0326.528.427.50.538.6848.69

2.463.343.413.3853.71.0337.538.638.10.735.2229.14

3.064.924.854.8952.51.0147.348.648.00.921.528.67

3.465.725.685.7052.31.0147.247.947.60.911.589.08

4.056.056.086.0752.21.0048.149.248.70.941.186.80

5.016.156.216.1853.41.0348.950.149.50.951.307.30

5.996.026.416.2250.80.9846.050.948.50.930.784.63

7.036.926.946.9351.60.9948.649.549.10.940.854.94

7.937.127.157.1450.40.9748.648.548.60.930.623.67

pHf,aveCr(VI)iCr(VI)f,1Cr(VI)f,2Cr(VI)f,aveCr(VI)f,aveCr(III)f,1Cr(III)f,2Cr(III)f,ave% Cr(VI)Ratio

mg/Lmg/Lmg/Lmg/LmMmg/Lmg/Lmg/LRemovalCr(III):Cr(tot)

1.1153.560.010.010.010.0030.7930.8930.8499.981.00

1.5452.170.010.010.010.0024.7925.1924.9999.981.00

2.0153.859.8710.3610.120.1916.6316.7416.6981.220.62

2.3351.8011.2911.5011.400.2215.2116.9016.0678.000.58

3.3853.6033.3734.2833.830.654.134.324.2336.890.11

4.8953.4946.0447.2546.650.901.261.351.3112.800.03

5.7051.0548.1747.5847.880.92-0.970.320.006.220.00

6.0751.9348.8047.8048.300.93-0.701.400.356.990.01

6.1852.9448.0449.5848.810.940.860.520.697.800.01

6.2251.0347.1349.2148.170.93-1.131.690.285.600.01

6.9353.4349.7749.2149.490.95-1.170.290.007.370.00

7.1452.8048.6448.3148.480.93-0.040.190.078.190.00


mg/Lmg/Lmg/Lmg/gout

1.1193.2292.9893.1031.033.10

1.5480.3982.6881.5427.182.72

2.3378.0680.5979.3326.442.64

3.3883.8685.2584.5628.192.82

4.8990.5793.5692.0730.693.07

5.7090.0992.1191.1030.373.04

6.0790.0091.3390.6730.223.02

6.1887.2588.9588.1029.372.94

6.2292.8891.6692.2730.763.08

6.9393.0094.5893.7931.263.13

7.1497.1795.3596.2632.093.21

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

pHf

Uptake, q (mg/g)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Initial pH

Final pH

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

Cr(total)

Cr(VI)

Cr(III)

pHf


0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

pHf

TOC (mg/l)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

pHf

Ratio Cr(III):Cr(total)






1.040.960.980.9797.81.8871.172.071.61.388.7526.84

1.491.451.461.46102.01.9664.362.563.41.2212.8737.84

1.952.132.132.13104.02.0059.759.459.61.1514.8242.74

2.473.243.143.19105.02.0277.675.976.81.489.4226.90

3.044.784.804.79106.02.0491.790.291.01.755.0214.20

3.545.65.615.61107.02.0695.793.194.41.824.2011.78

4.015.725.715.72106.02.0495.492.193.81.804.0811.56

4.985.845.865.85102.01.9688.988.488.71.704.4513.09

5.956.246.296.27102.01.9689.587.588.51.704.5013.24

6.976.946.966.95102.01.9690.790.290.51.743.8511.32

7.987.147.137.14101.01.9488.491.690.01.733.6710.89

pHf,aveCr(VI)iCr(VI)f,1Cr(VI)f,2Cr(VI)f,aveCr(VI)f,aveCr(III)f,1Cr(III)f,2Cr(III)f,ave% Cr(VI)

mg/Lmg/Lmg/Lmg/LmMmg/Lmg/Lmg/LRemoval

0.97101.380.380.190.290.0170.7271.8171.2799.72

1.46101.569.579.559.560.1854.7352.9553.8490.59

2.13101.0031.7331.9131.820.6127.9727.4927.7368.50

3.19106.4060.6464.7762.711.2116.9611.1314.0541.07

4.79102.7893.5191.5892.551.780.000.000.009.96

5.61105.1097.5795.4496.511.860.000.000.008.18

5.72105.4997.5796.7997.181.870.000.000.007.88

5.85103.7591.9693.5192.741.780.000.000.0010.62

6.2799.6989.5189.7089.611.720.000.000.0010.12

6.9599.8791.9691.9691.961.770.000.000.007.92

7.14100.2589.7091.0290.361.740.000.000.009.87


mg/Lmg/Lmg/Lmg/gout

0.97124.60124.1124.3541.454.15

1.46107.90107.3107.6035.873.59

2.1398.4897.6598.0732.693.27

3.1987.7589.6288.6929.562.96

4.7990.1891.2690.7230.243.02

5.6196.9395.8296.3832.133.21

5.7293.4794.9294.2031.403.14

5.8595.4493.4294.4331.483.15

6.2799.64100.9100.2733.423.34

6.95105.90106.21106.0635.353.54

7.14109.70109.1109.4036.473.65

8.75

12.8666666667

14.8166666667

9.4166666667

5.0166666667

4.2

4.0833333333

4.45

4.5

3.85

3.6666666667

pHf

Uptake, q (mg/g)

0.97

1.455

2.13

3.19

4.79

5.605

5.715

5.85

6.265

6.95

7.135

Initial pH

Final pH

71.550.28571.265

63.49.5653.84

59.5531.8227.73

76.7562.70514.045

90.9592.5450

94.496.5050

93.7597.180

88.6592.7350

88.589.6050

90.4591.960

9090.360

Cr(total)

Cr(VI)

Cr(III)

pHf


0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

pHf

TOC (mg/l)




pH change before and after adsorption

Blank0.25 mM0.50 mM1.00 mM2.00 mM

pHipHfpHipHfpHipHfpHipHfpHipHf

0.980.960.951.061.051.021.021.111.040.97

1.511.441.541.521.501.491.531.541.491.46

2.002.151.972.072.022.152.012.331.952.13

2.553.162.503.232.533.472.463.382.473.19

2.924.373.054.593.034.783.064.893.044.79

4.036.563.535.913.515.923.465.703.545.61

5.036.714.036.283.996.174.056.074.015.72

5.956.634.966.405.006.305.016.184.985.85

6.856.746.056.556.046.545.996.225.956.27

8.086.326.966.777.026.907.036.936.976.95

8.056.818.047.057.937.147.987.14

pH effects on different initial concentration

0.25mM0.5mM1mM2mM

pHfQ% Crtotal% Cr(VI)pHfQ% Crtotal% Cr(VI)pHfQ% Crtotal% Cr(VI)pHfQ% Crtotal% Cr(VI)

mg/gRemovalRemovalmg/gRemovalRemovalmg/gRemovalRemovalmg/gRemovalRemoval

1.061.8343.61100.001.023.9745.3599.961.116.6239.1599.980.978.7526.8499.72

1.522.8262.13100.001.495.3558.2799.961.548.6350.8899.981.4612.8737.8490.59

2.073.2771.61100.002.155.7562.5099.882.0481.142.1314.8242.7468.50

3.232.2951.1663.793.473.3237.0744.132.338.6848.6978.003.199.4226.9041.07

4.591.2628.2529.194.781.7519.6424.113.385.2229.1436.894.795.0214.209.96

5.910.7216.0421.935.921.3313.4217.874.891.528.6712.805.614.2011.788.18

6.280.6815.3022.376.171.5715.9319.945.701.589.086.225.724.0811.567.88

6.400.5813.2621.196.301.0513.2720.746.071.186.806.995.854.4513.0910.62

6.550.5512.3119.336.541.1514.0520.406.181.307.307.806.274.5013.2410.12

6.770.409.1620.426.900.9310.6718.106.220.784.635.606.953.8511.327.92

6.810.409.0917.487.050.707.0616.526.930.854.947.377.143.6710.899.87

7.140.623.678.19

pH effects on the biosorption of Cr(VI) and Cr(III)

Cr(VI)Cr(III)

pHfQ% CrtotalpHfQ% Crtotal

mg/gRemovalmg/gRemoval

1.116.6239.151.082.0712.38

1.548.6350.882.165.2031.64

2.039.0251.324.1415.9790.93

2.338.6848.694.8615.8994.59

3.385.2229.145.4116.1394.51

4.891.528.675.9015.4794.35

5.701.589.086.4615.4293.63

6.071.186.801.052.2713.57

6.181.307.302.024.4326.98

6.220.784.632.9612.4370.78

6.930.854.943.9615.6793.26

7.140.623.674.5015.9393.33

7.990.31.675.0015.4394.09

5.4815.7795.78

7.995452.853.453.10.301.6666666667

Initial pH vs Final pH (for biosorption of Cr(VI) and Cr(III))

Blank1 mMCr(VI)1 mMCr(III)

pHipHfpHipHfpHipHf

0.980.961.021.111.051.08

1.511.441.531.542.022.16

2.002.152.012.332.964.14

2.553.162.463.383.964.86

2.924.373.064.894.505.41

4.036.563.465.705.005.90

5.036.714.056.075.486.46

5.956.635.016.18

6.856.745.996.22

8.086.327.036.93

7.937.14

pH effects on the organic leaching (as a function of different Cr(VI) concentration)

Blank0.25mM0.5mM1mM2mM

pHfTOC% leachedpHfTOC% leachedpHfTOC% leachedpHfTOC% leachedpHfTOC% leached

mg/Loutmg/Loutmg/Loutmg/Loutmg/Lout

0.9683.652.791.0695.923.201.0288.552.951.1193.103.100.97124.354.15

1.4477.702.591.5286.832.891.4982.982.771.5481.542.721.46107.603.59

2.1577.352.582.0784.552.822.1580.112.672.3379.332.642.1398.073.27

3.1678.392.613.2391.263.043.4777.882.603.3884.562.823.1988.692.96

4.3784.202.814.5991.553.054.7881.972.734.8992.073.074.7990.723.02

6.5697.423.255.9197.523.255.9286.052.875.7091.103.045.6196.383.21

6.7195.623.196.2897.763.266.1786.282.886.0790.673.025.7294.203.14

6.6393.543.126.4097.423.256.3087.352.916.1888.102.945.8594.433.15

6.7497.323.246.5599.383.316.5491.113.046.2292.273.086.27100.273.34

6.3292.723.096.77101.803.396.9090.933.036.9393.793.136.95106.063.54

6.8199.883.337.0592.963.107.1496.263.217.14109.403.65

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

0000

Blank

13 mg/L

26 mg/L

52 mg/L

104 mg/L

Initial pH

Final pH

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0

13 mg/L

26 mg/L

52 mg/l

104 mg/L

pHf

% Total Chromium Removal

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0

13 mg/L

26 mg/L

52 mg/L

104 mg/L

pHf

% Cr(VI) Removal

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0

Cr(VI)

Cr(III)

pHf

% Chromium Adsorbed

% Cr(III) Removal

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

00

00

00

0

Blank

Cr(VI)

Cr(III)

Initial pH

Final pH

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

0000

Blank

13 mg/L

26 mg/L

52 mg/L

104 mg/L

pHf

TOC (mg/L)

1000

1000

99.9809451220

55.05701307130

23.20503330870

17.76095082910

14.97763821490

14.48452144280

14.26666666670

12.31621157150

7.01788491450

0

Padina sp.

Sargassum sp.

pHf

% Cr(VI) Removal

Objectiveeffects of copper on the biosorption of chromium using Sargassum (without pH control)



Initial pH6

pHf[Cri][Crf]% Removal[Cui][Cuf]% Removal

6.4516.5014.6011.520.000.000.00

6.9916.4012.7022.5611.202.7175.80

6.9416.9011.7030.7722.106.7369.55

7.0116.5011.7029.0933.3010.3069.07

7.0716.2011.6028.4044.1015.0065.99

7.0516.209.8039.5154.8015.7071.35

6.7916.104.8270.06112.0013.6587.81

6.2916.801.4191.61161.0014.3591.09

6.2317.001.3192.29167.0017.4089.58

5.7416.200.3797.74275.0037.5586.35

5.4616.100.3797.71325.5082.0074.81

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Cu Concentration (mg/L)

% Cr Removal

Metal biosorptive properties: pH effect

Metal biosorptive properties: ionic strength effect

Algae as the biosorbents

Sheet1

BiomassMetal ionsReferences

Ascophyllum spp.Ni, Pb, Cd, Cu1.03-1.43Volesky etal., 2000

Chlorella sp.Cd0.99Aksu, 2001

Cladophora sp.Pb0.35Jalali etal., 2002

Cyclotella sp.Cu0.41Schmitt etal., 2001

Cymodocea spp.Cu, Zn0.71-0.83Sanchez etal., 1999

Fucus sp.Pb1.6Volesky, 1994

Gracilaria sp.Pb0.2-0.26Jalali etal., 2002

Padina spp.Pb, Cu0.31-1.05Volesky, 1994; Jalali etal., 2002; Kaewsarn, 2002

Phaeodactylum sp.Cu1.67mg/gSchmitt etal., 2001

Polysiphonia sp.Pb0.49Jalali etal., 2002

Porphyridium sp.Cu0.27mg/gSchmitt etal., 2001

Sargassum spp.Pb, Cu, Cd, Ni0.71-1.99Volesky etal., 1994,2000; Jalali etal., 2002

Scenedesmus spp.Cu, Cd0.06-0.21Schmitt etal., 2001

Schizomeris spp.Pb, Cd0.31-0.44Ozer etal., 1999

Spirulina sp.Cd0.87Rangsayatorn etal., 2002

Ulva sp.Pb0.61Jalali etal., 2002

Sheet2

Ascophyllum nodosumNi1.43[11]

Ascophyllum. NodosumPb1.27[15]

Ascophyllum. NodosumCu1.19[15]

Ascophyllum. NodosumCd1.03[15]

Chlorella vulgarisCd0.99[38]

Cladophora glomerataPb0.35[43]

Cyclotella crypticaCu0.41[36]

Cymodocea nodosaCu0.83[22]

Cymodocea nodosaZn0.71[22]

Durvillaea potatorumPb1.55[15]

Durvillaea potatorumCu1.31[15]

DURVILLAEA. POTATORUMCd1.12[29]

Ecklonia maximaCu1.22[15]

Ecklonia maximaCd1.15[15]

Ecklonia radiataPb1.26[15]

Ecklonia radiataCu1.11[15]

Ecklonia radiataCd1.04[15]

Fucus vesiculosusPb1.6[12]

Gracilaria canaliculataPb0.2[43]

Gracilaria corticataPb0.26[43]

Laminaria hyperbolaPb1.35[15]

Laminaria hyperbolaCu1.22[15]

Laminaria hyperbolaCd0.82[15]

Laminaria japonicaCu1.2[15]

Laminaria japonicaCd1.11[15]

Lessonia flavicansPb1.45[15]

Lessonia flavicansCu1.25[15]

Lessonia flavicansCd1.16[15]

Lessonia nigresenseCu1.26[15]

Lessonia nigresenseCd1.1[15]

Padina gymnosporaPb0.31[12]

Padina pavoniaPb1.05[43]

padina sp.Cu0.8[42]

Phaeodactylum tricornutumCu1.67mg/g[36]

Polysiphonia violaceaPb0.49[43]

Porphyridium purpureumCu0.27mg/g[36]

Sargassum FilipendulaCu0.89[11]

Sargassum FilipendulaCd0.66[11]

Sargassum fluitansPb1.28[12]

Sargassum FluitansCu0.8[11]

Sargassum FluitansCd0.71[11]

Sargassum FluitansNi1.99[11]

Sargassum hystrixPb1.38[43]

Sargassum natansPb1.13[43]

Sargassum VulgareCu0.93[11]

Sargassum VulgareCd0.79[11]

Sargassum vulgarisPb1.1[12]

Scenedesmus subspicatusCu0.21[36]

Scenedesmus subspicatusCd0.06[36]

Schizomeris leibleiniiPb0.31[40]

Schizomeris leibleiniiCd0.44[40]

Spirulina platensisCd0.87[32]

Ulva lactucaPb0.61[43]

Sheet3

Biomassmetal ionsqmax (mmol/g)referencesreferences

Ascophyllum spp.Ni, Pb, Cd, Cu1.03-1.43[11], [15]Volesky etal., 2000

Chlorella sp.Cd0.99[38]Aksu, 2001

Cladophora sp.Pb0.35[43]Jalali etal., 2002

Cyclotella sp.Cu0.41[36]Schmitt etal., 2001

Cymodocea spp.Cu, Zn0.71-0.83[22]Sanchez etal., 1999

Fucus sp.Pb1.6[12]Volesky, 1994

Gracilaria sp.Pb0.2-0.26[43]Jalali etal., 2002

Padina spp.Pb, Cu0.31-1.05[12], [42], [43]Volesky, 1994; Jalali etal., 2002; Kaewsarn, 2002

Phaeodactylum sp.Cu1.67mg/g[36]Schmitt etal., 2001

Polysiphonia sp.Pb0.49[43]Jalali etal., 2002

Porphyridium sp.Cu0.27mg/g[36]Schmitt etal., 2001

Sargassum spp.Pb, Cu, Cd, Ni0.71-1.99[11],[12],[43]Volesky etal., 1994,2000; Jalali etal., 2002

Scenedesmus spp.Cu, Cd0.06-0.21[36]Schmitt etal., 2001

Schizomeris spp.Pb, Cd0.31-0.44[40]Ozer etal., 1999

Spirulina sp.Cd0.87[32]Rangsayatorn etal., 2002

Ulva sp.Pb0.61[43]Jalali etal., 2002

Laminaria hyperbolaPb, Cu, Cd0.82-1.35[15]

Durvillaea potatorumPb1.55[15]

Durvillaea potatorumCu1.31[15]

DURVILLAEA. POTATORUMCd1.12[29]

Ecklonia maximaCu1.22[15]

Ecklonia maximaCd1.15[15]

Ecklonia radiataPb1.26[15]

Ecklonia radiataCu1.11[15]

Ecklonia radiataCd1.04[15]

Lessonia flavicansPb1.45[15]

Lessonia flavicansCu1.25[15]

Lessonia flavicansCd1.16[15]

Lessonia nigresenseCu1.26[15]

Lessonia nigresenseCd1.1[15]

Mechanisms of metal biosorptionInstrumental investigations through XPS, FTIR, titration and equilibrium experiments reveal that the biosorption is a complex chemical phenomenon.Depended on the types of bisorbents applied, the metal uptake may be due to:metal surface complex formation (MSCF)ion exchange, and elementary coordination

XPS spectra of Pb- and Cu-adsorbed CABIER -O-M-O-

XPS AnalysisNote that BE values of 577.2 and 579 represent Cr (III) and Cr (VI)Uptake reduction and MSCF

Raw PadinaCr(VI): pH 1Cr(VI): pH 2Cr(III): pH 4577.1578.5577.2579.2579.5577.5

Chart1

35193526.70235193526.6983519.004

35413529.23535193529.2283519.007

35653532.3553518.9413532.3433518.953

37153536.1593518.8173536.1393518.838

36663540.43518.293540.3663518.324

35643545.7023517.8933545.6453517.95

35903552.2653517.7693552.1723517.862

35693559.7863517.5753559.6353517.725

36263568.3963517.4373568.1573517.676

36473577.8353517.1453577.4593517.52

36443588.123516.7963587.5393517.377

36863599.1663516.4543598.2783517.341

36623610.6743515.9983609.3383517.334

35323622.6063515.6053620.6233517.589

35963634.9863515.5623632.0823518.465

37503647.0513515.3453642.8573519.539

36853658.2973514.7143652.3263520.685

36353669.113514.2573660.7253522.642

36253679.3013513.9323667.6853525.548

36853688.6743513.6343672.8073529.5

35923697.0713513.1733675.6923534.552

36043705.0133512.9613676.613541.365

36723712.4533512.7173675.2363549.934

37763719.5643512.2883671.4623560.391

37263726.6383511.583665.3323572.885

37383734.543511.0033657.4713588.072

37133743.5423510.3933648.0053605.93

38223754.1623509.8483637.363626.65

37473766.383509.0093625.533649.86

37863780.883508.373613.3873675.863

39313797.4163507.6243600.9633704.077

38483815.5363506.4853588.313733.712

38133835.5143505.5673576.313764.771

38223856.6883504.7413565.0563796.374

39543878.1873503.8883554.6093827.467

39113898.843502.6783544.7393856.779

39363918.1323501.5813535.9843883.729

38703934.9073500.4133528.1663907.155

38523948.4673499.423521.4963926.391

39193957.8183498.4723515.7943940.497

39033962.0593497.3423510.7443948.657

39013960.9333496.2513506.4793950.705

39723954.1773495.1643502.8623946.479

39483941.623493.8823499.5953935.906

39603923.8153492.6613496.8443919.632

38223901.1663491.4053494.4253898.146

39023874.8153490.5173492.6673872.665

37363845.0213489.413490.923843.511

39013813.3713488.7483489.7933812.326

38643779.9863487.643488.3543779.272

37593746.3133486.6283487.1093745.832

38063713.4423485.8963486.2153713.122

38413681.6983485.0353485.2453681.489

36623651.7073484.0793484.2143651.572

35683624.5373483.63483.6873624.451

36373600.2293483.3743483.4283600.175

36323578.5313482.9613482.9943578.498

35873559.6493482.563482.5813559.628

35733543.5973482.2793482.2923543.585

35903530.1453482.0353482.0433530.138

35533518.9673481.7453481.753518.962

35873509.9593481.5543481.5563509.957

35553502.653481.273481.2723502.649

34763496.9393481.0723481.0733496.939

35043492.7023481.0863481.0863492.702

34903489.413481.0243481.0243489.409

34813486.971348134813486.971

Binding Energy (eV)

p1new

B.E.(eV)Raw IntensityPeak SumBackgroundPeak 1Peak 2difference

596.93555

596.83568

596.73539

596.63567

596.53490

596.43609

596.33531

596.23587

596.13525

5963574

595.93615

595.83584

595.73582

595.63544

595.53489

595.43553

595.33582

595.23581

595.13621

5953541

594.93575

594.83637

594.73539

594.63592

594.53644

594.43595

594.33599

594.23615

594.13522

5943582

593.93591

593.83609

593.73641

593.63635

593.53501

593.43652

593.33517

593.23614

593.13541

5933454

592.93541

592.83741

592.73597

592.63563

592.53515

592.43571

592.33594

592.23577

592.13546

5923576

591.93584

591.83563

591.73552

591.63591

591.53440

591.43559

591.33587

591.23462

591.13619

5913551

590.93616

590.83581

590.73519

590.63562

590.53512

590.43634

590.33615

590.23564

590.13511

5903575

589.93600

589.83582

589.73536

589.63565

589.53665

589.43629

589.33719

589.23674

589.13575

5893730

588.93724

588.83609

588.73630

588.63580

588.53737

588.43657

588.33621

588.23710

588.13653

5883766

587.93815

587.83652

587.73738

587.63783

587.53775

587.43655

587.33755

587.23819

587.13788

5873713

586.93762

586.83768

586.73769

586.63651

586.53734

586.43753

586.33674

586.23677

586.13668

5863682

585.93676

585.83704

585.73623

585.63639

585.53524

585.43546

585.33577

585.23629

585.13608

5853540

584.93658

584.83629

584.73704

584.63608

584.53627

584.43547

584.33631

584.23555

584.13547

5843645

583.93585

583.83679

583.73557

583.63533

583.53638

583.43606

583.33654

583.23522

583.13496

5833597

582.93590

582.83575

582.73543

582.63603

582.53687

582.43618

582.33624

582.23642

582.13584

5823627

581.93478

581.83607

581.73624

581.635193526.70235193526.6983519.004-7.702393

581.535413529.23535193529.2283519.00711.76514

581.435653532.3553518.9413532.3433518.95332.64526

581.337153536.1593518.8173536.1393518.838178.8408

581.236663540.43518.293540.3663518.324125.5996

581.135643545.7023517.8933545.6453517.9518.29761

58135903552.2653517.7693552.1723517.86237.73486

580.935693559.7863517.5753559.6353517.7259.214355

580.836263568.3963517.4373568.1573517.67657.60376

580.736473577.8353517.1453577.4593517.5269.16528

580.636443588.123516.7963587.5393517.37755.87988

580.536863599.1663516.4543598.2783517.34186.83423

580.436623610.6743515.9983609.3383517.33451.32642

580.335323622.6063515.6053620.6233517.589-90.60596

580.235963634.9863515.5623632.0823518.465-38.98608

580.137503647.0513515.3453642.8573519.539102.9495

58036853658.2973514.7143652.3263520.68526.70288

579.936353669.113514.2573660.7253522.642-34.11011

579.836253679.3013513.9323667.6853525.548-54.30078

579.736853688.6743513.6343672.8073529.5-3.673828

579.635923697.0713513.1733675.6923534.552-105.0706

579.536043705.0133512.9613676.613541.365-101.0134

579.436723712.4533512.7173675.2363549.934-40.45264

579.337763719.5643512.2883671.4623560.39156.43604

579.237263726.6383511.583665.3323572.885-0.6379395

579.137383734.543511.0033657.4713588.0723.460449

57937133743.5423510.3933648.0053605.93-30.54175

578.938223754.1623509.8483637.363626.6567.83789

578.837473766.383509.0093625.533649.86-19.38037

578.737863780.883508.373613.3873675.8635.120117

578.639313797.4163507.6243600.9633704.077133.5837

578.538483815.5363506.4853588.313733.71232.46362

578.438133835.5143505.5673576.313764.771-22.51416

578.338223856.6883504.7413565.0563796.374-34.68799

578.239543878.1873503.8883554.6093827.46775.81299

578.139113898.843502.6783544.7393856.77912.16016

57839363918.1323501.5813535.9843883.72917.86792

577.938703934.9073500.4133528.1663907.155-64.90723

577.838523948.4673499.423521.4963926.391-96.46729

577.739193957.8183498.4723515.7943940.497-38.81812

577.639033962.0593497.3423510.7443948.657-59.05908

577.539013960.9333496.2513506.4793950.705-59.93262

577.439723954.1773495.1643502.8623946.47917.82251

577.339483941.623493.8823499.5953935.9066.380127

577.239603923.8153492.6613496.8443919.63236.18481

577.138223901.1663491.4053494.4253898.146-79.16602

57739023874.8153490.5173492.6673872.66527.1853

576.937363845.0213489.413490.923843.511-109.0212

576.839013813.3713488.7483489.7933812.32687.62866

576.738643779.9863487.643488.3543779.27284.01367

576.637593746.3133486.6283487.1093745.83212.68726

576.538063713.4423485.8963486.2153713.12292.55811

576.438413681.6983485.0353485.2453681.489159.302

576.336623651.7073484.0793484.2143651.57210.29297

576.235683624.5373483.63483.6873624.451-56.53687

576.136373600.2293483.3743483.4283600.17536.77051

57636323578.5313482.9613482.9943578.49853.46875

575.935873559.6493482.563482.5813559.62827.35107

575.835733543.5973482.2793482.2923543.58529.40259

575.735903530.1453482.0353482.0433530.13859.85498

575.635533518.9673481.7453481.753518.96234.03345

575.535873509.9593481.5543481.5563509.95777.04053

575.435553502.653481.273481.2723502.64952.34985

575.334763496.9393481.0723481.0733496.939-20.93945

575.235043492.7023481.0863481.0863492.70211.29785

575.134903489.413481.0243481.0243489.4090.590332

57534813486.971348134813486.971-5.971191

574.93500

574.83503

574.73471

574.63492

574.53452

574.43473

574.33455

574.23404

574.13485

5743370

573.93329

573.83438

573.73574

573.63555

573.53368

573.43449

573.33486

573.23389

573.13472

5733450

572.93447

572.83558

572.73525

572.63422

572.53415

572.43431

572.33472

572.23343

572.13321

5723440

571.93387

p1new

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

Binding Energy (eV)

Chart1

30983139.00930983098.1213138.888

31343148.18930983098.1953147.994

32033158.2423097.6513097.9613157.932

31263168.83096.633097.1163168.313

30713181.1763096.3453097.0983180.423

31383194.9883096.5913097.743193.839

32313208.8623096.1893097.923207.131

31573222.2633094.8833097.4513219.695

31193236.5253094.2813098.0413232.765

32183251.0193094.0413099.4723245.588

32663264.1233092.8393100.5733256.39

32133276.1053091.1613102.0233265.242

32613287.7583089.9793105.0243272.713

33383298.0483088.3223108.8723277.498

32173306.7433085.9023113.593279.054

33593315.9133084.6313121.4173279.126

33353323.3323081.9713130.1813275.122

34413330.9953079.5183141.8183268.695

33883338.1483076.0143155.4153258.748

32883346.8823072.993172.8063247.066

34223358.1923070.9063194.6413234.456

33823370.3363067.5023218.7973219.042

35153385.3613064.4543246.8773202.938

34533401.8293060.0863277.0173184.898

33833421.6493056.2783310.7153167.211

35523444.6523053.113347.4053150.358

34183468.083048.2743384.013132.344

35563494.0833044.693422.43116.374

36253519.0993039.7343458.8193100.015

36423542.6663034.0613492.6773084.049

35673563.9973028.1673523.1093069.055

34483582.7353022.9443549.7563055.923

36073598.0563018.8243571.8193045.061

35653606.23013.1223585.6143033.709

35683608.2253007.7733592.2973023.701

36173603.0873002.3423590.9313014.498

35943590.0522996.3843580.9043005.532

35013569.8732990.5913563.0822997.381

34243543.612985.6433538.6382990.615

34983511.7772981.3943508.1882984.982

33733473.8832976.3863471.3282978.941

34553432.9292972.5413431.1352974.335

33903388.1922967.8653386.9492969.107

34143342.3312963.7723341.4822964.621

33393295.692959.4083295.1182959.98

32783250.4032955.7293250.0232956.108

31913207.2672952.6043207.0192952.853

32343167.3852950.2943167.2242950.455

31483130.0692947.5433129.9672947.646

31943096.9422945.63096.8772945.665

31733066.9682943.1923066.9282943.232

30753040.7912940.9653040.7672940.989

30223019.0812939.6663019.0662939.68

29523001.1762938.8673001.1672938.876

30122986.9472938.742986.9422938.745

29652974.822938.032974.8172938.033

29022965.4542937.7692965.4522937.77

29502958.6662938.1152958.6652938.116

29382953.04529382953.0452938

Binding Energy (eV)

p2new


596.93097

596.83122

596.73168

596.63079

596.53166

596.43085

596.33059

596.23056

596.13166

5963145

595.93128

595.83105

595.73058

595.63141

595.53111

595.43088

595.33114

595.23083

595.13013

5953078

594.93160

594.83175

594.73109

594.63088

594.53005

594.43179

594.33201

594.23067

594.13129

5943046

593.93058

593.83093

593.73154

593.63173

593.53082

593.43236

593.33157

593.23132

593.13110

5933108

592.93147

592.83211

592.73267

592.63187

592.53109

592.43059

592.33090

592.22990

592.13150

5923083

591.93115

591.83086

591.73268

591.63132

591.53194

591.43161

591.33071

591.23059

591.13220

5913135

590.93018

590.83173

590.73168

590.63108

590.53153

590.43085

590.33148

590.23107

590.13173

5903147

589.93061

589.83162

589.73134

589.63186

589.53116

589.43215

589.33222

589.23185

589.13157

5893301

588.93184

588.83231

588.73154

588.63229

588.53175

588.43266

588.33286

588.23347

588.13275

5883358

587.93355

587.83321

587.73305

587.63338

587.53342

587.43397

587.33400

587.23346

587.13325

5873350

586.93415

586.83380

586.73364

586.63281

586.53212

586.43395

586.33332

586.23263

586.13300

5863248

585.93280

585.83176

585.73299

585.63157

585.53117

585.43221

585.33228

585.23124

585.13176

5853226

584.93083

584.83151

584.73076

584.63128

584.53174

584.43018

584.33077

584.23140

584.13056

5843042

583.93127

583.83107

583.73116

583.63088

583.53045

583.43115

583.33022

583.23133

583.13048

5833043

582.93093

582.83086

582.73081

582.63121

582.53153

582.43176

582.33100

582.23061

582.13115

5823119

581.93111

581.83136

581.73075

581.63141

581.53111

581.43143

581.33099

581.23218

581.13184

5813157

580.93048

580.83131

580.730983139.00930983098.1213138.888-41.00854

580.631343148.18930983098.1953147.994-14.18945

580.532033158.2423097.6513097.9613157.93244.75781

580.431263168.83096.633097.1163168.313-42.79956

580.330713181.1763096.3453097.0983180.423-110.1758

580.231383194.9883096.5913097.743193.839-56.98828

580.132313208.8623096.1893097.923207.13122.13818

58031573222.2633094.8833097.4513219.695-65.26343

579.931193236.5253094.2813098.0413232.765-117.5254

579.832183251.0193094.0413099.4723245.588-33.01904

579.732663264.1233092.8393100.5733256.391.876953

579.632133276.1053091.1613102.0233265.242-63.10498

579.532613287.7583089.9793105.0243272.713-26.75806

579.433383298.0483088.3223108.8723277.49839.9519

579.332173306.7433085.9023113.593279.054-89.74268

579.233593315.9133084.6313121.4173279.12643.08716

579.133353323.3323081.9713130.1813275.12211.66821

57934413330.9953079.5183141.8183268.695110.0054

578.933883338.1483076.0143155.4153258.74849.85156

578.832883346.8823072.993172.8063247.066-58.88159

578.734223358.1923070.9063194.6413234.45663.80811

578.633823370.3363067.5023218.7973219.04211.66357

578.535153385.3613064.4543246.8773202.938129.6389

578.434533401.8293060.0863277.0173184.89851.17139

578.333833421.6493056.2783310.7153167.211-38.64868

578.235523444.6523053.113347.4053150.358107.3477

578.134183468.083048.2743384.013132.344-50.07959

57835563494.0833044.693422.43116.37461.9165

577.936253519.0993039.7343458.8193100.015105.9006

577.836423542.6663034.0613492.6773084.04999.33423

577.735673563.9973028.1673523.1093069.0553.00293

577.634483582.7353022.9443549.7563055.923-134.7354

577.536073598.0563018.8243571.8193045.0618.943604

577.435653606.23013.1223585.6143033.709-41.20044

577.335683608.2253007.7733592.2973023.701-40.22534

577.236173603.0873002.3423590.9313014.49813.91333

577.135943590.0522996.3843580.9043005.5323.948486

57735013569.8732990.5913563.0822997.381-68.87256

576.934243543.612985.6433538.6382990.615-119.6096

576.834983511.7772981.3943508.1882984.982-13.77661

576.733733473.8832976.3863471.3282978.941-100.8833

576.634553432.9292972.5413431.1352974.33522.07129

576.533903388.1922967.8653386.9492969.1071.808105

576.434143342.3312963.7723341.4822964.62171.6687

576.333393295.692959.4083295.1182959.9843.31006

576.232783250.4032955.7293250.0232956.10827.59741

576.131913207.2672952.6043207.0192952.853-16.26733

57632343167.3852950.2943167.2242950.45566.61523

575.931483130.0692947.5433129.9672947.64617.93066

575.831943096.9422945.63096.8772945.66597.05835

575.731733066.9682943.1923066.9282943.232106.032

575.630753040.7912940.9653040.7672940.98934.20874

575.530223019.0812939.6663019.0662939.682.919434

575.429523001.1762938.8673001.1672938.876-49.17627

575.330122986.9472938.742986.9422938.74525.05273

575.229652974.822938.032974.8172938.033-9.819824

575.129022965.4542937.7692965.4522937.77-63.45386

57529502958.6662938.1152958.6652938.116-8.66626

574.929382953.04529382953.0452938-15.04517

574.82972

574.73092

574.62862

574.52964

574.42998

574.32896

574.22891

574.12898

5742959

573.92813

573.82920

573.72870

573.62928

573.52949

573.42884

573.32847

573.22984

573.12892

5732963

572.92945

572.82936

572.72905

572.62863

572.52928

572.42895

572.32867

572.22919

572.12983

5723014

571.92912

p2new

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

Binding Energy (eV)

Chart1

34543456.95934543454.0033456.956

34203458.15734543454.0063458.151

35133460.0413454.2793454.293460.03

34583461.6713453.7973453.8153461.652

34073464.3783453.7633453.7943464.347

34713468.263454.1463454.1983468.208

35883472.5193454.0083454.0933472.433

35333476.8613452.9083453.0473476.723

34793482.8233452.2513452.4723482.602

35273490.5343452.0323452.383490.186

35893499.2553451.4173451.9573498.715

35373508.9383450.2873451.1133508.113

35893520.553449.5763450.8183519.307

36373533.1963448.4323450.2753531.353

35413546.8373446.8843449.5783544.143

35983562.4853446.1123449.993558.606

35743578.6923444.8653450.3673573.191

35793595.8763443.8063451.4963588.186

36013613.483442.6963453.2853602.892

36353631.0713441.3973455.7643616.704

36793648.2033439.8083459.0113629

35483664.4993437.8453463.1313639.213

36743681.1353436.9413469.7523648.324

36803695.773434.9963476.9353653.832

36853709.2433432.9853485.8073656.421

37723721.4443430.9173496.4553655.906

38083731.6693428.1183508.2333651.553

37613740.3363425.0013521.53643.836

37633748.1313422.2433536.7483633.626

37243754.6913419.4473553.3233620.815

37583760.3383416.9483571.1463606.14

37153764.4393414.1493589.1333589.456

37333767.5283411.683607.3323571.875

37993768.9393409.0433624.5593553.423

37183768.0723405.8433639.7473534.168

37003765.8743403.2813653.3793515.776

37923761.5723400.8463664.3133498.105

37133754.0153397.6363671.0933480.558

37333744.4083395.0483674.6773464.78

37113731.8193392.2753673.9933450.101

36853716.5883389.6593669.293436.957

37003698.8523387.2363660.6973425.39

37033678.4933384.6693648.1433415.02

37603655.9783382.0573632.1643405.871

37293631.2843378.9553612.8593397.38

36353605.6733376.0833591.6113390.144

35453580.2063373.9583569.6223384.542

35293555.4063372.5543547.5513380.409

35893531.2323371.273525.4813377.021

35053507.5113369.4833503.363373.635

34133485.8443368.3713482.8883371.327

34293466.5913368.0053464.5153370.081

33973449.0673367.5043447.6293368.942

34663433.7913367.2623432.8093368.244

34703419.9363366.4523419.2743367.114

34393407.9863365.6023407.5473366.042

33653398.10333653397.8153365.288

Binding Energy (eV)

Cr(III)pnew


596.83452

596.73488

596.63436

596.53347

596.43405

596.33452

596.23504

596.13457

5963427

595.93380

595.83481

595.73540

595.63413

595.53499

595.43439

595.33454

595.23394

595.13483

5953429

594.93524

594.83382

594.73440

594.63447

594.53441

594.43477

594.33435

594.23362

594.13423

5943380

593.93431

593.83494

593.73362

593.63411

593.53447

593.43440

593.33413

593.23414

593.13423

5933417

592.93446

592.83311

592.73406

592.63456

592.53531

592.43430

592.33401

592.23499

592.13413

5923539

591.93484

591.83469

591.73419

591.63394

591.53506

591.43411

591.33449

591.23503

591.13465

5913457

590.93493

590.83610

590.73527

590.63437

590.53490

590.43479

590.33386

590.23485

590.13381

5903450

589.93522

589.83382

589.73429

589.63493

589.53463

589.43564

589.33427

589.23499

589.13523

5893507

588.93517

588.83397

588.73502

588.63584

588.53731

588.43560

588.33564

588.23612

588.13570

5883617

587.93648

587.83547

587.73573

587.63594

587.53642

587.43514

587.33656

587.23642

587.13583

5873615

586.93691

586.83620

586.73521

586.63635

586.53537

586.43687

586.33518

586.23536

586.13578

5863668

585.93443

585.83567

585.73492

585.63451

585.53467

585.43510

585.33412

585.23533

585.13447

5853522

584.93530

584.83496

584.73471

584.63370

584.53421

584.43477

584.33435

584.23357

584.13363

5843362

583.93508

583.83494

583.73433

583.63440

583.53446

583.43452

583.33461

583.23497

583.13504

5833444

582.93411

582.83449

582.73471

582.63521

582.53398

582.43392

582.33436

582.23458

582.13488

5823493

581.93501

581.83491

581.73384

581.63349

581.53373

581.43499

581.33365

581.23538

581.13504

58134543456.95934543454.0033456.956-2.959473

580.934203458.15734543454.0063458.151-38.15747

580.835133460.0413454.2793454.293460.0352.95947

580.734583461.6713453.7973453.8153461.652-3.670654

580.634073464.3783453.7633453.7943464.347-57.37769

580.534713468.263454.1463454.1983468.2082.73999

580.435883472.5193454.0083454.0933472.433115.4814

580.335333476.8613452.9083453.0473476.72356.13892

580.234793482.8233452.2513452.4723482.602-3.823242

580.135273490.5343452.0323452.383490.18636.46558

58035893499.2553451.4173451.9573498.71589.74536

579.935373508.9383450.2873451.1133508.11328.06177

579.835893520.553449.5763450.8183519.30768.4502

579.736373533.1963448.4323450.2753531.353103.8037

579.635413546.8373446.8843449.5783544.143-5.837158

579.535983562.4853446.1123449.993558.60635.51538

579.435743578.6923444.8653450.3673573.191-4.692383

579.335793595.8763443.8063451.4963588.186-16.87598

579.236013613.483442.6963453.2853602.892-12.48047

579.136353631.0713441.3973455.7643616.7043.929199

57936793648.2033439.8083459.011362930.79712

578.935483664.4993437.8453463.1313639.213-116.499

578.836743681.1353436.9413469.7523648.324-7.134521

578.736803695.773434.9963476.9353653.832-15.77002

578.636853709.2433432.9853485.8073656.421-24.24268

578.537723721.4443430.9173496.4553655.90650.55615

578.438083731.6693428.1183508.2333651.55376.3313

578.337613740.3363425.0013521.53643.83620.66431

578.237633748.1313422.2433536.7483633.62614.86865

578.137243754.6913419.4473553.3233620.815-30.69092

57837583760.3383416.9483571.1463606.14-2.338379

577.937153764.4393414.1493589.1333589.456-49.43945

577.837333767.5283411.683607.3323571.875-34.52759

577.737993768.9393409.0433624.5593553.42330.06055

577.637183768.0723405.8433639.7473534.168-50.07202

577.537003765.8743403.2813653.3793515.776-65.87378

577.437923761.5723400.8463664.3133498.10530.42847

577.337133754.0153397.6363671.0933480.558-41.01465

577.237333744.4083395.0483674.6773464.78-11.4082

577.137113731.8193392.2753673.9933450.101-20.8186

57736853716.5883389.6593669.293436.957-31.58813

576.937003698.8523387.2363660.6973425.391.148193

576.837033678.4933384.6693648.1433415.0224.50659

576.737603655.9783382.0573632.1643405.871104.0217

576.637293631.2843378.9553612.8593397.3897.71606

576.536353605.6733376.0833591.6113390.14429.32739

576.435453580.2063373.9583569.6223384.542-35.20605

576.335293555.4063372.5543547.5513380.409-26.40576

576.235893531.2323371.273525.4813377.02157.76807

576.135053507.5113369.4833503.363373.635-2.510986

57634133485.8443368.3713482.8883371.327-72.84375

575.934293466.5913368.0053464.5153370.081-37.59082

575.833973449.0673367.5043447.6293368.942-52.06665

575.734663433.7913367.2623432.8093368.24432.20898

575.634703419.9363366.4523419.2743367.11450.06445

575.534393407.9863365.6023407.5473366.04231.01367

575.433653398.10333653397.8153365.288-33.10327

575.33379

575.23437

575.13360

5753402

574.93407

574.83286

574.73327

574.63418

574.53325

574.43258

574.33383

574.23307

574.13265

5743342

573.93298

573.83396

573.73270

573.63323

573.53401

573.43255

573.33318

573.23315

573.13361

5733314

572.93357

572.83404

572.73315

572.63361

572.53349

572.43362

572.33330

572.23322

572.13394

5723344

571.93331

571.83340

Cr(III)pnew

Binding Energy (eV)

Chart3

2337

2337

2275

2426

2359

2320

2350

2360

2380

2327

2351

2398

2317

2257

2293

2302

2381

2357

2330

2307

2312

2364

2281

2325

2257

2382

2365

2399

2269

2289

2307

2388

2173

2317

2260

2320

2318

2306

2272

2273

2302

2363

2288

2402

2398

2411

2344

2333

2324

2326

2261

2250

2308

2409

2327

2327

2277

2295

2313

2373

2331

2338

2302

2323

2416

2313

2329

2294

2290

2385

2315

2321

2339

2266

2378

2315

2338

2284

2277

2315

2300

2325

2244

2358

2301

2372

2325

2340

2314

2309

Dr J. Paul Chen Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering

Documents

Transcript of Dr J. Paul Chen Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering