Surveillance, Management and Challenges of Dealing with Swine

Influenza

NPB Influenza PanelAllen D. Leman ConferenceSeptember 16, 2013Dyneah M. Classen, D.V.M.Joseph F. Connor, D.V.M., M.S.Carthage Veterinary Service, Ltd.PO Box 220 Carthage, IL 62321

Overview

• Historical system review• System strategies• Summary

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Surveillance

Multiplier herd

• SIV testing should be part of standard monthly testing

• Sow farm– Nasal swab wean pigs

• Multiplication grow/finish– Rope sampling or nasal

swab

On farm isolation

• Rope sample or nasal swab prior to releasing

• Serology

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Surveillance

• Know status of replacement gilts• Little point in spending $ on endemic SIV if

source herd is positive

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SIV

SIV

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Swine Influenza# of Cases

H1N2 H1N1 H3N2

2004 2

2005

2006 3 1 2

2007 1 7 3

2008 2 16 2

2009 1 13 1

2010 18 7

2011 26 8 9

2012 48 10 9

2013 2

1. H1N2 Delta 1

2. H1N1 Gamma

pH1N1 - Discontinue vaccination

Reference Strains

Reference Strains

3. H3N2 Cluster IV

4. H3N2 Cluster IV

Changes Made based on Surveillance

• Change vaccine• Mass vaccinate the sow farm• GDU– 4 vaccinations prebreed– 8-12 week GDU closure

• Piglets– Prefarrow vaccine– Intranasal vaccine

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Endemic SIV• Sows

– Abortion– Farrowing Difficulty

• Suckling pig– Pre-weaning mortality– Reject pigs at weaning– Weaning weight– Medication cost

• Post weaning– Mortality– FCR– ADG– Medication cost

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Control Strategies• Mass vaccination of the sow herd and gilt

developer following a clinical outbreak.– Repeated twice 4 weeks apart.

• Commercial or Autogenous Influenza Vaccine.

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Follow up testing post vaccination• Starting 2 weeks after 2st vaccination is completed • The repeated every 2 weeks– 10 nasal swabs from due to wean piglets

• Sample 5 pigs per swab.

– 7 oral fluid (rope) samples from the GDU• Hang one rope per lot• The rope should be shared between two pens of the same lot.• Label the tubes with the lot number.

• Any clinical signs of flu in the sows or gilts in an off test week will be tested. – The farms should contact the PM and vet team if clinical

signs develop• i.e. off feed sows, deep barking cough, nasal discharge, lethargy

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Vaccine Performance Analysis

Oral Fluids Tests – Replacement Gilts

Farm Code Test Vaccine 41 43 45 47 49 51

Q Oral Fluid Newport H1N2 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

A Oral Fluid Newport H1N2 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

E Oral Fluid Newport H1N2 0% 17% 14% 29% 14% 14%

J Oral Fluid Newport H1N2 0% 0% 0% 40% 0% 0%

S Oral Fluid Newport H1N2 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

R Oral Fluid Sirrah H1N2 17% 0% 17% 14% 0% 0%

P Oral Fluid Sirrah H1N2 0% 0% 0% 13% 0%

F Oral Fluid Sirrah H1N2 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

B Oral Fluid Sirrah H1N2 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 14%

K Oral Fluid Sirrah Quadvalent 14% 14% 17% 0% 0%

O Oral Fluid FluSure™ XP 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

H Oral Fluid FluSure™ XP 0% 14% 0% 0% 0% 0%

T Oral Fluid FluSure™ XP 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

N Oral Fluid FluSure™ XP 0% 0% 0 0% 0% 0%

M Oral Fluid FluSure™ XP 0% 0% 17% 29% 0% 0%

D Oral Fluid FluSure™ XP 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

W Oral Fluid FluSure™ XP Startup 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

U Oral Fluid FluSure™ XP Startup 0% 0% 0% 17%

C Oral Fluid No Mass Vacc 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

L Oral Fluid No Mass Vacc 0% 0% 0% 86% 0%

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PositiveNegative

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Vaccine Performance AnalysisNasal Swab Tests – Suckling Pigs

Farm Code Test Vaccine 41 43 45 47 49 51

Q Nasal Swab Newport H1N2 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

A Nasal Swab Newport H1N2 0% 40% 0% 0% 0% 0%

E Nasal Swab Newport H1N2 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

J Nasal Swab Newport H1N2 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

S Nasal Swab Newport H1N2 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

R Nasal Swab Sirrah H1N2 20% 0% 0% 0% 10% 0%

P Nasal Swab Sirrah H1N2 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

F Nasal Swab Sirrah H1N2 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

B Nasal Swab Sirrah H1N2 0% 25% 30% 30% 70% 0%

K Nasal Swab Sirrah Quadvalent 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

O Nasal Swab FluSure™ XP 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

H Nasal Swab FluSure™ XP 0% 0% 60% 20% 90% 78%

T Nasal Swab FluSure™ XP 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

N Nasal Swab FluSure™ XP 0% 0% 0% 10% 0%

M Nasal Swab FluSure™ XP 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

D Nasal Swab FluSure™ XP 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

W Oral Fluid FluSure™ XP Startup no piglets to test during this time

U Oral Fluid FluSure™ XP Startup no piglets to test during this time

C Nasal Swab No Mass Vacc 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

L Nasal Swab No Mass Vacc 20% 0% 0%

PositiveNegative

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Flu Vaccination of EmployeesPolicy: The movement of both workers and visitors in and out of swine farms will be governed by the following rules that are consistent with the recommendations of the CDC to reduce the risk of spreading both seasonal and pandemic Influenza between people and from people to pigs.

•Workers are to be alert to symptoms of influenza-like illness. – Symptoms of influenza include fever or chills and cough or sore throat. In addition, Symptoms of flu

can include runny nose, body aches, headache, tiredness, diarrhea, or vomiting. – Fever is usually described as 100 F̊. (37.8 ̊C) or greater.

•For the protection of co-worker and livestock herd health, employees exhibiting flu-like symptoms should notify their supervisor and remain home if they are ill.

– Human Resource policies are currently in place to address sick leave.

•Employees exhibiting flu-like symptoms are encouraged to seek medical attention. •Consistent with CDC guidelines, the policy is that employees with influenza-like illness remain at home until at least 24 hours after they are free of fever (100 F̊ or greater), or signs of fever, without the use of fever-reducing medications.

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Flu Vaccination of Employees• Employees who are well but who have an ill family member at home with

influenza can go to work as usual. • Employees who appear to have influenza-like illness upon arrival at work or

become ill during the day will be sent home until at least 24 hours after they are free of fever, or signs of fever, without the use of fever-reducing medications.

• Employees exposed to a sick co-worker should monitor themselves for symptoms of influenza-like illness and stay home if they are sick.

• Employees are strongly encouraged to get vaccinated for seasonal influenza. – Please consult your health care provider for guidance

• The company provides season influenza vaccines at no cost to the farm employee

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Flu Vaccination of Employees

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Year VaccinationTotal

Employees %

2008 97 264 36.70%

2009* 125 277 45.10%

2010 60 275 21.80%

2011 67 273 24.50%

2012^ 122 315 38.70%*April 2009 was the date the policy for Swine Influenza was implemented here. ^ Did not administered flu shots at the farm due to PRRS outbreaks

– Employees when to local health departments. – Called farms and spoke to English and Spanish speaking employees

• Flu Shots Administered at the Farm

Are there other viruses moving between people and pigs?

• ILI displayed in farrowing house piglets and post weaning– Sneeze– Mild cough– Slow starting, fallout• lots of treatments

– Low mortality

• Diagnostics– SIV negative, PRRS negative– Variably culture HPS, S. suis, Pasteurella• No other clinical signs typical of those pathogens• No isolation of bacteria systemically

– Histopathology• Tracheitis and bronchiolitis, multifocal

and severe, lymphocytic

Parainfluenza Virus

• Suspected viral pathogen– Iowa State• Drs. Yoon and Madson – Iowa State• Tested samples by pan-paramyxoviridae PCR – positive

– Sequencing – Parainfluenza virus – type 1

– Parainfluenza• Paramyxovirus• Common cause of upper and lower respiratory illness

in humans• Fever, runny nose, cough• hPIV 1 – causes the “croup”

Parainfluenza virus

• Swine History– sPIV – type 3 (Qiao, et al. Journal of Virology. Jan 2010)

• 1981 (TX) and 1992 (ISU) paramyxoviruses isolated from brains of pigs• Sequenced as parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV-3)

– Origin suspected to be bovine PIV-3

– sPIV – type 1 (Lau, et al. JVG VIR. 2013)

• pPIV 1 isolated from 3.1% of nasal swabs of pigs at slaughter• Most similar to type 1 human strain - ~76%

Parainfluenza virus

• Many questions– Is it a real pathogen – fulfills Koch’s postulates– What percentage of herds are infected – commensal– Does it maintain itself in the population– What is origin – is their interspecies transmission

Summary

• Surveillance of the Breed to Wean herd is important in understanding which influenza virus the farm has.

• Mass vaccination 2x in the Breed to Wean for outbreaks and endemic SIV.

• Make influenza vaccinations available to farm employees.

• Aggressive surveillance of SIV to understand zoonotic potential– ILI (parainfluenza)

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