Dr. Diane Hislop Chestnut, BSc MB BChir

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Dr. Diane HislopChestnut, BSc (Hons) MB BChir Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Internal Medicine Grand Harbour Medical, Red Bay 16 February 2011

Transcript of Dr. Diane Hislop Chestnut, BSc MB BChir

Page 1: Dr. Diane Hislop Chestnut, BSc MB BChir

Dr. Diane Hislop‐Chestnut, BSc (Hons) MB BChir

Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismInternal Medicine

Grand Harbour Medical, Red Bay16 February 2011

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What are our goals of care?

Blood glucose Hemoglobin A1c Blood pressure Cholesterol Eye Disease Kidney Disease Nerve Disease

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Blood Glucose Why does our blood sugar matter?

Prevents: Eye disease Nerve damage Kidney damage

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Blood Glucose Oral Medications

Once a day Check at different times of the day

Fasting Before lunch Before supper Bedtime

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Blood Glucose Insulin

2 ‐ 4 times per day

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Hemoglobin A1c Blood test Should be done every 3 – 4 months Average of your blood sugar over the last 3 months

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Hemoglobin A1cHbA1c Estimated average glucose(%) mg/dL mmol/L5 97 5.4

6 126 7.0

7 154 8.6

8 183 10.2

9 212 11.8

10 240 13.4

11 269 14.9

12 298 16.5

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Blood Pressure Prevent heart disease  Slow the progression of eye disease Slow the progression of kidney disease

Every 3 – 6 months Target Blood Pressure

130/80

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Cholesterol Checked yearly Fasting

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Why is cholesterol important in diabetics? Cholesterol problems are common in patients 

with diabetes

Too much cholesterol can build up in arteries over time  decreases the blood supply to organs

Heart disease with chest pain (angina)

Heart attack

Stroke 

Narrowing of arteries (atherosclerosis)

If you have diabetes, you are twice as likely to have heart disease or stroke

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Cholesterol

Total cholesterol < 200 mg/dL

LDL (low density lipoprotein) < 100 mg/dL

HDL (high density lipoprotein) > 60 mg/dL

Triglycerides < 150 mg/dL

What should my cholesterol be?

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Eye Disease Retinopathy – changes in the blood vessels of the retina

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Eye DiseasePatient group  Recommended first 

examination Minimum routine follow‐up

Type 1 diabetes  Within 5 years after diagnosis of diabetes

Yearly

Type 2 diabetes  At time of diagnosis of diabetes  Yearly 

Pregnancy in preexisting diabetes 

Prior to conception and during first trimester. Counsel on the risk of development and/or progression of retinopathy. 

Close follow‐up throughout pregnancy and for one year postpartum. 

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Kidney Disease Diabetic Nephropathy Increased protein in the urine Earliest clinical finding

Routine urine dipstick insensitive and does not detect protein until it is greater than 300 mg/day

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Kidney Disease Microalbumin

Done in a lab Special urine dipsticks

Detect very low levels of protein

Normal is less than 20 mg/day

Levels of 30 – 300 mg/day Kidney damage

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Nerve Disease Diabetic Neuropathy

Can be prevented by good blood sugar control

Foot examination yearly Inspection Assessment of foot pulses Test for loss of sensation

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Nerve Disease Test for loss of sensation

monofilament  plus any one of the following: 

vibration using a 128‐Hz tuning fork pinprick sensation  ankle reflexes

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Nerve Disease Avoid going barefoot, even in the home

Test water temperature before stepping into a bath

Trim toenails to shape of the toe; remove sharp edges with a nail file. Do not cut cuticles.

Wash and check feet daily

Shoes should be snug but not tight 

Socks should fit and be changed daily

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Diabetes Goals of CareTests How often?

Hemoglobin A1c  3 – 4 months

Blood pressure 3 – 4 months

Cholesterol yearly

Microalbumin yearly

Foot examination yearly

Dilated eye examination yearly

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Don’t forget…. Monitor your blood sugar at home Exercise Diet Take medications faithfully See your doctor regularly

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Thank you

Dr. Diane Hislop‐Chestnut EndocrinologistGrand Harbour Medical, Red Bay