Dr. Danyel Reiche Environmental Policy Research Centre (FFU),

FU Berlin

Renewable Energiesin the European Union

International Conference on Energy EducationSantiago de Compostela, 30.6.2005

Production of electricity from renewable sources in 2002. Share in gross production of electricity (source: European Commission)

Country Hydro* Wind Biomass Geothermal Total

Austria 65.4 0.3 2.6 0.0 68.3

Belgium 0.4 0.1 1.9 0.0 2.3

Denmark 0.1 13.1 6.6 0.0 19.8

Finland 12.4 0.1 11.2 0.0 23.7

France 12.8 0.1 0.7 0.0 13.6

Germany 4.0 2.7 1.3 0.0 8.1

Greece 4.9 1.1 0.0 0.0 6.1

Ireland 3.6 1.5 0.3 0.0 5.5

Italy 12.1 0.4 0.7 1.4 14.7

Luxembourg 1.8 0.4 1.0 0.0 3.2

Netherlands 0.1 0.8 2.7 0.0 3.6

Portugal 16.4 0.8 3.6 0.2 21.0

Spain 9.3 3.5 1.8 0.0 14.6

Sweden 44.0 0.4 2.6 0.0 47.0

United Kingdom 1.2 0.3 1.3 0.0 2.9

EU-25 9.9 1.2 1.6 0.2 12.9

* Does not include pumped storage.

Production of electricity from renewable sources in 2001. Share in gross production of electricity (source: European Commission)

Country RES electricity production

Bulgaria

Cyprus 0

Czech Republic 3.6

Estonia 0.1

Hungary 0.5

Latvia 66.3

Lithuania 0.8

Malta 0.2

Poland 1.9

Romania 28

Slovenia 27.9

Slovakia 18.5

Turkey 20.8

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Coal exploitation in the enlarged European Union, 2001 (in Mio t SKE)

Country Hard coal Lignite

Austria - 0.5

Finland - 1.9

France 1.8 0.2

Germany 28.5 52.5

Greece - 12.5

Ireland - 0.6

Spain 9.4 2.0

United Kingdom 27.2 -

EU-15 66.9 70.2

Bulgaria - 7.7

Czech Republic 11.0 20.7

Hungary 0.1 4.0

Estonia - 3.0

Poland 82.0 15.0

Romania 2.5 6.9

Slovakia 0.8 0.9

Slovenia - 0.8

Accession States 96.4 59.0

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19901 19992 2000 2001

Europäische Union 4 212,2 4 070,4 4 083,9 4 120,2 -2,2 -8,0

Österreich 78,1 82,1 82,0 85,9 10,0 -13,0

Belgien 142,4 150,6 150,3 150,2 5,5 -7,5

Dänemark 69,2 72,7 68,2 69,4 0,3 -21,0

Finnland 77,2 77,8 75,4 80,9 4,7 0,0

Frankreich 568,3 571,6 565,4 568,3 0,0 0,0

Deutschland 1 213,5 986,0 983,3 995,3 -18,0 -21,0

Griechenland 106,1 123,9 133,9 132,2 24,6 25,0

Irland 53,2 66,3 68,2 70,0 31,5 13,0

Italien 508,6 539,3 543,8 544,9 7,1 -6,5

Luxemburg 10,9 6,1 6,0 6,1 -44,1 -28,0

Niederlande 210,0 216,4 216,8 219,7 4,6 -6,0

Portugal 61,4 82,9 82,2 83,8 36,3 27,0

Spanien 287,6 371,1 387,1 382,8 33,1 15,0

Schweden 72,8 72,2 68,9 70,5 -3,1 4,0

Großbritannien 752,9 651,4 652,5 660,5 -12,3 -12,5

Mill. t CO2-Äquivalent %

Ist-Entwicklung 1990 bis 2000 bzw. 20014

Reduktionsziele bis 2008/20125

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Definition of feed-in tariffs and quota obligation

Feed-in tariffs:

Two basic features:

Purchase obligation & guaranteed premium prices for RES electricity.

Quota systems:

Fixing of a certain amount or share of RES power to be reached in a given time period

Mostly in combination with TGCs

Suc

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Con

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or I

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Résumé

• Differences in RES-use cannot only be explained with the natural conditions. Natural Conditions are an important, but not sufficient explanation for success or failure in RES policy.

• Single Factors are often overvalued. Success or failure in RES policy can only be explained in combination of all the presented factors.

• Most successfull countries in RES use Feed-in Tariffs. But there is no natural superiority of any instrument, success depends on the specific construction of the tool

Sources

• Danyel Reiche (ed.)„Handbook of Renewable Energies in the European Union – Case Studies of all Member States, Frankfurt Am Main 2002

(Second edition comes out in some weeks)

• Danyel Reiche (ed.)„Handbook of Renewable Energies in the European Union II – Case Studies of all Accession States, Frankfurt Am Main 2003.