Dr. Diane Hislop Chestnut, BSc MB BChir
Transcript of Dr. Diane Hislop Chestnut, BSc MB BChir
Dr. Diane Hislop‐Chestnut, BSc (Hons) MB BChir
Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismInternal Medicine
Grand Harbour Medical, Red Bay16 February 2011
What are our goals of care?
Blood glucose Hemoglobin A1c Blood pressure Cholesterol Eye Disease Kidney Disease Nerve Disease
Blood Glucose Why does our blood sugar matter?
Prevents: Eye disease Nerve damage Kidney damage
Blood Glucose Oral Medications
Once a day Check at different times of the day
Fasting Before lunch Before supper Bedtime
Blood Glucose Insulin
2 ‐ 4 times per day
Hemoglobin A1c Blood test Should be done every 3 – 4 months Average of your blood sugar over the last 3 months
Hemoglobin A1cHbA1c Estimated average glucose(%) mg/dL mmol/L5 97 5.4
6 126 7.0
7 154 8.6
8 183 10.2
9 212 11.8
10 240 13.4
11 269 14.9
12 298 16.5
Blood Pressure Prevent heart disease Slow the progression of eye disease Slow the progression of kidney disease
Every 3 – 6 months Target Blood Pressure
130/80
Cholesterol Checked yearly Fasting
Why is cholesterol important in diabetics? Cholesterol problems are common in patients
with diabetes
Too much cholesterol can build up in arteries over time decreases the blood supply to organs
Heart disease with chest pain (angina)
Heart attack
Stroke
Narrowing of arteries (atherosclerosis)
If you have diabetes, you are twice as likely to have heart disease or stroke
Cholesterol
Total cholesterol < 200 mg/dL
LDL (low density lipoprotein) < 100 mg/dL
HDL (high density lipoprotein) > 60 mg/dL
Triglycerides < 150 mg/dL
What should my cholesterol be?
Eye Disease Retinopathy – changes in the blood vessels of the retina
Eye DiseasePatient group Recommended first
examination Minimum routine follow‐up
Type 1 diabetes Within 5 years after diagnosis of diabetes
Yearly
Type 2 diabetes At time of diagnosis of diabetes Yearly
Pregnancy in preexisting diabetes
Prior to conception and during first trimester. Counsel on the risk of development and/or progression of retinopathy.
Close follow‐up throughout pregnancy and for one year postpartum.
Kidney Disease Diabetic Nephropathy Increased protein in the urine Earliest clinical finding
Routine urine dipstick insensitive and does not detect protein until it is greater than 300 mg/day
Kidney Disease Microalbumin
Done in a lab Special urine dipsticks
Detect very low levels of protein
Normal is less than 20 mg/day
Levels of 30 – 300 mg/day Kidney damage
Nerve Disease Diabetic Neuropathy
Can be prevented by good blood sugar control
Foot examination yearly Inspection Assessment of foot pulses Test for loss of sensation
Nerve Disease Test for loss of sensation
monofilament plus any one of the following:
vibration using a 128‐Hz tuning fork pinprick sensation ankle reflexes
Nerve Disease Avoid going barefoot, even in the home
Test water temperature before stepping into a bath
Trim toenails to shape of the toe; remove sharp edges with a nail file. Do not cut cuticles.
Wash and check feet daily
Shoes should be snug but not tight
Socks should fit and be changed daily
Diabetes Goals of CareTests How often?
Hemoglobin A1c 3 – 4 months
Blood pressure 3 – 4 months
Cholesterol yearly
Microalbumin yearly
Foot examination yearly
Dilated eye examination yearly
Don’t forget…. Monitor your blood sugar at home Exercise Diet Take medications faithfully See your doctor regularly
Thank you
Dr. Diane Hislop‐Chestnut EndocrinologistGrand Harbour Medical, Red Bay