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Transcript of Dr. David Claridge Leland Jordan Professor Texas A&M University.
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Dr. David ClaridgeLeland Jordan ProfessorTexas A&M University
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Exploring the Limits of Energy Efficiency and Demand
Reduction in Office Buildings
David E. Claridge and Oleksandr Tanskyi
Mechanical Engineering Dept. and Energy Systems Laboratory
Texas A&M University
2013 SEC Symposium AtlantaFebruary 10-12, 2013
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ImagineCarbon Neutral Buildings
Assume all energy from renewable sources, e.g.PhotovoltaicsBiomassWindSolar Thermal
Photo courtesy of: sine.ni.com
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Less Energy Used = Less Energy Production Impact
More flexibility in building design/construction
May lower life cycle cost Talk about 30% and 50% less
energy than code The “Carnot Limit” to energy
needed defines one boundary of energy use/supply tradeoffs
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Exploring a “Carnot Limit” for Energy Systems Lab Energy Use
25,774 ft2
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Minimally Code Compliant Building
Energy Code Program OK’d withEnvelope losses 20% above code
10 Rooftop air conditioners w/EER = 10.0On/off operationNight setbackElectric heating
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Area Lights; 80,248; 21%
End-use Equipment;
71,332; 19%
Heating; 18,806; 5%
Cooling; 103,886; 28%
Ventilation fans; 102,165;
27%
Other; 313; 0%
BASELINE BUILDING:MEASURED CONSUMPTION
350,000 KWH/YR
Ventilation 27%
Cooling 28%
Lighting 21%
Plugs 19%
Heating 5%
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Basic Building Requirements
Cooling and Heating for ComfortVentilation for Healthy AirLightingComputers/PrintersCopiersCooled Drinking Water Heating – Lunch and CoffeeHot Water – Restrooms
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Building Assumptions
Comfort – Maintain 73ºF/50% Relative Humidity
Ventilation – Meet ASHRAE Ventilation Standard
Lighting –IESNA recommended levels Computers – 1/person Monitors – 2/person Printers – 1/person
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ESL Building Assumptions Copiers: 1/60 people (2000
pages/person/yr) Cooled Drinking Water:
1 Qt/person/day Cooled from 70ºF to 50ºF
Heating: (1 Cup water)/person/day Heated from 70ºF to 212ºF
Hot Water-Restrooms: ½ gal/person/day Heated from 70ºF to 105ºF
Occupied 60 hours/week
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Exploring The Limits What are the limits? What is the minimum
energy required to meet each of these office building requirements/services?
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Exploring The Limits: Lighting
Chose average of Illuminating Engineering Society of NA recommended 20-50 fc 400 – 700 nM radiation from 5800K black body
~250 Lumens/Watt
On 6 hr/day weekdays
LED LIGHTS
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Exploring The Limits: Lighting
35 foot-candles => 0.13 W/ft2 when occupied
0.01 W/ft2 unoccupied 1.7 kW avg. occupied
without daylighting 0.85 kW avg.
occupied with daylighting
0.24 kW unoccupied
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Exploring The Limits: Computers
No obvious physical limit
Assume 2.5W for 1 GHz processor
(e.g. iPhone )
Hibernate when not in use
Assume 30 hr/wk for 128 people
=> 147 W average when occupied
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Exploring The Limits: Monitors
Assume limit is lighting power
Two 1.5ft2 (23-in) monitors per person
250 candela/m2@250 Lumens/W=> 1.75 W/monitor
Sleep when not active
6 hr/day for 256 monitors
206 W average when occupied
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Exploring The Limits: Printers
Physical limit not obvious
Ink jet printer is ~0.07 Wh/page
2000 pages per
person/year
=> 7 W average
when occupied
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Exploring The Limits: Copiers
2,000 copies/person per year at Energy Systems Lab
Use same energy assumptions as printer
7 W average when occupied
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Exploring The Limits: Cooled Drinking Water
1 Qt/day per person from 70ºF to 50ºF
Use Carnot refrigerator
COPCarnot = 28.3
=> 4.3 W average for building (when occupied)
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Exploring The Limits: Heating Food/Water
1 Cup water or equivalent food per person daily from 70ºF to 212ºF
Carnot heat pump
COPCarnot = 4.66 for 70ºF to 212ºC
=> 53 W average for building (when occupied)
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Exploring The Limits: Heating Water - Restrooms
½ gal/person per day 70ºF to 105ºF
Carnot heat pump
COPCarnot = 15.65 for 70ºF to 105ºF
=> 31 W average for building (when occupied)
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Exploring The LimitsCooling and Heating
LoadsElectricity used in spaceOccupantsSolarVentilation powerHeat gain/loss through walls, etc.
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Exploring the Limits:Electricity in Space
Source Occupied (W)
Unoccupied (W)
Lighting 838 240
Computers 147 0
Monitors 206 0Printers/Copiers
14 0
Water Cooling
4.3 0
Heating Food 53 0
Restroom HW
31 0
Total 1,293 W
240 W
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Occupant Gains
ASHRAE: Moderately active office work:73 W/person sensible59 W/person latent
Assume 40 hours/week/person => 6,250 W sensible 5,000 W latent
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Exploring the Limits:
Solar Gains Theoretical limit is
zero
We assume the amount of solar gain corresponding to the amount of daylight
=> 850 W average occupied gain
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Exploring the Limits: Ventilation Energy
ASHRAE Ventilation Standard requires 2,190 cfm outside air when occupied
AssumePerfect enthalpy recovery device Exhaust air = outside air intake0.02 inWG fan pressurization Perfect fan
=> 5.1 W fan power when occupied is only ventilation energy required
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Exploring the Limits:Wall/Window/ Roof Gains/Losses
Theoretical limit is zeroWe assume zero
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Exploring the Limits:Cooling and Heating
Assume: “Free” cooling when conditions permitCarnot chiller for cooling otherwiseCarnot heat pump for heating
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Exploring the Limits:Chiller Electricity
Assume Houston, TX Weather
Total cooling 40,161 kWhth
Free cooling meets 24,595 kWhth
Chiller provides 15,566 kWhth
Chiller requires 250 kWh Average COP = 62
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Exploring the Limits:
Heating
Heating Load is zeroHeating electricity is 0 kWh!
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Today’s Buildings vs. “Carnot Limit” Building U.S. average is 82 kBtu/ft2-yr “Carnot Limit ” is 0.73 kBtu/ft2-yr
ESL Building is 50 kBtu/ft2-yra
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Today’s Buildings vs. “Carnot Limit” Building U.S. average is 82 kBtu/ft2-yr “Carnot Limit ” is 0.73 kBtu/ft2-yr
ESL Building is 50 kBtu/ft2-yr “Zero Energy” Bullitt Foundation Cascadia
Center is planned for 16 kBtu/ft2-yr a
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What About Peak Demand?
ESL Building 138 kW summer 178 kW winter
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What About Peak Demand?
ESL Building 138 kW summer 178 kW winter
“Carnot Limit” Bldg 2.2 kW summer1.6 kW winter1-2% of ESL Bldg
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What Can We Achieve? This IBM 7094
Had a tiny fraction of the
capability of the Iphone
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Incremental” Improvement is important, BUT
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Incremental” Improvement is important, BUT
There is room for SPECTACULAR progress in Energy Efficiency!
Pursue Disruptive Change
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Dr. David ClaridgeLeland Jordan ProfessorTexas A&M University