Dr. Chris Béné Food Security - OECD.org - OECD · 2019-02-25 · Food Security Putting fish...
Transcript of Dr. Chris Béné Food Security - OECD.org - OECD · 2019-02-25 · Food Security Putting fish...
Food SecurityPutting fish (back)
on the agenda
Dr. Chris BénéDecision and Policy Analysis
OECDGovernance Body Meeting
Cooperative Research ProgrammeParis, 30 Nov 2015
www.maricult-photo.comwww.123rf.com
Contribution of fish to food security and nutrition
Focus of the presentation Contribution of fish to food
security and nutrition Why we missed the
opportunity so far Recommendations
How does fish fit in thecurrent debate on foodsecurity and nutrition?
Objective of the presentation
www.popularsocialscience.com
Sources Sustainable fisheries and aquaculture for food security and nutrition. A report
by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition,commissioned by the Committee on World Food Security, Rome, 119 p.
Feeding 9 billion by 2050 – Putting fish back on the menu. 2015 Food Security7(2): 261-274.
Contribution of fisheries and aquaculture to food security and povertyreduction: assessing the current evidence 2016 World Development in press
Contribution of fish to food security and nutrition
www.justfoodnow.com
Current contribution of fish to food security and nutrition
Fish production / supply Multiplied by 8 (1950-2010) 20 mill tonnes → 160 mill tonnes 2010: half fisheries; half aquaculture
Fish consumption Multiplied by 3 (1950-2010) Currently 18.3 kg per capita / year
Contribution of fish to food security and nutrition
cattle chicken pig sheep fish
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2 times the production of chicken3 times the production of beefFISH =
Fish – largest source of animal protein in the world
Contribution of fish to food security and nutrition
3.0 billion people : 20 % 4.3 billion people : 15 % Gambia : 62%; Indonesia : 54%
Fish – largest source of animal protein in the world
Contribution of fish to food security and nutrition
Lipids (unique composition) LC-PUFA (fatty acids) beneficial effects for adult health
(NCDs) and child development
Micro-nutrients vitamins D and B, A, minerals
(calcium, phosphorus, iodine,zinc, iron and selenium)
contribution to address multiplemicronutrient deficiencies indeveloping countries
Fish – beyond protein…
Contribution of fish to food security and nutrition
Critical source of livelihood150 million peopleSource of income for 660 to 820
million people (workers and theirfamilies) ≈ 10% world population
Majority living in developing andemergent countries
Fish and people
The importance of womenFish processing, fish tradingAbout half of the labourUnrecorded, undervalued, and
invisible in national statistics
Contribution of fish to food security and nutrition
Sustainability of global fisheries and food security
The ‘World Fisheries Crisis’
Recognition of the severity of thefisheries situation at the global level
Tools and methods to estimateimpacts of global drivers on foodsecurity are still missing
Mainly ecological/economic- notframed so far in terms of FSN
Current situation - only partially dueto overfishing
Dividend for FSN would depend notonly on stock recovery but on accessto and distribution of the harvest.
Contribution of fish to food security and nutrition
Aquaculture contribution to FSN
Contribution of fish to food security and nutrition
Issues / concerns Environmental unsustainability Fishmeal Competitions for resources (water, land)
Aquaculture as a way to fill the gap Availability: critical role to balance the
demand/supply Access: prices effect (pushing down
the overall fish price)
Aquaculture as an efficient system Protein conversion efficiency
1kg protein beef <= 61 kg grain 1kg protein pork <= 38 kg 1kg protein fish <= 13.5 kg
Lower carbon footprint per kilogramof output
Aquaculture contribution to FSN
Contribution of fish to food security and nutrition
Issues / concerns Environmental unsustainability Fishmeal Competitions for resources (water, land)
Aquaculture as a way to fill the gap Availability: critical role to balance the
demand/supply Access: prices effect (pushing down
the overall fish price)
Aquaculture as an efficient system Protein conversion efficiency
1kg protein beef <= 61 kg grain 1kg protein pork <= 38 kg 1kg protein fish <= 13.5 kg
Lower carbon footprint per kilogramof output
Beef: 38-48 MJ/kg-1
Pig: 16-18 MJ/kg-1
Chicken: 12 MJ/kg-1
Pangasius: 17-20 MJ/kg-1
Tilapia: 18-27 MJ/kg-1
The Environmental unsustainabilityof aquaculture? Conversion of mangrove / paddy rice Disease, environmental pollution,
salinization of land/ground water Social impact Old story, bad memories ?
Fishmeal Used to be a major controversy Essentially small pelagic fish
species Carnivorous and omnivorous
farmed fish and crustacean species– exported to Europe/US
Decreased from 30% in the early1990s to 11% in 2012
Contribution of fish to food security and nutrition
Contribution of fish to future food security and nutrition
Modeling future supply and demand
World Bank/FAO/IFPRI (2014)
OECD/FAO (2013)
Rice and Garcia 2011; Merino etal. 2012, Barange et al. 2014
Contribution of fish to food security and nutrition
Data source: FAO FishStat and IMPACT projection model
Enough to maintain18 kg pc / y
Contribution of fish to future food security and nutrition
Contribution of fish to food security and nutrition
Data source: FAO FishStat and IMPACT projection model
Enough to maintain18 kg pc / y
Caveats:
Huge disparity across regions – Africa willlose (down to 5.6 kg pc/y in 2030)
the capture fisheries to be exploitedaccording to sustainable principles;
reduce fishmeal dependency and improvethe overall efficiency of aquaculture;
discards, waste and losses to be drasticallyreduced
Contribution of fish to future food security and nutrition
Contribution of fish to food security and nutrition
Fisheries experts and advocacygroups focused on the ‘Tragedyof the Commons’ and unable toframe the fishery sector in apositive FSN discourse
How does fish fit in the currentdebate on food security andnutrition?
“fish is strikingly missing from strategies forreduction of micronutrient deficiency, preciselywhere it could potentially have the largestimpact” (Allison et al. 2013: 45)
The invisible component?
Food security and decision-makers generally unaware of thepotential of fish
Aquaculture experts andtechnical advisors focused onfarm-gate economic/technicalefficiency
Contribution of fish to food security and nutrition
Recommendations Need to better appreciate and incorporate
fish in nutrition programmes Need to improve the evaluation and
monitoring of fish contribution to globalfood security and nutrition
Change in Narrative Move away from ‘crisis’ narrative and technical
issues Build a new image based on food security and
nutrition contribution
Support the growing role of aquaculture Tackle the fishmeal issue Continue the pressure on the need for
sustainable operations Gender as a key entry point to fish and
FSN
Contribution of fish to food security and nutrition